CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS & NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES

Volume 48 (2016), Number 1

AIP’S THIRD EARLY-CAREER CONFERENCE FOR HISTORIANS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE By Greg Good, The Spencer Weart Director, Center for History of Physics

The Center for History of Physics sponsored ars presented on early modern astronomy, established historian provided a detailed its third conference aimed at the next gener- 19th century astronomical instruments, and reaction and suggestions for new directions. ation of historians of the physical sciences in Britain’s National Physical Observatory; on This precipitated lively questions from the Annapolis, MD from April 6 to 10, 2016. This Newtonian optics and mathematics in the other participants and often led to people conference, like those in 2011 and 2014, was 18th century; on geoscience education and from different countries and institutions re- well attended by (mostly young) historians mineralogy in the 19th century, and on sci- alizing they shared common interests. Our of science from around the globe. The goals ence in the Antarctic during the Internation- sincere thanks are due to the commenters of the conferences include building up the al Geophysical Year. Other topics included for their generosity and commitment: Marc community of scholars pursuing areas of the use of radiation in medicine, disagree- Rothenberg (NSF), Andrew Butrica (Inde- history of science critical to AIP, bridging ments between physicists and chemists on pendent Scholar), Audra Wolfe (Proprietor, between the established gener- The Outside Reader), Alexei Ko- ation and the rising generation, jevnikov (U. of British Columbia), and including scholars from Allan Needell (Smithsonian), An- many countries and institutions. gelina Callahan (U.S. Naval Re- search Lab), Will Thomas (History Countries represented included Associates), Joe Martin (Michi- the United States (sixteen ear- gan State), and Ron Doel (Florida ly-career scholars), Brazil (eight), State). the United Kingdom (three), Ger- many, France, Italy, Hungary, and Special thanks are owed to Kath- Malaysia. American Institutions ryn Olesko (Georgetown Univer- represented included the Univer- sity), well known for her classic sity of Chicago, Wisconsin-Madi- Physics as a Calling: Discipline son, Johns Hopkins, UC-Berkeley, and practice in the Königsberg UC-Irvine, Florida State, Massa- seminar for physics. She not only chusetts-Amherst, Los Alamos had questions and comments Historical Society and Museum, for nearly every speaker, but she and the Smithsonian Institu- also delivered an inspiring ple- tion. British universities included nary lecture tracing the devel- Cambridge, Oxford, Leeds, Leicester, and determining when a substance is a new el- opment of historical writing about physics Kent. Brazilian universities included Bahia, ement, the Glauber-Wolf controversy, and from the 1970s to the present. The students the Federal University of ABC, Western Ba- the Cold War as a factor in science. Several knew by the end of Prof. Olesko’s lecture hia, Feira de Santana, Rio de Janeiro, and scholars discussed the disciplinary and pro- that they are the leading edge of a tradition Campina Grande. Also represented were the fessional development of physics, quantum stretching back generations. Technical University in Freiberg, Germany, mechanics, and the third law of thermody- the University of Paris Pantheon-Sorbonne, namics. The final session considered physics The conference included two panel discus- the Max Planck Institute for History of Sci- in post-colonial Malaysia, Brazilian-Japanese sions aimed at professional development of ence in Berlin, and the National University collaboration in cosmic ray research, and a early-career historians. The first focused on of Malaysia. Senior commenters came from new project to document the careers of Afri- the process of generating new oral history across the U.S. and Canada. Altogether for- can Brazilians in the physical sciences. interviews. Greg Good and Melanie Muel- ty-six people participated in the conference. ler described the life cycle of an interview The tone throughout the conference was and some factors affecting both the mak- The ten main sessions ranged widely. Schol- serious and exciting. After each session, an ing of interviews and (continued on page 3)

AIP Member Societies: Acoustical Society of America • American Association of Physicists in Medicine • American Association of Physics Teachers • American Astronomical Society • American Crystallographic Association • American Meteorological Society • American Physical Society • AVS: Science and Technology of Materials, Interfaces, and Processing • The Optical Society • The Society of Rheology IN THIS ISSUE...

AIP’s Third Early-Career Conference for Historians of Physical Science ...... 1

Focus on: History, Archives, and Heritage at the AIP Member Societies ...... 4

Coming Soon: The Centennial of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) 4

The American Crystallographic Association History Project 5

History Activities at the American Association of Physicists in Medicine 6

The APS Historic Sites Committee and Yale University honor Edward Bouchet, first African American Ph.D...... 7

Fourth Conference on the History of Quantum Physics ...... 8

Under Connecticut Skies: The Centennial of the Van Vleck Observatory ...... 9

Development Activities for the AIP History Programs 10

In Memoriam: Joan Lisa Bromberg (1929-2015) ...... 11

Documentation Preserved 12

Physics Heritage & Promise ...... 15

Friends of the Center for History of Physics ...... 16

2 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs the important role of the Niels Bohr Library portant to those in the room who will soon nizing the sessions, they own the process. & Archives in making the transcripts acces- be finishing their PhDs. The panel included This year’s committee was chaired by Dr. sible to scholars. Jarita Holbrook (U. of the two academic scholars, Kathryn Olesko Teasel Muir-Harmony, the post-doc in the Western Cape, S.A.) discussed the program and Wayne Davis, and two historians mak- Center for History of Physics. Working with now sponsored by the American Astronom- ing their way in the commercial/consulting her were Ben Wilson (MPI-Berlin), Daniel Liu ical Society, an AIP Member Society. Several world, Will Thomas and Audra Wolfe. (Wisconsin-Madison), Daniel Jon Mitchell students commented that the use of oral (Cambridge), and Victoria Florio Andrade histories was a new research technique for The AIP Early-Career Conferences share one (Bahia, Brazil). This was their conference. them. last distinctive feature: all of the program They created a stimulating and fulfilling ex- organization is done by a committee of ear- perience for all of us. The second professional development pan- ly-career scholars. From writing the call for el focused on careers, an issue certainly im- abstracts, to selecting presenters, to orga-

Preserve and make known the past...

And honor someone close to you

You can have a shelf in the Niels Bohr Library & Archives named after a family member or colleague. For more information, or to learn of other naming opportunities, Your $1,000 donation enables the Library to do all this: please contact:

• Purchase specially-treated archival containers Development Office • Support an intern for two days 301-209-3006 • Fund travel for a post-doctoral researcher, and [email protected] • Transcribe a 2-hour interview with a luminary in the physical sciences

www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 3 FOCUS ON: HISTORY, ARCHIVES, AND HERITAGE AT THE AIP MEMBER SOCIETIES By Greg Good, Director, Center for History of Physics

Over the last five years, the Center for His- projects. We are now organizing a Liaison ican Association for Physicists in Medicine. tory of Physics and the Niels Bohr Library & Committee meeting for the fall of 2016. We Other societies will report in the next two is- Archives have revived an old tradition: an look forward to learning from each other sues, and so on, as new activities take off. annual meeting with representatives of the again and to forging new collaborations. ten Member Societies of AIP. Our goals for this History Liaison Committee are simple. In recognition of this revived concentration We aim to discover what activities the Mem- on history at the Member Societies, the AIP AIP serves a federation ber Societies are undertaking to preserve History Newsletter is starting a new feature. of physical science and make known the histories special to In each issue, three or four Member Societies them. Some of the larger Member Societies will present a short article on some of their societies in a common have special sections or large and effective recent and ongoing historical or archival mission to promote the committees. Some Member Societies have projects. In this issue, we include articles on just a few hard-working staff or volunteers the American Meteorological Society Cen- physical sciences. who take on organizing historical sessions tennial, on the American Crystallographic at conferences or oral histories, or other Association, and on activities at the Amer-

COMING SOON: THE CENTENNIAL OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (AMS) By Ginny Nathans, AMS

Ninety-seven years ago, Charles Franklin dow at a storm and wanted to be outside. Brooks founded the American Meteorolog- AMS’s 100th anniversary will be celebrated ical Society. And now, ninety-seven years throughout 2019; the Annual Meeting to be later, AMS is preparing to celebrate one hun- held in Boston in January 2020 will mark the dred years as a robust and vital membership culmination of this momentous anniversary. organization for all who work with any as- pect of meteorology—scientists, research- AMS Archives is working on a major proj- ers, educators, broadcast meteorologists, ect inspired by the anniversary. This is to students, weather enthusiasts, and other scan and make available and searchable the professionals in the fields of weather, water, complete run of the Bulletin (BAMS) from Library Assistant Sophie Mankins prepares issues of and climate. the first issue in January of 1920. Currently, BAMS for scanning. only those pieces designated as “articles” in Nearly one hundred years after its found- the BAMS table of contents are on the AMS will make all issues freely accessible from ing, AMS continues to thrive and inspire website, and only back to 1970. This project cover to cover on the AMS journals website. anyone who has looked through a win- It is dauntingly detailed work because over the past ninety-seven years, the Bulletin has changed physically in size and format, and, of course, the content has expanded and evolved. Archivist Jinny Nathans and Library Assistant Sophie Mankins have tack- led these interesting variables by establish- ing rules for the description of both the form and content of each issue in the run.

This is just the first of many projects which will celebrate the history of AMS. A timeline of milestones (with a quiz!), making tran- scripts and streaming audio fully available from the more than one hundred interviews which form the AMS Oral History Program, and stories of the evolving society and its leaders are a few of the ways the American Meteorological Society will be marking its American Meteorology Society seal Bulletin of the American Meteorology Society centennial.

4 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs THE AMERICAN CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION HISTORY PROJECT By Virginia B. Pett, ACA History Committee

The initial idea for the ACA History Project In another “Living History” Nadrian C. See- the experimental results. Therefore, from was to invite structural scientists to write man tells how a wood engraving by M.C. the beginning we knew it was important to their scientific autobiographies for publica- Escher (“Depth”) inspired him to design a record the lectures by ACA award winners tion in the ACA RefleXions magazine. In the branched DNA structure with six arms. Ned’s in video form. Both the personality of the six years since inception the scope of the inventive adaptation of DNA structures to speaker and the details of the scientific work project has broadened to include videos of make nanodevices was recognized with the are preserved online. Videos of lectures such historical recollections and presentations Kavli Prize in 2010. The structure of a self-as- as the one by Gregory A. Petsko describing by award winners, all posted online at the sembled DNA triangle is shown below. his award-winning studies of enzyme struc- American Crystallographic Association His- ture, function and dynamics are featured tory website (http://www.amercrystalassn. on the website. Greg was an early adopter org/history_home). (The banner for the of low-temperature diffraction data collec- website is shown above.) Significantly, the tion in order to reduce radiation damage ACA History website reaches a broad inter- and thermal disorder. But subsequently his national audience of crystallographers, sci- research also revealed that temperatures entists, historians, and the general public. below about 200-220 K result in significant changes in protein structure and dynamics. This spring Winnie Wong-Ng’s “Living His- He concluded that the latest technological tory” will be the 18th in the series of mem- Videos of historical presentations, such as development, the X-ray free-electron laser, oirs by structural scientists. Winnie recalls Jenny P. Glusker’s remembrance of Nobel will provide the means to obtain room tem- her odyssey from China and Hong Kong to Laureate Dorothy Hodgkin, are uploaded to perature structures for every unique protein Baton Rouge, Toronto, Swarthmore, PA, and YouTube and featured on the ACA website. in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). finally to the National Institute of Standards Jenny was a graduate student in Dorothy’s and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD. lab. In this video she recalls how she em- This history project could not have been At NIST, the broad scope of her research il- ployed a Patterson map to find the position possible without the contributions of many lustrates the wide variety of questions that of the cobalt atom in a derivative of vitamin ACA members – those who wrote the Living can be answered by X-ray diffraction. For B12. Based upon this crucial bit of informa- History autobiographies, edited the arti- example, she characterized materials for tion the rest of the atoms in the molecule cles, videographed the lectures, and made carbon-dioxide capture and energy conver- were located, revealing the structure of the the movies for upload to YouTube. The ACA sion, developed multidimensional phase corrin ring and the unusual cobalt-carbon Council supported this project by hiring a diagrams for superconductors, and studied bond. Shown below is the first electron den- Webmaster to design, build, and add materi- crack growth under various environmental sity map phased by the cobalt atom posi- als to the ACA History website. Recently ACA conditions. tion, and beside it the stick diagram of the members volunteered to join an expanded structure with the other non-hydrogen at- History Committee, which meets at the An- There is often not enough space in the ACA oms superimposed upon the final electron nual Meeting. The support and enthusiasm magazine to publish the full-length mem- density map. of ACA members has strengthened our abil- oirs. Therefore, we are grateful that the full- ity to publish and preserve these historical length articles in the “Living History” series materials and to make them widely available are archived at the Niels Bohr Library & Ar- online. chives, where they are available to scholars. All in all, the breadth of personal vignettes On the ACA History home page the list of and individual stories about how these pi- “Latest Additions” to the website indicate oneering scientists responded to unusual the rich variety of materials available there. situations and advanced science through For example, John R. Helliwell, recipient of crystallography makes for good reading/ the Eighth Max Perutz Prize from the Eu- viewing by a wide audience. This includes ropean Crystallographic Association, de- not only professionals in the field, but also scribes his pioneering use of synchrotron Scientific talks typically combine both current students in structural science areas radiation for structure determination. words and visual information to present and the scientific community at large. www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 5 HISTORY ACTIVITIES AT THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS IN MEDICINE By Lawrence N. Rothenberg, Ph.D., Past Chair AAPM History Committee

The American Association of Physicists in al Meeting is devoted to some aspect of the ter History Poster project has been super- Medicine (AAPM) supports several different history of medical physics. The 2015 AAPM vised by Michael Gossman and coordinated programs to document and preserve its his- History Symposium entitled “Radiological by Lisa Schober of the AAPM HQ Staff. Sev- tory and the history of medical physics. Physics Pioneers: Roentgen and the AAPM enteen AAPM Chapters participated at the Award Eponyms -- William Coolidge, Edith 2015 Annual Meeting in Anaheim. AAPM is AAPM Video Interviews on-line Quimby, and Marvin Williams -- Who were greatly indebted to the many AAPM Chap- they and what did they do?” was presented ter members who have made contributions Since the early 1990’s the organization has during the meeting in Anaheim, CA. The to their Chapter History posters. The AAPM conducted video interviews of notable med- speakers were Perry Sprawls on Roentgen History Committee was successful in gain- ical physicists. Most of these interviews take and Lawrence Rothenberg on Coolidge, ing approval of AAPM to have a Chapter place during the Annual Meetings. Almost Quimby, and Williams. The speakers for the History poster session at all future meetings. all of these AAPM video interviews of “Physi- 2016 AAPM History Symposium entitled cists of Note” are now available on-line. The “The Inventor, The History, and The Archives” Publications on the History of AAPM interviewees include recipients of the major will be David Allard, Greg Good, and Melanie AAPM Awards, past officers, and other phys- Mueller. There have been two publications in the icists and some physicians who have made journal Medical Physics that documented important contributions to medical physics Information, including PowerPoint pre- the history of AAPM: and allied fields. sentations and speaker audio, on previous AAPM History Symposia can be found in 1. J. S. Laughlin and P. N. Goodwin, “History The on-line files include not only the con- the Education Section of the AAPM Web- of the American Association of Physicists in temporary series of interviews recorded site. Previous topics have been “Evolution Medicine 1958-1998,” Med. Phys. 25, 1235- at Annual Meetings from 2005 - 2015 by of Radiation Treatment Planning (Austin 1383 (1998). commercial video organizations, and con- 2014), “Early Developments in Teletherapy” ducted by Michael Gossman, Robert Gould, (Indianapolis 2013), “Historical Aspects of 2. L. N. Rothenberg and W. R. Hendee, “An- Azam Niroomand-Rad, Rene Smith and Law- Cross-Sectional Imaging” (Charlotte 2012), niversary Paper: Activities of the American rence Rothenberg, but also more than 120 “Historical Aspects of Brachytherapy” (Van- Association of Physicists in Medicine 1999- interviews that were conducted mainly by couver 2011), “50 Years of Women in Medical 2008,” Med. Phys. 35, 4773-4781 (2008). Robert Gorson from 1990 through 2004. In Physics” (Houston 2008), and “Roentgen’s 2016 four to six additional interviews will be Early Investigations” (Minneapolis 2007) It is anticipated that there will be an article conducted at the AAPM Annual Meeting in in Medical Physics in 2018 that covers the ac- Washington, DC. AAPM Chapter History Posters at the An- tivities of AAPM from 2009-2018. nual Meeting AAPM will be forever indebted to Professor For additional information on AAPM his- Gorson for his great dedication in conduct- Posters documenting the history of the tory projects and activities contact Mi- ing the interviews, and providing his own various AAPM Chapters are presented in chael S. Gossman, current AAPM History video equipment to record them. These ear- a central area of the convention center for Chair ([email protected]), or the author lier interviews can now be viewed on-line viewing at the Annual Meetings. The Chap- ([email protected]). due to Gorson’s incredible initiative in con- verting all of his original video files to Flash Video (.flv) format. These Flash files have been made available on the AAPM website due to the further efforts of Michael Wood- ward and Farhana Khan at AAPM Headquar- ters as well as Christopher Marshall, a previ- ous Website Editor.

The video interviews are available to the public and can be found at www. aapm.org, by selecting “AAPM” on the left side of the main page, then “History & Heritage”, and fi- nally the “Historical Interviews” tab.

AAPM History Symposia at the Annual Meetings

Each year a 90-minute session at the Annu- AAPM Web Page for HIstorical Interviews found at http://aapm.org/org/history/

6 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs THE APS HISTORIC SITES COMMITTEE AND YALE UNIVERSITY HONOR EDWARD BOUCHET, FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN PH.D. By Greg Good, Director, Center for History of Physics

Every year the Historic Sites Committee iments at Yale is being commemorated.” W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963) argued that the of the American Physical Society honors a (https://www.aip.org/history-programs/ education of African Americans should aim small number of historic sites connected physics-history/lesson-plans-african- high, toward universities and advanced de- with important events in the history of phys- americans-physics). grees. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915), on ics. This year, the Committee selected the the other hand, emphasized the training of Original Sloane Physical Laboratory at Yale The official plaque of the APS Historic Sites students for the workforce and for business. University. The nomination of the Sloane Committee, to be placed later this year, When the Institute for Colored Youth moved Laboratory was prepared and submitted to reads: toward Washington’s industrial education in APS by a committee of Yale faculty, as one 1902, Bouchet resigned. He taught mathe- way to honor Edward Bouchet during the “On this site, the Original Sloane Physical matics and physics at Sumner High School in 140th anniversary of his Ph.D. The APS Com- Laboratory, Edward Alexander Bouchet St. Louis, Missouri (1902-1905), became Aca- mittee agreed, and now the Sloane Physical (1852-1918) was the first African Ameri- demic Director at St. Paul Normal and Indus- Laboratory joins 36 sites recognized for the can to receive a Ph.D. (Yale, 1876) and one trial School in Lawrenceville, Virginia (1905- ir roles in the history of physics. of the first six Americans of any race to re- 1908), Principal at Lincoln High School in ceive a Ph.D. in Physics. A native of New Gallipolis, Ohio (1908-1913), and then taught Haven, he taught Physics and was a leader at Bishop College in Marshall, Texas (1913- in science education for African Americans.” 1916). He was responsible for introducing hundreds of African Americans to physics. Born on September 15, 1852 in New Hav- en, Connecticut, Bouchet was the first son and youngest child of William and Susan Bouchet, with three older sisters. His father migrated to New Haven from Charleston, South Carolina in 1824. His mother was born in Westport, Connecticut. The African Amer- ican community in New Haven in Bouchet’s youth numbered about 1000 people. His family encouraged his education. He at- tended Artisan Street Colored School and the Hopkins Grammar School in preparation for entering Yale. Edward Bouchet was an exceptional young man supported by a cul- tured community.

After completing his Ph.D. in experimental physics, Bouchet’s main and perhaps only opportunity was to teach science in an Afri- can American school. Bouchet spent 26 years Sloane Physics Laboratory at Yale teaching physics at the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia, now called Cheyney Edward Alexander Bouchet According to YaleNews (February 29, University, the oldest African-American 2016), “Edward Bouchet broke the color school for higher education in the United After decades as an influential science ed- barrier for doctoral students in America States. Bouchet’s career was affected directly ucator, Bouchet returned to his childhood in the 1870s, and now the spot where he by a well-known debate on the proper form home in New Haven and passed away there attended classes and conducted exper- of education for African Americans ca. 1900. in 1918 at the age of 66.

To learn more about African Americans in the physical sciences, visit the AIP Center for History of Physics “Teaching Guide” at https://www.aip.org/history-programs/physics-history/lesson-plans-african-americans-physics. Better yet, if you are a teacher, try these lessons in your K-12 classroom.

To learn more about the APS Historic Sites program, see https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/

www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 7 FOURTH CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF QUANTUM PHYSICS By Jaume Navarro, Ikerbasque Research Professor, University of the Basque Country

At last! After four years of silence, historians interpretation of the reason why Born and Autónoma de México, brought the most ex- of quantum physics met again, this time in Wiener’s theory turned out to be the “lost plicitly philosophical paper on the Copenha- the cute little town of San Sebastian, in the formulation of quantum mechanics”. gen interpretation. north of Spain, for four days of quantum extravaganza, from July 15 to 18, 2015. And Some papers were less interested in the From there, a few papers were devoted to one could tell people were eager to meet: mathematical and technical developments issues taking place immediately before or old friends and junior scholars had many of the theory but looked at broader aspects. after Word War II. Daniela Monaldi (York new things to say, and this was the main se- Thus, Alexei Kojevnikov from the University University) talked about the developments cret of the conference’s success. Well. This, of British Columbia, Aaron Sidney Wright, of Fritz London on “quantum mechanics at a and the good weather and good food we from Harvard, and Maria C. Boscá, from the large scale”, i.e., his explanation of superflu- had in San Sebastian. University of Granada presented papers ids; Arianna Borelli (Technische Universität with several social aspects: on the distri- Berlin) introduced one of her new projects, There was a total of 30 talks out of a pool bution of a “permanent revolution”, on the this time on the history of the notion of iso- of twice as many submissions in the Call for correspondence of Dirac and on the Spanish spin; and Alex Blum (MPIWG) discussed the Papers, ranging from the very technical popularization of quantum theory, respec- reasons why the notion of state “withered papers to the more social, from the early tively. Another aspect that was present in away” in quantum field theory. A young PhD days of the quantum developments to the the conference was the relationship be- candidate, Jean-Philippe Martinez, from the 1980s, from the very historical to largely tween quantum physics and industrial prac- University of Paris-Diderot, gave a very inter- philosophical interpretations. As one might tice. Roberto Lalli, from the Max Planck In- esting exposition of the history and evolu- expect, quite a few papers were devoted to stitute for History of Science (MPIWG, Berlin) tion of the Hartree-Fock method. issues related to the transformation of the talked about the work of K.K. Darrow at the old quantum physics into matrix mechanics. Bell Labs; Shaul Katzir (University of Tel Aviv) In its centenary, General Relativity could not The papers by Clayton A. Gearhart, from St discussed the few attempts to use quan- be absent. Alessio Rocci, from the University John’s University, and by Blai Pié and Enric tum mechanics in applied physics in the in- of Padova, gave us a portrait of the attempts Perez, from the University of Barcelona, pre- ter-war period, thus reinforcing the received to harmonize relativity and quantum theory, pared the ground with the analysis of two view that such applications took place only spending some time on the case of Wiener experimental results from the early days of after World War II; and Kenji Ito, from Soken- and Stuik’s effort to deduce the gravita- quantum physics: the metastable states of dai, took us to Japan and Tomonaga’s bridge tional tensor from the recently formulated helium and the Stern-Gerlach experiment. between physics and engineering. Nicolás Schrödinger’s equation. A few well-estab- Arne Schirrmacher, from the Humboldt Uni- Gaudenzi, from the Universidad Nacional lished physicists took part in this meeting. versity, and Martha Cecilia Bustamante, from the University Paris Diderot, gave us hints on the institutional backdrop of Max Born and Emile Borel, respectively. Giora Hon, from Haifa University, contributed with a paper on the relevance of planetary models for the atom in the old quantum theory.

The turn to the new quantum mechanics was opened by a paper by Anthony Duncan (University of Pittsburgh) and Michel Jans- sen (University of Minnesota) on two “acci- dental successes of the old quantum phys- ics”, namely the wrongly correct explanation of the Stark effect and the fine structure. Two papers brought new light and interpre- tations to the famous Dreimännerarbeit, in continuation with a topic that was highly discussed in previous HQ meetings: one by a group of speakers from the MPIWG (Chris- toph Lehner, Alex Blum and Martin Jähnert), the other by the team of Guido Bacciagalup- pi (Aberdeen), Elise Crull(NYU) and Owen Maroney (Oxford). A recently graduated PhD from the Universitat Autònoma de Bar- The attendees of HQ4, the Fourth Conference on the History of Quantum Physics, San Sabastian, Spain, July 15- celona, Gonzalo Gimeno, presented a new 18, 2015. Photo courtesy of Jaume Navarro.

8 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs Andrew Zangwill, from the Georgia Insti- many-body problem in quantum mechanics Quantum Mechanics (Springer: 2014). tute of Technology gave a presentation on in the 1950s. Virgile Besson, a junior scholar the many-electron wave function, and Asim from the University of Claude Bernard Lyon The Fourth Conference for the History of Gangopadhyaya, from Loyola University, 1, gave a nuanced paper on the interaction Quantum Physics was made possible by the one on the Feynman methods. between science, philosophy, and ideology support and initial impetus provided by the in France around the concept of causality Donostia International Physics Center, an in- The conference was completed by a few in quantum mechanics. Thiago Hartz (then ternational institution to promote basic and papers on more recent (in historical terms) at the Niels Bohr Archive, Copenhagen) applied research in Physics of Materials. The issues: Dennis Dieks, from Utrecht, delved centered his presentation on the threshold Basque Government and the Commission with the fate of von Neumann’s “proof” on between physics and philosophy. Specifi- for the History of Physics, a part of the In- the impossibility of hidden variables and cally, he focused on the reasons why DeWitt ternational Union of History and Philosophy the use by Bell and others in the 1960s of decided to go for Everett’s ideas on many of Science, also contributed financially so as such “proof” for rhetorical purposes main- worlds. Finally, Olival Freire, from Universi- to make the event available for most and ly; and Christian Joas, from the Ludwig dade Federal da Bahia, gave us a presenta- free for graduate students and junior schol- Maximilian Universität in Munich, gave a tion based on his latest book The Quantum ars. We are looking forward to the next presentation on the development of the Dissidents. Rebuilding the Foundations of meeting, HQ-5!

UNDER CONNECTICUT SKIES: THE CENTENNIAL OF THE VAN VLECK OBSERVATORY By Amrys O. Williams, Visiting Assistant Professor of Astronomy, Wesleyan University, and Roy Kilgard, Research Associate Professor of Astronomy, Wesleyan University

The Van Vleck Observatory at Wesleyan Uni- the observatory’s extensive collection of sci- concert on May 1st featuring astronomically versity is celebrating its centennial in June entific instruments, teaching materials, pho- themed music, including John Cage’s Atlas of 2016, and a group of students, faculty, tographs, drawings, and correspondence to Eclipticalis, which was composed using star and staff from across campus have been en- illustrate both the changes in astronomical charts from the Van Vleck Observatory li- gaged in several projects to commemorate research and teaching over the past century, brary. On May 4th, the History Department 100 years of astronomical research, teach- and the observatory’s consistent mission of hosted David DeVorkin, Senior Curator at ing, and public outreach. conducting instruction and research under the National Air and Space Museum, who the same roof. The exhibition incorporates gave a talk situating Van Vleck in the history The 20-inch Clark refractor, used for three the history of science into Van Vleck’s ex- of American observatories. quarters of a century for determining stellar isting public outreach programs through distances through parallax, was beginning period lectures, demonstrations of historic In addition to interpreting the observatory’s to show its age. Refracting telescopes of such artifacts, and gallery talks. past, the team has been working to docu- size are rare and precious, and few remain in ment its more recent history through an on- working condition. Under the supervision of More events were planned in the run up to going oral history project. So far, they have Professors Roy Kilgard and Bill Herbst, Wes- the opening. The Wesleyan Orchestra held a conducted over 20 (continued on page 10) leyan contracted Fred Orthlieb, Professor Emeritus of Engineering from Swarthmore College and an expert on telescope resto- ration, to rehabilitate the telescope. The result is a careful compromise of historical restoration and thoughtful modernization, with the goal of at least another century of operation with only routine maintenance. With its prominent location on Wesleyan’s campus, the Clark refractor enters its second century as an instrument of outreach and education, where it will welcome visitors for weekly public programs.

Beginning on May 6, 2016, the observato- ry’s library reopened to the public with an exhibition on the history of astronomy at Van Vleck. Developed by a team of faculty, students, and staff, and spearheaded by Pro- fessors Roy Kilgard and Seth Redfield in As- tronomy and Professors Amrys Williams and Paul Erickson in History, the exhibition uses The Van Vleck Observatory Library, November 1963. Courtesy of Collections of the Van Vleck Observatory. www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 9 interviews with current and former faculty, extensive digital collection of materials re- The team is actively soliciting stories from students, staff, and amateur astronomers. lated to the history of astronomy at Wes- the wider community; to learn more, visit The oral histories will become part of a more leyan and held by the University Archives. http://underctskies.wesleyan.edu/.

As the capstone event of the centennial cel- ebration, Wesleyan hosted a one-day sym- posium on the 100th anniversary of the ded- ication of Van Vleck Observatory on June 16, 2016. The symposium was co-sponsored by the Astronomical Society of Greater Hartford, the local organization of amateur astronomers with whom Wesleyan’s Astron- omy Department has maintained close ties for many decades. The symposium featured panel discussions covering Van Vleck’s tri- partite mission of research, instruction, and outreach, a reception with period music, and observation through the restored Clark refractor.

(AIP learned about this centennial from a Wesleyan physics student with an interest in history, who was visiting the library and The 20-inch Alvin Clark refractor. Courtesy of Roy Kilgard, Wesleyan University. taking a tour.)

Visit these sites to learn more: Van Vleck Observatory Centennial http://www.wesleyan.edu/vvo/ and Under Connecticut Skies Project http://underctskies.wesleyan.edu/

DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES FOR THE AIP HISTORY PROGRAMS By Tara Davis, Development Manager, Development Office

The American Institute of Physics History The PHP Campaign will build capacity by films, and other media products, and they Programs have been on the road lately. The strengthening programs that currently have provide interesting and authoritative sci- latest stop was Cambridge, Massachusetts. partial support, and will ensure the sustain- ence information for the public. These spe- While there, the Center’s leaders had a ability of these programs for the long term. cial programs embody the core of how we packed two-day schedule. It included meet- The programs include the Lyne Starling remain successful at supporting the history ings with longtime Center for History of Trimble Science Heritage Public Lecture Se- and the future of the physical sciences for Physics donors, a lecture on Einstein’s lega- ries, Grants-in-Aid, Grants-to-Archives, and both scholarly and popular audiences. cy by Dr. David Kaiser for the Lyne Starling the New Technologies Fund—all of which Trimble Science Heritage Public Lecture Se- are vital for the broad dissemination of the These initiatives help us preserve YOUR leg- ries, and a reception to formally introduce to understanding of the human face of science acy into the next century. Whether you wish the greater Boston area the Physics Heritage and the impact of the physical sciences on to contribute to the endowment, or to an- & Promise campaign (PHP). modern life. nual giving, we are grateful for your support. As the PHP campaign tour progresses, you The Campaign has a $2 Million goal that will The AIP History Programs have developed just might find us visiting your area. The complete the endowments of key programs an international reputation as a model for Development Office staff is available to of the AIP History Programs. This visit to the preserving and making known the history provide more information to you concern- Cambridge area served as the third formal of the physical sciences. The AIP History Pro- ing philanthropic opportunities. Please call introduction and kickoff in a series of such grams support the community of historians 301-209-3006 or visit us on the Web at events in various regions of the country. and science writers who produce books, https://donate.aip.org/helphistory.

10 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs IN MEMORIAM: JOAN LISA BROMBERG (1929-2015) By Greg Good, Director, Center for History of Physics

Joan Lisa Bromberg, a frequent presence at AIP and a strong supporter of the Center for History of Physics and the Niels Bohr Library & Archives, died on October 22, 2015. An eloge has just been published by her Johns Hopkins University colleague, Sharon Kingsland, in ISIS http://www.journals. uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/686176.

Joan was eager to attend the first two AIP Conferences for Early-Career Historians in 2011 and 2014. She acted in both cases as a commenter on the student papers. She was a mentor and a role model and loved bridging the gener- ations of historians of physical science. Here she is shown with a group of Brazilian students who attended the 2014 conference. A brief obituary will also appear in Perspectives on Science, to accompany Joan’s last article in 2016.

Joan is known for her books Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention of a New Energy Source (1982), The Laser in America (1991), and NASA and the Space Industry (1999), as well as for many articles on lasers, masers, and quantum mechanics.

Joan Lisa Bromberg (third from the left) with Brazilian students at AIP in 2014.

www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 11 DOCUMENTATION PRESERVED Compiled by Melanie Mueller, Acting Director, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

Our report of new collections or new finding aids is based on our regular survey of archives and other repositories. Many of the collections are new accessions, which may not be processed, and we also include previously reported collections that now have an online finding aid available.

To learn more about any of the collections listed below, use the International Catalog of Sources for History of Physics and Allied Sciences at www.aip.org/history/icos. You can search in a variety of ways including by author or by repository.

Please contact the repository mentioned for information on restrictions and access to the collections.

NEW COLLECTIONS

American Philosophical Society. Library. 105 South Fifth Street, Rodney W. Babcock papers. Collection dates: 1929-1930. Size: 1 file Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA folder.

Delaware County Institute of Science minutes and papers. Karl Hartley Fussler papers. Collection dates: circa 1909-1912. Size: Collection dates: circa 1833-1873. Size: 1 microfilm reel. 1 file folder.

Michael Jacobs meteorological observations made for the Glenn W. Giddings papers. Collection dates: circa 1930-1942. Size: Franklin Institute. Collection dates: 1839-1865. Size: 0.25 linear feet 1 file folder. (230 items). Roger Leon Ptak papers. Collection dates: 1967. Size: 1 file folder. David Rittenhouse papers. Collection dates: 1774-1935. Size: 0.25 linear feet (61 items). Sigma Pi Sigma records. Collection dates: 1966. Size: 1 file folder.

Austin D. Sprague papers. Collection dates: circa 1957-2000. Size: American University (Washington D.C.). University Library. 1 file folder. 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington DC, 20016- 8046, USA Dickinson College. Library. Special Collections. Carlisle, PA Raymond J. Seeger papers. Collection dates: 1930-1974. 17013, USA

Edwin K. Charles papers on the Three Mile Island accident. Clemson University. Libraries. Special Collections. Senator Collection dates: 1978-1989. Size: 9 linear feet (8 boxes). Strom Thurmond Institute Building, Clemson, SC 29634- 3001, USA Beverly Hess papers on the Three Mile Island accident. Collection dates: 1979-1990. Size: 9 linear feet (7 document boxes, 1 cassette Albert Raymond Reed papers. Collection dates: 1982, undated. box, 2 photo folders, 65 books). Size: 5 items. Jane Lee papers on the Three Mile Island accident. Collection dates: 1972-1988. Size: 11.5 linear feet. DePauw University. Archives of DePauw University and Indiana United Methodism. Roy O. West Library. Greencastle, Lonna M. Malmsheimer interviews on the Three Mile Island IN 46135, USA accident. Collection dates: 1979. Size: 4 linear feet (3 document boxes, 8 cassette boxes).

12 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs John H. Murdoch papers on the Three Mile Island accident. Argonne National Laboratory presentations. Collection dates: Collection dates: 1978-1986. Size: 7.5 linear feet (6 document boxes, 1990-1992. Size: 0.05 linear feet (1 folder). 7 cassette boxes, 1 photo folder). Beatrice Mead Hagedorn papers. Collection dates: 1942-1943. Size: Public Interest Resource Center (PIRC) papers. Collection dates: 0.05 linear feet (1 folder). 1978-1993. Size: 5 linear feet. Mary F. Singleton papers. Collection dates: 1958-2005. Size: 0.42 An Assessment of the GPU Nuclear Corporation Organization linear feet (1 document box). and Senior Management and its Competence to Operate TMI-1. Collection dates: 1983. Size: 46 pages. Louisiana State University. Hill Memorial Library. Special Robert Swift papers on the Three Mile Island accident. Collection Collections. Lousiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections. dates: circa 1979-1990. Size: 0.25 linear feet (1 document box). Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Three Mile Island Alert (TMIA) papers. Collection dates: 1979- Louisiana State University Department of Geology and Geophysics 1994. Size: 92 linear feet (82 document boxes, 1 oversized folder, 5 records. Collection dates: circa 1945, 1984-1992. Size: 8 items. photograph folders).

Morris King Udall papers on the Three Mile Island accident. New York University. Archives. Elmer Holmes Bobst Library. 70 Collection dates: 1976-1985. Size: 2.5 linear feet. Washington Square South, New York, NY 10012, USA

Richard Courant papers. Collection dates: 1902-1972. Size: 33 linear Dudley Observatory. Archives. 107 Nott Terrace, Schenectady, feet (97 boxes). NY 12308, USA Robert Doremus lectures. Collection dates: 1872. Size: 1.0 items. Dudley Observatory artifact collection. Collection dates: undated. Larry Spruch papers. Collection dates: 1943-2005 (bulk 1950- Dudley Observatory records. Collection dates: 1956-present. Size: 2002). Size: 49 linear feet. 52 linear feet.

Reflections: Stories of Astronomy, Earth and Space: an oral Smith College. Archives. Northampton, MA 01063, USA history project. Collection dates: 2006-2009. Thomas Corwin Mendenhall personal papers. Collection dates: 1910-1999. Size: 10 linear feet (24 boxes). Duke University. Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library. P.O. Box 90185, Durham, North Carolina, Smith College Office of the President Thomas Corwin Mendenhall 27708, USA files. Collection dates: 1958-1975. Size: 39 linear feet (92.5 boxes).

Stephen Alexander letter, Princeton, to “My dear Sir.” Collection dates: 1837, June 9. University of Arizona. Library. Special Collections. Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Fritz London Memorial Prize Committee records. Collection dates: 1957-2011. Size: 3 linear feet. Tom Gehrels papers. Collection dates: 1894-2011 (bulk 1961-2000). Size: 25 linear feet. Horst Meyer collection of Fritz London biography papers. Collection dates: 1986-1996. Size: 700 items (1.25 linear feet). University of Minnesota. Charles Babbage Institute. Center for Hertha Sponer papers. Collection dates: 1917-1967. Size: 6 linear the History of Computing. University of Minnesota Libraries, feet. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA

Oral history interview with John Bardeen. Collection dates: 1984 Harvard University. Archives. Pusey Library. Cambridge, MA May 29. Size: Transcript: 13 pages. 02138, USA

Freeman D. Miller astronomy class notes. Collection dates: 1928- University of Mississippi. John Davis Williams Library. 1931. Size: 0.2 cubic feet (1 box). Department of Archives and Special Collections. University, MS 38677, USA

Iowa State University. Parks Library. Archives of Women in John Wesley Johnson papers. Collection dates: 1853-1930. Size: 6 Science and Engineering. Ames, Iowa 50011-2140, USA boxes. www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 13 NEW FINDING AIDS

American Philosophical Society. Library. 105 South Fifth Street, Johann Elert Bode papers. Collection dates: 1792-1807. Size: 0.5 Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA linear feet.

Reports on papers read to the Académie Royale des Sciences, Par- James Ferguson papers. Collection dates: circa 1740-1776. Size: 0.3 is. Collection date: 1746. Size: 1 volume (208 pages). linear feet (1 folder).

John Warner letters and papers. Collection dates: 1850-1864. Size: Benjamin Apthorp Gould papers. Collection dates: 1855-1867. Size: 255 items. 0.21 linear feet (1 box).

Alfred M. Mayer papers. Collection dates: 1864-1922. Size: 2 boxes. DePauw University. Archives of DePauw University and Indiana United Methodism. Roy O. West Library. Greencastle, IN 46135, USA Smith College. Archives. Northampton, MA 01063, USA

DePauw University Physics Department records. Collection dates: A. T. Jones papers. Collection dates: 1876-1951 (bulk 1919-1950). 1962-1985. Size: 0.8 linear feet (2 document cases). Size: 1.5 linear feet (4 boxes).

Duke University. Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Col- University of Alaska. Elmer E. Rasmuson Library. Alaska and Po- lections Library. P.O. Box 90185, Durham, North Carolina, lar Regions Department. Archives and Manuscript Collections. 27708, USA Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA

James R. Newman papers. Collection dates: 1920-1966. Size: circa Christian Thomas Elvey papers. Collection dates: 1923-1964. Size: 10,000 items. 11.85 cubic feet.

Iowa State University. Parks Library. Department of Special Col- University of Colorado. Libraries. Western Historical Collections. lections. Ames, IA 50011, USA Campus Box 184, Boulder, CO 80302-0184, USA

Wendell Mordy papers. Collection dates: 1920-2004, undated. Size: William Duane papers. Collection dates: 1898-1935. Size: 2 linear 29.4 linear feet (21 records boxes, 1 card file box, and 1 oversized feet. box). Learn more about the new collections at New York Public Library. Rare Books and Manuscripts Division. www.aip.org/history/icos Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street, New York, NY 10018, USA

Find out more about the Lyne Starling Trimble Science Heritage Public Lectures series at www.aip.org/history-programs/physics-history/trimble-lectures

14 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs The American Institute of Physics’ History Programs are seeking to raise two million dollars to build capacity by strengthening programs that currently have partial support and to ensure their sustainability for the long term. The programs include the Lyne Starling Trimble Science Heritage Public Lecture Series, Grants- in-Aid, Grants to Archives, and the Emerging Technologies Fund—all of which are instrumental in making widely known the human face of science and the physical sciences’ impact on modern life.

Trimble Lectures AIP History Programs intend to use a portion of the funds toward fully endowing the Lyne Starling Trimble Science Heritage Public Lecture Series. The series was partially endowed at $100,000 from Professor Virginia Trimble, in memory of her father, who was an innovative chemist, and will be fully endowed at $500,000. The lecture series is an important public outreach initiative featuring prominent science historians and writers who aim to highlight the important roles that science plays in modern society and culture.

Grants-in-Aid & Grants to Archives The Grants-in-Aid and Grants to Archives programs fund research in the history of physics and allied sciences (such as astrono- my, geophysics, and optics) and their humanistic interactions. These programs have assisted more than 250 scholars to produce dozens of publications and helped archives make 69 major collections available for research. The programs are partially funded by AIP and endowment income. The Institute aims to expand the programs and complete its endowment of these programs through this campaign.

Emerging Technologies The Emerging Technologies Fund allows AIP History Programs to keep current with digital technologies. The goal is to satisfy the growing demand for robust online, interactive resources and to make our collections more available to the global commu- nity of scholars and historians. New technologies will also enable staff to preserve and digitize the rarest, most fragile books and documents in AIP’s history collections.

www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 15 FRIENDS OF THE CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS

We gratefully acknowledge the support of many Friends whose contributions have helped to preserve and make known the history of physics and allied sciences. This list is our public acknowledgment of Friends who contributed in 2015 to the Center for History of Physics. Patrons contributed $2,500 or more; Sponsors contributed $1,000 to $2,499; Colleagues contributed $500 to $999; Associates contributed $250 to $499; and Members up to $249. Bookplate donations honor or memorialize a colleague while supporting the purchase or conservation of rare books. * Designates our Physics Heritage Donors, who have given each year for the past seven years or more. ‡ Designates a recently deceased donor. If you would like to join the Friends in supporting the Center for History of Physics, please write to us at: One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843, call 301-209-3006, e-mail [email protected], or visit our web page at www.aip.org/history/historymatters.

PATRONS Kenneth R. Hogstrom* Bruce A. Kowert Avenir Foundation, Inc. William E. Keller Stephen F. Kral Benjamin B. Snavely Arlo U. Landolt* Michael A. Kriss James S. Langer Christopher H. Marshall* SPONSORS Harry Letaw* John C. Mather Anonymous Merete Nieto David K. McCarthy* Jagadeesh Moodera and Geetha Berera Lyman Alexander Page* Anthony V. Nero Ralph L. Burnham Rex D. Pendley* Philip E Nielsen Edward N. Clarke John S. Price William F. Pickard* Nicole Crosby Robert K. Rader Don D. Reeder Hans Frauenfelder* Steven R. Riedhauser Randolph A. Reeder* Michael L. George Marian H. Rose William A. Reupke Esther M. Goudsmit Gary W. Sjolander* R. G. Robertson* Roderick M. Grant* James L. Smith* Carl Rosenfeld* Judy C. Holoviak* Richard D. Taylor* Mike Ruby Brian J. Kiefer Spencer R. Weart* Silvan S. Schweber* Daniel Kleppner* Eri Yagi Luther W. Smith* Louis J. Lanzerotti* Elene Terry Robert & Sarah Newcomb ASSOCIATES David H. Tracy John B. & Patricia N. Pegram Peter Almond George H. Trilling Gordon P. Riblet* E. D. Alyea* Jean-Francois S. Van Huele Elizabeth Roemer* Philip W. Anderson Michael Vaughn* Alan Rogers Joseph P. Bevak* George O. Zimmerman Keith Runge George F Bing* Stephen L. Shapiro Derek Boyd MEMBERS James L. Snelgrove* David C. Cassidy* Louis W. Adams* Anita L. Stejskal Morrel H. Cohen Lewis E. Agnew Theodore T. Wall* Jack H. & Rita Colwell* Leif Anderson Ahrens John Cook* Michele L. Aldrich COLLEAGUES Peter Cziffra* Harvey A. Alperin Robert Arns Robert E. Daniell Lawrence Alquist Stephen & Margaret Ayres Michael D. Duncan B. Jeffrey Anderson Lewis M. Branscomb* Larry & Judith V. East Gordon W. Anderson William T. Bridgman Guy T. Emery* Lowell L. Anderson* William F. Brinkman William E. Evenson* R. Joseph Anderson Marc H. Brodsky* Alexander L. Fetter anonymous anonymous Edward K. Conklin Gerald J. Fishman Michael W. Arenton* Jan & Lynn W. Dash Theodore & Frances H. Geballe* Ivan P. Auer Loyal Durand* Joshua N. Goldberg* Dewayne A. Backhus H. Frederick Dylla* Nancy Greenspan* R. C. Bailey Sandra M. Faber Shaun Hardy* Kandiah Balachandran Kenneth W. Ford* Charles H. Holbrow William A. Bardeen Edwin R. Fuller* David W. Ignat Marcia Frances Bartusiak Terrence J. Goldman Joseph P. Jacobson Sunanda Basu Bernard Gottschalk* Kern Kenyon* Gordon A. Baym John L. Heilbron Toichiro Kinoshita* Irene A. Beardsley & Dan Bloomberg

16 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs Frederick D. Becchetti Michael E. Fisher Leon Heller Philip J. Becker Philip C. Fisher* Dennis C. Henry Leila A. Belkora Allen Flora* George A Herbert Carl E. Bergsagel John Fournelle Thomas W. Hickmott Jonathan Berkson Kenneth Fowler* Arthur N. Hicks Ignacio & Jennifer Birriel W. B. Fowler Roger H. Hildebrand Nicolaas Bloembergen Eduardo H. Fradkin Lillian H. Hoddeson John David Bohlin Gustave C. Fralick John L. Hubisz Charles A. Bordner Albert J. Franco Stephen Hurt Timothy H. Boyer William G D Frederick Pieter Inia Donald W. Brill Laurence W. Fredrick James S. Jarratt* John C. Browne Klaus Fritsch David C. Johannsen Stephen G. Brush* Wendy W. Fuller-Mora* Lisa A. Johnson William Burdett Stephen A. Fulling* Kevin M. Jones Patricia V. Burke* Mary Katharine Gaillard* Lawrence W. Jones* Bruce C. Burkey Mark R. Gander Michael D. Jones* Earl F. Burkholder* Robert T. Garcia Richard R. Joyce Nancy A. Burnham* Judith A. Gates H. J. Juretschke* Stephen H. Burns* Katharine B. Gebbie Boris and Susan Kayser William T. Buttler Donald F. Geesaman Thomas Kelsall Warren E. Byrne* Neil Gehrels Daniel J. Kevles Andrew C. Campbell Steven W. Gelb Charles H. King* Bartley L. Cardon Sam H. Ghaleb Paul I. Kingsbury Robert E. Carter* Ivar Giaever* M. B. Kirkham Diego J. Castano Peter Gilman Miles V. Klein* Mary C. Cavallaro Owen Gingerich Adrienne and Rocky Kolb Joseph Cerny* Joseph A. Giordmaine Rikio Konno* Thomas M. Christensen* Alexander J. Glass Victor Korenman* Kurt Christoffel Robert P. Godwin* Thomas A. Koster* Donald D. Clayton Alfred S. Goldhaber Paul Kozlowski Richard T. Close Albert Goldstein* John Kronholm* James R. Clynch* Gordon L. Goodman* Marvin S. Kruger James A. Cole Paul N. Goodwin William H. Kuhlman Robert C. Cook* Howard Gordon Roger O. Ladle* Leon N. Cooper* Leon Gortler* Kenneth Lakin Patrick Crane Harvey A. Gould Muriel J. Landauer Stephen Craxton* Clemence R. Graef Michel L. Lapidus John F. Cummings Richard W. Granville Adele Laporte Anne Cunningham Thomas H. Groves* James D. Larson Teymour Darkhosh Sol M. Gruner A. C. Lawson* Anne R. Davenport Jeffrey Guenzel Harvey S. Leff Robert L. De Zafra* William J. Gunning* Russell Epp-Leppel Charles S. DeJohn Rajendra Gupta Braxton Lewis Samuel Denham Blanca L. Haendler David R. Lide Samuel Derman* Gerhard E. Hahne Donald H. Liebenberg Stanley Deser Melvyn L. Halbert* Kurt M. Liewer Alexander K. Dickison Paul Halpern Marvin Litvak Richard G. Dower James E. Hammerberg* Chelcie B. Liu Richard J. Drachman* Richard Hanau* C. D. Livengood* Leonard Duda Jorgen L. Hansen* Lynda L. LoDestro Timothy E. Eastman Wesley H. Harker* Peter N. Lombard Theodore L. Einstein Teasel Muir-Harmony Frances G Lopata Fred T. Erskine* Marguerite Harning John H. Lowenstein Donald C. Faust Rodney E. Harrington Thomas Lucatorto Steven R. Federman* Alan W. Harris* David D. Lynch* Richard B. Feren Frederick A. Harris* Joseph H. Macek Joe & Jean L. Ferguson Michael J. Harrison Maura & Michael J. Mackowski* Robert W. Field James B. Hartle Mark L. Maiello* Carl C. Fields Jo N. Hays* Vincent M. Martinek Arvel L. Fincher Jeffrey C. Hecht* Michael Martinka www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 17 John V. Martonchik Lanny Ray Ian E Stockdale John L. McClure* Joseph Reader* James Stone Charles W. McCutchen George Redlinger David R. Stover Walter O. McDonald Paul E. Rider Bertram Strieb Robert B. McKibben Joseph Di Rienzi David Strozzi John A. McKinney John S. & Diana W. Rigden* Curtis J. Struck Heinrich A. Medicus Howard K. Rockstad* Harry Stuckey* Ethan Merritt Fritz Rohrlich Folden B. Stumpf* Jonathan Mersel Edward John Rojek* Dennis W. Sullivan Horst Meyer Nancy G. Roman* Jean H. Swank Irving Michael Kenneth L. Rose* Joseph S. Tenn* Robert C. Michaelson Lawrence N. Rothenberg Reid Terwilliger Andre F. Michaudon Lawrence G. Rubin* George Tessler* John Michel* Roy Rubinstein David R. Thiessen Ronald E. Mickens Kenneth S. Rumstay David Thomas Herman L. Miller David A. Russell Deborah Toll W. E. & Sharon Moerner Robert Sahakyan Carol-Ann Tripp Mark B. Moffett* Akira Sakai Alvin W. Trivelpiece Hendrik J. Monkhorst Richard H. Sands Benjamin M. Tsui* Kurt R. Moore* Roberta P. Saxon* Kenneth Ulin Steven A. Moszkowski* Morton Schagrin William L. Unger Mark Mueller Philipp G. Schmelzle Bjarne E. Ursin George P. Mueller* Robert & Barbara Schneider* Robin Verdier* John S. Muenter* Jack Schneps* Ronald J. Versic* Taoufik Nadji Brian B. Schwartz* Thomas Von Foerster* Mark Nagumo* Bertram M. Schwarzschild Rachel A. Voss Randolph A. Nanna Jan V. Sengers* Randy C. Van Vranken Dwight E. Neuenschwander Frederick D. Seward* Kameshawar C. Wali Carolyn Y. Ng Howard Shafer* Ronald A. Walton Richard J. Noer* Alan E. Shapiro Robert L. Warasila Mary J. Nye Yitzhak Y. Sharon Robert T. Ward Goetz H. Oertel Joel F. Sherman Charlotte Ward Tonis Oja Joseph C. Shields* George D. 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Ronald Rau James H. Stith* Earl Zwicker

18 History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs Apologies to donors whose names were omitted from newsletter Volume 47 (2015), No. 2

Through a failure of cut-and-paste, plus editorial oversight in not catching the error, we inadvertently omitted the names of some of our best friends and supporters from the last newsletter. We hereby thank and apologize to the following donors, all of whom are at the Sponsor level.

Daniel Kleppner Robert Morse Keith Runge Louis J. Lanzerotti John B. and Patricia N. Pegram Ben Snavely Victor Laurie Simon Ramo Theodore T. Wall Webinar Ad for History Center_Layout 1 5/2/16 1:49 PM Page 1 Lillian McDermott Elizabeth Roemer Spencer Weart

The American Institute of Physics (AIP) provides scientists with career development webinars on topics such as interviewing, poster presentation, and networking. Access recorded versions of prior webinars and register for upcoming events at: www.physicstoday.org/jobs/webinars

AIP Career Network is comprised of the online job sites of AAPM, AAPT, APS, AVS, the IEEE Computer Society, Physics Today, and the Society of Physics Students and Sigma Pi Sigma.

www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 48, No. 1 19 Center for History of Physics American Institute of Physics Nonprofit Org. U.S. POSTAGE One Physics Ellipse PAID College Park, MD 20740-3843 College Park, MD Permit No. 2321

HISTORY NEWSLETTER A Publication of the American Institute of Physics

Staff Members This newsletter is a biannual publication of the Center for History Gregory A. Good, Director, Center for History of Physics of Physics, American Institute of Physics, One Physics Ellipse, Melanie Mueller, Acting Director, Niels Bohr Library & Archives College Park, MD 20740; phone: 301-209-3165; fax: 301-209-0882; Chip Calhoun, Technical Services Archivist e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. Editor: Gregory A. Good. The Nancy Honeyford, Senior Library Assistant newsletter reports activities of the Center for History of Physics and Stephanie Jankowski, Senior Administrative Secretary Niels Bohr Library & Archives, and other information on work in the Sean McEnroe, Digitization Assistant history of physics and allied fields. Teasel Muir-Harmony, Associate Historian Amanda Nelson, Associate Archivist Any opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views Mary Romanelli, Senior Photo Archives Assistant of the American Institute of Physics or its Member Societies. This Nathan Cromer, Web Designer newsletter is available on request without charge, but we welcome donations (tax deductible) to the Friends of the AIP Center for History of Physics (www.aip.org/donate). The newsletter is posted on the web at www.aip.org/history-programs/history-newsletter.

Center for History of Physics One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740 (301) 209-3165 www.aip.org/history