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Lindberg, David C. and Ronald L. Numbers
Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science" David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers Department of History of Science University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin From : Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 39.3: 140-149 (9/1987) During the last third of the nineteenth century Andrew Dickson White and others used military metaphors to describe the historical relationship between science and Christianity. Recent scholarship, however, has shown the "war- fare" thesis to be a gross distortion-as this paper attempts to reveal, employing illustrations from the patristic and medieval periods and from the Copernican and Darwinian debates. The authors argue that the interaction between science and Christianity was far too rich and varied to be covered by any simple formula. On a December evening in 1869, with memories of civil war still fresh in their minds, a large audience gathered in the great hall of Cooper Union in New York City to hear about another conflict, still taking its toll- "with battles fiercer, with sieges more persistent, with strategy more vigorous than in any of the comparatively petty warfares of Alexander, or Caesar, or Napoleon." Although waged with 'pens rather than swords, and for minds rather than empires, this war, too, had destroyed lives and reputations. The combatants? Science and Religion. 1 The bearer of this unwelcome news was Andrew Dickson White, a 37-year-old Episcopal-bred historian who had taught at the University of Michigan and served in the New York State Senate before becoming the first president of Cornell University at the age of thirty-three. -
Forever Young: the Social Transformation of Aging in America Since 1900
Forever Young: The Social Transformation of Aging in America Since 1900 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Fallon, Cara Kiernan. 2018. Forever Young: The Social Transformation of Aging in America Since 1900. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41121250 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Forever Young: The Social Transformation of Aging in America Since 1900 A dissertation presented by Cara Kiernan Fallon to The Department of History of Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History of Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2018 © 2018 Cara Kiernan Fallon All rights reserved. Allan M. Brandt Cara Kiernan Fallon Forever Young: The Social Transformation of Aging in America Since 1900 Abstract Between 1900 and 2000, life expectancy in the United States increased by three decades—from 47 to 77—a greater increase in one century than in the entire previous history of humankind. With it, the population over sixty-five increased from four to twelve percent of the United States population, and those over eighty-five became the fastest-growing demographic group. While growing old has become increasingly common, the processes of aging have not become welcomed or accepted. -
Stanisław Zaremba
Danuta Ciesielska*, Krzysztof Ciesielski** Instytut Historii Nauki im. L. i A. Birkenmajerów, PAN Warszawa Instytut Matematyki, Wydział Matematyki i Informatyki, UJ Kraków SSW B (1–192) O DLO K KRTKIE PRZEDSTAWIENIE POLSKIEJ I KRAKOWSKIEJ MATEMATYKI DO POCZTKW XX WIEKU Znaczący rozwój matematyki na świecie datuje się na drugą połowę drugiego tysiąclecia n.e.; przez poprzedzające go półtora tysiąclecia uzyskiwane wyniki były skromne w porównaniu z tym, co uzyskano później. Jednakże do początku XX wieku Polska była z dala od europejskiej, a tym bardziej światowej czołówki. Potęgami ma- tematycznymi były Francja i Niemcy. Ważne rezultaty osiągano w Wielkiej Brytanii i we Włoszech. Sporadycznie pojawiali się słynni matematycy także w innych krajach, jednak w podręcznikach historii matematyki trudno znaleźć wśród nich Polaków. Od XIV wieku Polska miała się czym poszczycić naukowo. Akademia Krakow- ska była drugim uniwersytetem powstałym w środkowej Europie, od początku wy- kładano tu przedmioty kojarzone z matematyką. Na początku XV wieku krakowski mieszczanin Jan Stobner ufundował specjalną katedrę matematyki i astronomii; druga katedra związana z matematyką została ufundowana przez Marcina Króla z Żurawi- cy (ok.1422–ok.1460), pół wieku później. Był to jednak okres istotnie poprzedzający czasy większych osiągnięć matematycznych. Pewne osiągnięcia matematyczne miał ponad wiek później Mikołaj Kopernik (1473–1543), jego nazwisko kojarzone jest jed- nak (oczywiście słusznie) głównie z astronomią. Dopiero w XVII wieku pojawił się w Krakowie matematyk europejskiego formatu – Joannes Broscius (1585–1652; Jan Brożek, znany też jako Brzozek). Był nie tylko mate- matykiem, ale też flozofem, astronomem, teologiem, lekarzem i historykiem nauki. Ma on na swoim koncie znaczące osiągnięcia, głównie związane są z teorią liczb. -
Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: a Brief History
1 .0 11 8 1.25 1.4 I 6_ DOCUMENT RESUME ED 142 418 SE 022 719 AUTHOE Judson, Lewis V. TITLE Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A Brief History. Updated Edition. INSTITUTION National Bureau of Standards (DOC) ,Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NBS-SP-447 PUB DATE Mar 76 NOTE 42p.; Contains occasional small print; Photographs may not reproduce well AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number 003-0O3-01654-3, $1.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Government Publications; History; *Mathematics Education; *Measurement; *Metric System; *Science History; *Standards ABSTRACT This document was published by the National Bureau of Standards to meet the current demand for information on the history of weights and measures in the United States. It includes an illustrated discussion of this history through 1962 followed by an addendum covering the period 1963-1975. Appendices provide a bibliography and photographic copies of eight documents important to the development of official standards of measurement. (SD) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * -to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. -
{Read} {PDF EPUB} ~Download a History of Mathematics by Carl B
{Read} {PDF EPUB} ~download A History of Mathematics by Carl B. Boyer Carl Benjamin Boyer. Boyer became an Instructor in mathematics at Brooklyn College in 1934 . Lynn Thorndike (1882 - 1965) had studied medieval history at Columbia and, after positions at two other universities, he was appointed to Columbia University in 1924 as Professor of History. At Columbia he held a seminar 'Studies in intellectual history of the closing medieval and early modern centuries' which Boyer attended and at this seminar he met Marjorie Duncan Nice. She was born in 1912 , the daughter of Leonard Blaine Nice, Professor of Physiology at the Chicago Medical School, and Margaret Morse Nice, an ornithologist. Marjorie and Carl were married on 29 June 1935 . They had four sons; Hugh ( born 6 February 1939) , Timothy ( born 20 March 1941) , Russell ( born 19 March 1944) and Kenneth ( born 30 June 1948) . Marjorie completed her Ph.D. in History at Columbia University in 1958 . She was an expert in travel, transportation and bridges in medieval France, publishing books such as Travel in Medieval France (1958) , Medieval Suspended Carriages (1959) , and Medieval French Bridges: A History (1976) . Charles Gillispie writes in [ 9 ] about how Boyer, in studying the history of mathematics, went against the prevailing attitudes at Columbia:- In addition to his work at Brooklyn College, Boyer was a Lecturer in Science at University College, Rutgers University, from 1935 to 1941 . In 1939 he was awarded his Ph.D. from Columbia University and, in the same year, he published his famous book The Concepts of the Calculus which was his doctoral thesis. -
Ivanenko. Biography
The People of Physics Faculty Selected papers of the Journal “Soviet Physicist” 1998-2006 Dmitri Ivanenko. Scientific Biography 226 Dmitri Ivanenko (29.07.1904 - 30.12.1994), professor of Moscow State University (since 1943) , was one of the great theoreticians of XX century. He made the fundamental contribution to many areas of nuclear physics, field theory and gravitation theory. His outstanding achievements include: • The Fock - Ivanenko coefficients of parallel displacement of spinors in a curved space-time (1929) 1 . Nobel laureate Abdus Salam called it the first gauge theory. • The Ambartsumian - Ivanenko hypothesis of creation of massive particles which is a corner stone of contemporary quantum field theory (1930) 2 . • The proton-neutron model of atomic nuclei (1932) 3 . • The first shell model of nuclei (in collaboration with E. Gapon) (1932) 4 . • The first model of exchange nuclear forces by means of massive particles (in collaboration with I. Tamm) (1934) 5 . Based on this model, Nobel laureate H. Yukawa developed his meson theory. • The prediction of synchrotron radiation (in collaboration with I. Pomeranchuk) (1944) 6 and its classical theory (in collaboration with A. Sokolov). • Theory of hypernucleus (1956) 7 . • The hypothesis of quark stars (in collaboration with D. Kurdgelaidze) (1965) 8 . • The gauge gravitation theory (in collaboration with G. Sardanashvily), where gravity is treated as a Higgs field responsible for spontaneous breaking of space- 9 time symmetries (1983) . References 1. Fock V., Iwanenko D., Géometrie quantique linéaire et déplacement paralléle, Compt. Rend. Acad Sci. Paris 188 (1929) 1470. 2. Ambarzumian V., Iwanenko D., Les électrons inobservables et les rayons, Compt. -
1 Portraits Leonhard Euler Daniel Bernoulli Johann-Heinrich Lambert
Portraits Leonhard Euler Daniel Bernoulli Johann-Heinrich Lambert Compiled and translated by Oscar Sheynin Berlin, 2010 Copyright Sheynin 2010 www.sheynin.de ISBN 3-938417-01-3 1 Contents Foreword I. Nicolaus Fuss, Eulogy on Leonhard Euler, 1786. Translated from German II. M. J. A. N. Condorcet, Eulogy on Euler, 1786. Translated from French III. Daniel Bernoulli, Autobiography. Translated from Russian; Latin original received in Petersburg in 1776 IV. M. J. A. N. Condorcet, Eulogy on [Daniel] Bernoulli, 1785. In French. Translated by Daniel II Bernoulli in German, 1787. This translation considers both versions V. R. Wolf, Daniel Bernoulli from Basel, 1700 – 1782, 1860. Translated from German VI. Gleb K. Michajlov, The Life and Work of Daniel Bernoullli, 2005. Translated from German VII. Daniel Bernoulli, List of Contributions, 2002 VIII. J. H. S. Formey, Eulogy on Lambert, 1780. Translated from French IX. R. Wolf, Joh. Heinrich Lambert from Mühlhausen, 1728 – 1777, 1860. Translated from German X. J.-H. Lambert, List of Publications, 1970 XI. Oscar Sheynin, Supplement: Daniel Bernoulli’s Instructions for Meteorological Stations 2 Foreword Along with the main eulogies and biographies [i, ii, iv, v, viii, ix], I have included a recent biography of Daniel Bernoulli [vi], his autobiography [iii], for the first time translated from the Russian translation of the Latin original but regrettably incomplete, and lists of published works by Daniel Bernoulli [vii] and Lambert [x]. The first of these lists is readily available, but there are so many references to the works of these scientists in the main texts, that I had no other reasonable alternative. -
George P. Merrill Collection, Circa 1800-1930 and Undated
George P. Merrill Collection, circa 1800-1930 and undated Finding aid prepared by Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C. Contact us at [email protected] Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Historical Note.................................................................................................................. 1 Descriptive Entry.............................................................................................................. 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 3 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series 1: PHOTOGRAPHS, CORRESPONDENCE AND RELATED MATERIAL CONCERNING INDIVIDUAL GEOLOGISTS AND SCIENTISTS, CIRCA 1800-1920................................................................................................................. 4 Series 2: PHOTOGRAPHS OF GROUPS OF GEOLOGISTS, SCIENTISTS AND SMITHSONIAN STAFF, CIRCA 1860-1930........................................................... 30 Series 3: PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES (HAYDEN SURVEYS), CIRCA 1871-1877.............................................................................................................. -
Fundamental Theorems in Mathematics
SOME FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS IN MATHEMATICS OLIVER KNILL Abstract. An expository hitchhikers guide to some theorems in mathematics. Criteria for the current list of 243 theorems are whether the result can be formulated elegantly, whether it is beautiful or useful and whether it could serve as a guide [6] without leading to panic. The order is not a ranking but ordered along a time-line when things were writ- ten down. Since [556] stated “a mathematical theorem only becomes beautiful if presented as a crown jewel within a context" we try sometimes to give some context. Of course, any such list of theorems is a matter of personal preferences, taste and limitations. The num- ber of theorems is arbitrary, the initial obvious goal was 42 but that number got eventually surpassed as it is hard to stop, once started. As a compensation, there are 42 “tweetable" theorems with included proofs. More comments on the choice of the theorems is included in an epilogue. For literature on general mathematics, see [193, 189, 29, 235, 254, 619, 412, 138], for history [217, 625, 376, 73, 46, 208, 379, 365, 690, 113, 618, 79, 259, 341], for popular, beautiful or elegant things [12, 529, 201, 182, 17, 672, 673, 44, 204, 190, 245, 446, 616, 303, 201, 2, 127, 146, 128, 502, 261, 172]. For comprehensive overviews in large parts of math- ematics, [74, 165, 166, 51, 593] or predictions on developments [47]. For reflections about mathematics in general [145, 455, 45, 306, 439, 99, 561]. Encyclopedic source examples are [188, 705, 670, 102, 192, 152, 221, 191, 111, 635]. -
New General Principle of Mechanics and Its Application to General Nonideal Nonholonomic Systems
New General Principle of Mechanics and Its Application to General Nonideal Nonholonomic Systems Firdaus E. Udwadia1 Abstract: In this paper we develop a general minimum principle of analytical dynamics that is applicable to nonideal constraints. The new principle encompasses Gauss’s Principle of Least Constraint. We use this principle to obtain the general, explicit, equations of motion for holonomically and/or nonholonomically constrained systems with non-ideal constraints. Examples of a nonholonomically constrained system where the constraints are nonideal, and of a system with sliding friction, are presented. DOI: 10.1061/͑ASCE͒0733-9399͑2005͒131:4͑444͒ CE Database subject headings: Constraints; Equations of motion; Mechanical systems; Friction. Introduction ments. Such systems have, to date, been left outside the perview of the Lagrangian framework. As stated by Goldstein ͑1981, p. The motion of complex mechanical systems is often mathemati- 14͒ “This ͓total work done by forces of constraint equal to zero͔ cally modeled by what we call their equations of motion. Several is no longer true if sliding friction is present, and we must exclude formalisms ͓Lagrange’s equations ͑Lagrange 1787͒, Gibbs– such systems from our ͓Lagrangian͔ formulation.” And Pars Appell equations ͑Gibbs 1879, Appell 1899͒, generalized inverse ͑1979͒ in his treatise on analytical dynamics writes, “There are in equations ͑Udwadia and Kalaba 1992͔͒ have been developed for fact systems for which the principle enunciated ͓D’Alembert’s obtaining the equations of motion for such structural and me- principle͔… does not hold. But such systems will not be consid- chanical systems. Though these formalisms do not all afford the ered in this book.” Newtonian approaches are usually used to deal same ease of use in any given practical situation, they are equiva- with the problem of sliding friction ͑Goldstein 1981͒. -
On Stability Problem of a Top Rendiconti Del Seminario Matematico Della Università Di Padova, Tome 68 (1982), P
RENDICONTI del SEMINARIO MATEMATICO della UNIVERSITÀ DI PADOVA V. V. RUMJANTSEV On stability problem of a top Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova, tome 68 (1982), p. 119-128 <http://www.numdam.org/item?id=RSMUP_1982__68__119_0> © Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova, 1982, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova » (http://rendiconti.math.unipd.it/) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit conte- nir la présente mention de copyright. Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques http://www.numdam.org/ On Stability Problem of a Top. V. V. RUMJANTSEV (*) This paper deals with the stability of a heavy gyrostate [1] on a horizontal plane. The gyrostate is considered as a rigid body with a rotor rotating freely (without friction) about an axis invariably con- nected with the body leaning on a plane by a convex surface, i.e. the top in a broad sence of this word. For mechanician the top is a symple and principal object of study [2] attracting investigators’ attention. 1. Let $ql be the fixed coordinate system with the origin in some point of a horizontal plane and vertically up directed axis I with unit vector y; OXIX2Xa is the coordinate system rigidly connected with the body with the origin in centre of mass of gyrostate and axis ~3 coincided with one of its principal central axes of inertia. -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Isis, 1950–1959
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Isis, 1950{1959 Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 11 March 2017 Version 0.06 Title word cross-reference -1662 [300]. 1 [1123]. 11.-18 [925]. 1238 [389]. 1267 [791]. 12th [804]. 1362 [349]. 1439 [294]. 15 [145]. 1500 [927]. 1524 [1045]. 1553 [595]. 1576 [471]. 1577 [297]. 1584 [864]. 1605 [820]. 1610 [614]. 1650 [513]. 1655 [1116]. 1666/7 [986]. 1679 [502]. 1683 [156]. 1700 [643]. 1714 [1105]. 1745 [506]. 1750 [1042]. 1793 [1054]. 1794 [731]. 1799 [1052]. 1818 [729]. 1823 [356]. 1829 [823]. 1833 [936]. 1850 [242, 780]. 1854 [1057]. 1859 [705]. 18th [492]. 1900 [693, 440, 966, 575, 1015]. 1905 [1119]. 1910 [782]. 1911 [596]. 1914 [993, 1084]. 1919 [824]. 1926 [781]. 1939 [782]. 1940 [886, 1110]. 1944 [121]. 1946 [24]. 1947 [597]. 1950 [622, 622, 480, 932]. 1950. [411]. 1951 [403, 403]. 1953 [594]. 1954 [648]. 1955 [999, 977]. 1956 [876, 832]. 1957 [1040]. 1959 [1058, 1123]. 19de [38]. 19th [340, 267]. 200th [430]. 1 2 31st [268]. 37th [151]. 4 [442]. 6 [617]. 8512 [656]. 9 [367]. A.D [513, 305, 791, 927]. A.D. [207, 389, 214]. A.H [349]. Abbildungen [694]. Abbot [1121]. Abbott [672]. Abdu'r [859]. Abdu'r-Rahman [859]. Abel [1003]. Aberdeen [1052]. Abetti [483, 483, 170].