A Demokratikus Japán Születése

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A Demokratikus Japán Születése Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Jog- és Államtudományi Doktori Iskola Doktori értekezés dr. Tamás Csaba Gergely A DEMOKRATIKUS JAPÁN SZÜLETÉSE A Meiji- és a Shōwa-alkotmány történeti vizsgálata Témavezető: Dr. Szabó István Tanszékvezető egyetemi tanár Budapest, 2012 Tamás Csaba Gergely: A demokratikus Japán születése KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNíTÁS Japán alkotmánytörténeti vizsgálódásaim kezdete első évfolyamos egyetemi tanulmányaim idejére nyúlik vissza. Nem túlzás azt állítani, hogy máig emlékszem 1998 márciusának egyik csütörtöki napjára, amikor az Egyetemes Jogtörténet előadás végén Horváth Pál professzorhoz intéztem egy költői kérdést azzal kapcsolatban, hogy miért is szerepel méltatlanul kevés információ a Meiji-korszak (1868-1912) jogtörténeti vonatkozásairól mind a tankönyvben,1 mind az előadásokon. Való igaz, ha jobban végigkövetem egyetemi tanulmányaimat, kevés írott kivételtől 2 eltekintve általában csak túlontúl leegyszerűsítő álláspontokkal találkoztam, előadási szinten pedig Péteri Zoltán professzor Jogcsaládok című szemináriuma volt az egyetlen, ahol érdemben foglalkoztunk az ötéves graduális képzés alatt a japán jogrendszernek a világ jogrendszerei között elfoglalt helyével, tekintettel annak történeti, ideológiai, kulturális ismertetőjegyeire. Itt érdemes megemlíteni a Kállay István professzor vezetésével hosszú éveken át működött győri japán jogi szeminárium fontosságát is. Röviden összefoglalva - úgy éreztem -, hogy a japán jogrendszer több figyelmet érdemelne elsősorban az egyetemes jogtörténeti oktatásban, és ennek eredményeképpen, építve a japán nyelvvel és kultúrával kapcsolatos középfokú tanulmányaimra, - ehelyütt is kifejezve hálámat Kondo Masanori, Sugimoto Oki, Jánoska László és Sellner-Adachi Keiko értékes oktatói tevékenységéért – évfolyamdolgozataim és szakdolgozatom témaválasztása során is egy-egy japán jogi kérdés vizsgálata került a középpontba. A doktori képzés szempontjából további motivációt jelentett a Debrecenben tartott XXVI. Országos Tudományos Diákköri Konferencián jogtörténeti szekcióban elért második helyezés, amelyhez elengedhetetlen volt Szabó István tanszékvezető egyetemi tanár akkori, és mind a mai napig tartó támogatása és bátorítása, akiben 1 HORVÁTH-GÖNCZI-STIPTA-ZLINSZKY Egyetemes Jogtörténet Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1997. 2 VARGA Csaba (szerk.) Összehasonlító jogi kultúrák, Osiris, Budapest, 2000. 2 Tamás Csaba Gergely: A demokratikus Japán születése graduális szakdolgozatom konzulensét és jelen dolgozat témavezetőjét is tisztelhetem. A japán jogi kutatásokhoz elengedhetetlen segítséget nyújtott továbbá Gergely Attila egyetemi ajdunktus, immár több mint egy évtizedes folyamatos támogatása, a japán alkotmányfejlődés megértése szempontjából nélkülözhetetlen társadalomtörténeti vonatkozások kapcsán. Szintén emlékezetes első találkozás marad számomra - ahogy az országot jártam japán jogi forrásokat keresve –, amikor a főváros II. kerületének Horváth utcai 3 egyik irodaházában nemcsak a japán társadalommal és különösen a család szerepével kapcsolatos referenciákat, de a téma egyik hazai szakértőjét is megismerhettem. A vonatkozó szakirodalmi hiányosságok már a graduális képzés során is nehézséget jelentettek, többnyire külföldi ösztöndíjaim időszakában jutottam hozzá egy-egy alapvető cikkhez. Az elmúlt évek azonban e téren előrelépést hoztak, és itt érdemes megemlíteni a Japán Alapítvány könyvtártámogatási pályázatát, amely során a Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Jog- és Államtudományi Kara közel száz szakkönyvvel lett gazdagabb, ami megfelelő alapot jelenthet a téma iránt érdeklődő hallgatóknak. Érdeklődés pedig látható, akár egy-egy szakdolgozati témaválasztáson, akár a japán jogi speciál kollégiumomat „bevállaló” hallgatók számán keresztül. A dolgozat megírása, felépítése, gondolatmenete szempontjából Takii Kazuhiro jogtörténész, a Kiotói Nemzetközi Japanisztikai Kutatások Központ (国際日本文化研究 センター Kokusai Nihon Bunka Kenkyū Sentā) professzorának tanácsait és előadásait kell megemlítenem, akivel egy budapesti találkozást követően – a Japán Alapítvány ösztöndíjasaként4 – 2011 nyarán, öt héten keresztül a Központ vendégkutatójaként elmélyült dialógust folytathattam. Végül, de korántsem utolsó sorban köszönöm családomnak - különösen feleségemnek és gyermekeimnek - mindazt a türelmet, amellyel lehetővé tették számomra, hogy időt és energiát nem kímélve folytathassam kutatásaimat, haladhassak előre annak érdekében, hogy e mű megszülethessen. 3 A Japán Alapítvány (Japan Foundation) magyarországi irodájának korábbi budapesti székhelye 4 Japan Foundation Short-Term Fellowship Program 3 Tamás Csaba Gergely: A demokratikus Japán születése Lezárul egy korszak, szimbolikus állomás is ez, hosszú évek munkája húzódik mögötte. Az 1998 márciusában feltett kérdésemre végül magam is választ adhattam: a dolgozattal, amely egy japán alkotmánytörténeti tükör magyar keretben. Csak remélni tudom, hogy minél többen hitelesnek is ítélik. Mindazonáltal tökéletesnek nem mondhatom, hiszen csupán opus humanum, ezért véges és bizonyára korántsem hiba nélküli, amiért felelősség pedig leginkább engem terhelhet. 4 Tamás Csaba Gergely: A demokratikus Japán születése TARTALOMJEGYZÉK KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNíTÁS .................................................................................................. 2 I. BEVEZETÉS .......................................................................................................................... 7 1. Kitekintés a japán joggal kapcsolatos eddigi magyarországi kutatásokra ........... 12 II. JOGTÖRTÉNETI ÉS ELMÉLETI ÁTTEKINTÉS ........................................................... 15 1. Történelmi előzmények – kezdetektől a Meiji fordulatig ........................................ 15 1.1. Japán keletkezése és a klasszikus korszak .......................................................... 15 1.2. Feudális Japán ......................................................................................................... 17 1.3. A belső béke és külső elzártság időszaka ........................................................... 18 1.4. A kikötők megnyitása és az egyenlőtlen szerződések megkötése .................. 22 2. Jogelméleti tényezők ..................................................................................................... 24 2.1. A japán társadalom alapvető jellegzetességei .................................................... 25 2.2. A hagyományos jogfelfogás .................................................................................. 28 2.3. A jogfelfogást befolyásoló tényezők a Meiji fordulatot követően ................... 30 2.4. A jogfelfogás a második világháborút követően ............................................... 34 3. A japán jogrendszer helye a világban ........................................................................ 37 III. MEIJI CSÁSZÁR ÉS ALKOTMÁNYA ......................................................................... 40 1. A Meiji fordulat: a modernizáció kezdete és a függetlenség megőrzése .............. 40 2. A Meiji-alkotmány (明治憲法 Meiji-kempō) születése ............................................... 43 2.1. Az Iwakura-misszió ............................................................................................... 43 2.2. Itō Hirobumi berlini és bécsi látogatásai ............................................................. 47 2.3. Yamagata Aritomo európai útja ........................................................................... 50 3. A Meiji-alkotmány vizsgálata ...................................................................................... 53 3.1. A kihirdetéshez vezető út...................................................................................... 53 3.2. A Meiji-alkotmány szerkezete .............................................................................. 54 3.3. A Meiji-alkotmány fogadtatása a „civilizált” világban..................................... 58 3.4. A tennō-rendszer (天皇制 Tennōsei) - a császárra vonatkozó rendelkezések 60 3.5. A kormányzati rendszer kiépülése ...................................................................... 65 3.6. A Meiji-parlament (帝國議会 Teikoku-gikai) ........................................................ 73 3.7. Igazságszolgáltatás a Meiji-korban ...................................................................... 82 3.8. „Alapjogvédelem” és a Meiji-alkotmány ............................................................ 88 3.9. A militarizmus térnyerése - a felemelkedő nagyhatalom ................................ 91 3.10. A Meiji-korszak értékelése .................................................................................. 92 4. A Taishō-demokrácia korszaka ................................................................................... 93 4.1. Kabinet-kormányzás átmeneti bevezetése ......................................................... 94 4.2. Választójogi reform ................................................................................................ 96 4.3. A Taishō-korszak külpolitikai mérlege: befolyás- és gyarmatszerzés ............ 98 5. A Meiji-alkotmány próbája: a Shōwa-korszak első harmada (1926-1945) ............ 99 5.1. A demokrácia fokozatos felszámolása ................................................................ 99 5.2. Részvétel a második világháborúban ................................................................ 101 5.3. Hirohito császár és a háborús felelősség kérdése ............................................ 102 IV. MEGSZÁLLÁS ÉS ALKOTMÁNYOZÁS .................................................................
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