Ilmiö Mitalitaide. 1960-Luvulla Valetut Suomalaiset Mitalit
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JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN THE ARTS 53 Leena Passi Ilmiö m.italitaide 1960-luvulla valetut suomalaiset mitalit Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston vanhassa juhlasalissa (S212) syyskuun 21. päivänä 1996 kello 12. JYVÄSKYLÄN � YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 1996 Iliniö initalitaide 1960-luvulla valetut suomalaiset mitalit JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN THE ARTS 53 Leena Passi Iltniö tnitalitaide 1960-luvulla valetut suomalaiset mitalit JYVÄSKYLÄN � YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 1996 Editor: Kalevi Pöykkö Department of Art History, University of Jyväskylä Technical editor: Kaarina Nieminen Scientific publishing, University of Jyväskylä Word processing: Marja-Leena Tynkkynen Orvokki Honkanen URN :ISBN :978- 951-3 9-7885-3 ISBN 978- 951-3 9-7885-3 (PDF) ISSN 0075-4633 ISBN 951-3 4-0773-X ISS N 0075-4633 Cover picture: Mauno Kivioja, Mitali X, 1970 64 cm x 64 cm, valettu Copyright© 1996, by University of Jyväskylä Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy, Saarijärvi 1996 ABSTRACT Passi, Leena The Phenomenon of Medal Art. Finnish Cast Medals in the 1960's Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1996. 290 p. Gyväskylä Studies in the Arts, ISSN 0075-4633; 53) ISNB 951-34-0773-X Summary Diss. The study examines the breakthrough of modernFinnish east medals: There were raised 95 east medals by 25 artists in the 1960's. Of the artists only five (5) had made medals before and others were neweomers. Of the "old" artists three (3) and one neweomer had made a east medal or plaque before 1965 when the Guild of Medal Art in Finland was founded. The examined east medals turnedout to be the basics of the modernFinnish medal art. The study has its basics on the idea of the institutional nature of medal art medals have usually been eommissioned works - and on the idea of the social network in the field of artworld. Art historical methods and art sociology has been eontributed and to study east medals and medal groups has been built an operational tool on the basics of semioties and srtuetural lingvistics: the metalanguage of the medal art. The knowledge of the east medals for the study has been eollected by interviewing more than 200 persons, mostly artists and their relatives. In Finland as a result of dualism in aetivities between numismatic associa tions and The Guild of Medal Art in Finland there arouse two partly different ideas of the essenee of the medal art: the numismatie idea of the medal art and the pictorial idea of the medal art. The 1960's was the period of change in seulpture and the changes influeneed on east medals that broke the eonventional metalanguage of the previous medal art. New materials of medals were experimented: aluminium, eeramics, wood with plasties and sandstone. Some medals also were etehed on the bronze like graphics. Some medals had innovative shapes, holes and rough strueture with white eolour. And some of the medals had high reliefs and seulptural-like three dimensional forms. The eontents had eurrent and new medalthemes as spaeemotifs, motifs that dealt with famine or with human rights and equality and medals that deseribed living and working as an artist. A few opinion giving medals were modelled and some medals had an addition of humour. Seulptors modelled abstraet medals and some influenee of informalism, minimalism, na'ivism, surrealism, expressionism and some features of formbreaking kubism eould be found, too. Cast medals bore the features of the pictorial idea of the medal with eonneetions to seulpture-like idea of modelling medals. Cast medals were eommitted and exhibited more than ever. The role of eommissioners, especially of the Guild,was remarkable in the development of the modern, east medals in Finland. The Guild ereated a new institution and a new social network for artists, eollectors, medal manufaeturers and seulptors that easted medals. The Guild also was obliged to fight its position as a neweomer as several medal artists. The Guild freed medal art largely of numismatic, eoin-like features and established its own role as a publisher, eommissioner, supporter, exhibitor and dealer of medal art. The basics of the role of the Guild lied on thefact that it ereated a system for artists to model east medals i.e. year medal, and aequired eolleetors and enthusi asts that were interested in east medals and purchased them. That kind of aetivity eneouraged artists to make new non-eommisioned east medals. The Guild ae quired publie aeeeptanee for new medals and their innovative features basically by the year medal eompetitions and exhibitions. The exhibitions arranged by the Guild in the 1960's obtained publicity for east medals: the features of the pictorial idea of the medal got their status as well as new medal artists got their status inside the artworld. Keywords: east medal, the metalanguage of medal art, the institutional nature of medal art, dualism inthe field of medal art, the pictorial idea of the medal SISÄLLYS TYÖTÄ ALOITETTAESSA ........................................... 9 JOHDANTO ...................................................... 11 1 Tutkimustekniikka .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 1.1 Rajaus ................................................... 11 1.2 Näkökulma . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 1.3 Rakenne ................................................. 16 1.4 Lähteet ja materiaali ....................................... 16 1.5 Menetelmät ja termit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 1.5.1 Metakieli rakenteena ................................ 19 1.5.2 Mitaliryhmät ....................................... 21 2 Muutosten merkkejä ........................................... 22 2.1 Kuvanveisto ............................................. 21 2.2 Mitalitaide .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 2.3 Mitattavat ominaisuudet ................................... 28 MUODONMUUTOKSEN OSATEKIJÄT .............................. 30 1 Metakieli . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 1.1 Muoto ................................................... 30 1.2 Mitattavat ominaisuudet ................................... 31 1.2.1 Reliefikorkeus ..................................... 34 1.2.2 Paksuus ........................................... 36 1.2.3 Halkaisija ja lävistäjä ............................... 38 1.3 Plastisuus ja muovailun elementit . .. .. .. .. .. 39 1.3.1 Sulautuva - erottuva -akseli ......................... 40 1.3.2 Mitalit, joissa ei ole konventionaalista pohjaa .......... 41 1.3.3 Graafisin keinoin ilmaisevat mitalit . .. .. .. .. 42 1.3.4 Elementtien käytön erityispiirteet .................... 43 1.4 Pinnan sekä syrjän ja reunan käsittely ....................... 43 1.4.1 Patina ............................................ 43 1.4.2 Pintastruktuuri .................................... 44 1.4.3 Syrjä- ja reunamuodot .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 1.4.3.1 Syrjä ...................................... 46 1.4.3.2 Reuna ..................................... 47 1.5 Sommittelu ja legendan käyttö . .. .. .. .. .. 47 1.5.1 Perustyypit ja rakenteet . .. .. .. .. .. 47 1.5.2 Teksti ............................................. 48 2 Ilmaisusta sisältöön . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 2.1 Esittävä - ei-esittävä -akseli ................................. 51 2.2 Abstraktit ja kokeelliset mitalit ............................. 51 2.3 Kirjallisuudestaaiheensa saaneet mitalit ..................... 53 2.4 Naiskuvat ............................................. 54 2.5 Työ, harrastukset ja ihmisen ulottuvuudet ................... 56 2.5.1 Mitalitaide . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 2.5.2 Aika ja avaruus .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 2.5.3 Taiteilijana olemiseen liittyvät mitalit . .. .. .. .. 57 2.6 Ihmisoikeudetja tasa-arvo ................................. 58 KONTEKSTI ...................................................... 60 1 Taiteilijat, mitalit, tilaajat . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 1.1 Taiteilijat ................................................ 60 1.2 Mitalit tilaajaryhmittäin ................................... 63 1.3 Tilaajayhteydet .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 2 Valinnat . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 2.1 Vuosimitalit .............................................. 69 2.2 Näyttelyt . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 70 TOIMINTA MITALITAITEEN ALALLA 1960-LUVULLA ............... 75 1 Suomen Mitalitaiteen Kilta . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 1.1 Perustaminen ............................................ 75 1.2 Tuotetut mitalit ........................................... 76 1.3 Näyttelyt . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 1.4 Muut aktiivisuuden muodot . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 1.5 Killan saama vastaanotto .................................. 80 2 Numismaattiset yhdistykset ..................................... 83 3 Muu mitaliharrastus ........................................... 84 4 Määrät javalmistus .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 V ALETTUJEN MITALIEN VUOSIKYMMEN .......................... 87 196 1 Tukiainen . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87 1 Aimo Tukiainen, Pesät ja kultatuoli . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87 196 4 Juurikkala - Räsänen ........................................... 89 1 Anja Juurikkala, Suomen Taideakatemian koulusta ihmisoikeuksiin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 89 2 Kauko Räsänen, Helsingin kaupungin urheilumitalista Möhköön .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 2.1 Tilaus ja kilpailutyö .................................. 90 2.2 Vapaat mitalit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92 196 5 Heino -Jaatinen -Kitula -Lähteenkorva - Nieminen - Savikurki ..... 93 1 Raimo Heino, Dantesta