DOCSLIB.ORG

4464 Hayashi.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
4464 Hayashi.Pdf Hayashi, Makiko (2016) Constructing the legal profession in modern Japan. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26667 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Constructing the Legal Profession in Modern Japan Makiko HAYASHI Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2016 Department of the Languages and Cultures of Japan & Korea SOAS, University of London 1 Abstract This thesis seeks to clarify features in the formation of the modern Japanese legal profession, with particular reference to the development of the judicial system and legal practice. In the early Meiji period legal practice in Japan was carried out by two groups: qualified lawyers, many of whom were former samurai who tended to focus their attention on politics and the social movements of the day, and non-credentialed legal practitioners, who conducted much of the practical day-to-day representation of clients. The continuity of the legal profession and its practices from the Edo era into the Meiji era and the Westernisation of Japan’s judicial systems had established this dual system of qualified and non-credentialed practitioners, as well as hybridised court processes which utilised both adjudication and conciliation procedures. This thesis also examines the influence of Western lawyers, especially that of English barristers, and the pre-existing legal practice on the law-making process. The findings of the research demonstrate that the consensus view held until now, which portrays foreign legal advisers and judicial officers as having been the codifiers of all Meiji period laws, can be challenged and replaced by another interpretation, namely that the true protagonists of the Westernisation of Japanese legal systems were practicing lawyers. Finally, the thesis also analyses how the Japanese legal profession established and monopolised its occupational spheres of influence in the 1920s and 1930s. The exclusion of quasi- lawyers from the judicial courts is also discussed in order to clarify this process of professionalisation. The construction of the dual judicial system in the Meiji era and the later exclusion of the quasi-lawyers in particular weakened the integrity of the legal profession, at a time when many of the fundamental functions of Japan’s legal system had already been compromised by the nation’s militarisation. The justice and fairness of the legal profession’s bar qualification system remained in wartime as a small beacon of hope to examination candidates who wanted to believe in the primacy of the legal system. 3 Table of Contents Declaration for SOAS PhD thesis............................... 2 Abstract...................................................... 3 List of Tables (in appearance order).......................... 6 List of Graphs (in appearance order).......................... 6 Chapter 1 Introduction........................................ 7 Section 1: The Disconnection and Continuity Models of the Japanese Legal Profession .................................... 7 Section 2: The Reception of Law.............................. 20 2-1 The Received ‘Objects of Law’ ........................ 21 2-2 The Process of Reception and Assimilation ............ 24 Section 3: Two Theories of ‘The Profession’.................. 30 Section 4: Outline of Legal Professionalisation in Japan..... 35 4-1 The First Period (1858-1883): The Beginning of the Westernisation of Legal Practice ........................ 36 4-2 The Second Period (1884-1899): The Completion of the Modernisation of Legal Practices and the Legal Profession42 4-3 The Third Period (1900-1930s): The Assimilation of Modern Laws into Society and Monopolisation of Legal Services .. 47 Section 5: Aims of the Study................................. 52 Chapter 2 First Encounters: The Influence of Foreign Lawyers. 60 Section 1: Introduction...................................... 60 Section 2: Consular Courts and Japanese Courts............... 66 2-1 Japanese Criminal Court ............................... 68 Section 3: Formalising Procedures in Japanese-Foreigner Lawsuits ............................................................. 79 3-1 Two Types of Unequal Treaty ........................... 80 3-2 Negotiation concerning the Japanese Court’ Jurisdiction85 Section 4: British Barristers in Meiji Japan................. 97 4-1 Arrival of the First Barristers ...................... 97 4-2 A British Barrister’s Role in Japan’s Reception of Law ....................................................... 102 4-3 Significance of the Qualification System ............ 116 4 Chapter 3 Diversity: Actual Legal Practices................. 126 Section 1: Introduction..................................... 126 Section 2: Hybrid Judicial System........................... 131 2-1 Sources of Law and Legal Interpretation .............. 131 2-2 Conciliation and Adjudication ........................ 140 2-3 Number of Qualified and Non-credentialed Legal Practitioners ........................................ 147 2-4 Demand for Non-credentialed Legal Practitioners ...... 152 Section 3: Conciliation Procedure........................... 160 3-1 Legal Practitioners and the Conciliation Procedure ... 160 3-2 Qualified and Non-credentialed Legal Practitioners ... 169 3-3 Distinctions amongst Lawyers ......................... 178 Section 4: Significance of Adjudication..................... 186 Chapter 4 Adaptation: Education and Examination System...... 194 Section 1: Introduction..................................... 194 Section 2: From Voluntary Associations to Law Schools....... 198 2-1 From Private Schools to Private Study Groups ......... 198 2-2 Voluntary Associations annexed to Firms .............. 202 2-3 Restriction of the Advocates’ Associations ........... 207 Section 3: Differentiation between Lawyers.................. 210 3-1 Legal Education in the Ministry of Justice ........... 210 3-2 Legal Education at the University .................... 216 Section 4: The Attorney Act................................. 225 4-1 Choice between Higher Status and Free Business ....... 225 4-2 Apprenticeship System ................................ 230 Chapter 5 Modernisation: Court Procedure and ‘The Profession’236 Section 1: Introduction..................................... 236 Section 2: Abolishment of Conciliation...................... 238 2-1 Deletion of Conciliation Clauses from the Code ....... 239 2-2 Conciliation Committeeman Rules – the discarded draft 246 Section 3: Non-enforcement of Attorney Utilisation.......... 253 Section 4: Enforcement of Retirement........................ 263 Chapter 6 Monopolisation: In- and Out-of-Court Legal Services275 5 Section 1: Introduction..................................... 275 Section 2: Monopolisation of In-Court Legal Services........ 277 Section 3: Differentiation of Out-of-Court Legal Services... 282 3-1 Economic and Social Circumstances .................... 283 3-2 Quasi Lawyers’ Professionalisation ................... 284 3-3 Monoplisation of Out-of-Court Services ............... 293 Section 4: Monopolisation of Out-of-Court Legal Services.... 298 Conclusion.................................................. 310 Bibliography................................................ 319 Articles and Monographs..................................... 319 Archival Collections and Periodicals........................ 345 List of Tables (in appearance order) [Table 2-1-1] Civil cases brought by Japanese plaintiffs in consular courts (by consular court; 1875-1898)---------------72 [Table 2-1-2] Civil cases brought by Japanese plaintiffs in consular courts (by result; 1875-1898) ----------------------74 [Table 2-2-1] Civil cases brought by foreign plaintiffs in Japanese courts (by nationality; 1875-1898) -----------------77 [Table 2-3-1] List of barristers in Japan (1867-1898) --------98 [Table 2-3-2] Japanese barristers called to the bar (1868-1898)122 [Table 3-1] Civil Caseloads at Tokyo Court (1873-1875)-------142 [Table 3-2] Civil Caseloads [Adjudication and Conciliation] (1873-1893)------------------------------------------------146 [Table 3-3] Number of Lawyers (1876-1944)-------------------149 [Table 3-4] umber of Qualified and Non-credentialed Legal Practitioners (1876-1890)----------------------------------154 [Table 3-5] Types of ‘Employee’ Lawsuits (1875-1890) --------188 [Table 6-1] Average of Income (Yen) per region (1929) -------303 List of Graphs (in appearance order) [Graph 3-1] Civil Caseloads [Adjudication and Conciliation] (1873- 1893) ----------------------------------------------------- 147 [Graph 3-2] Number of Lawyers (1876-1944) --------------------148 [Graph 3-3] Ratio of Qualified and Non-credentialed Legal Practitioners (1876-1890) ----------------------------------154 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Section 1: The Disconnection and Continuity Models of the Japanese Legal Profession
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rutgers Network in Early Meiji Japan
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE The Rutgers Network in Early Meiji Japan Fernanda Perrone In the mid-nineteenth century, Rutgers College in New Brunswick, New Jersey, was a small private all-male institution with less than two hundred students. Founded in 1766, its original purpose was to train ministers for the Dutch Reformed Church. Only in 1855 did the college and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary become separate, although they remained neighboring and closely cooperating institutions. And only in 1864 with federal funding through the Morrill Act, did Rutgers establish a scientific school under the leadership of pioneering state geologist George H. Cook. It was to this rather obscure college, however, that some of the first ryugakusei-Japanese overseas students-came to study during the Bakumatsu period. And it was from Rutgers that some of the first oyatoi gaikokujin-foreign teachers-made their way to Japan to work under the new Meiji government. Why Rutgers? The college’s longstanding affiliation with the Dutch Reformed Church meant that the early Dutch missionaries in Japan, particularly Guido Verbeck, were familiar with Rutgers. Born in Zeist in the Netherlands in 1830, Verbeck was trained in Utrecht as an engineer before emigrating to the United States in 1852. He worked briefly as an engineer in the United States before entering Auburn Seminary in western New York. Graduating in 1859, he was commissioned in that year as one of pioneer Reformed Church missionaries bound for Japan.1 Many of the early ryugakusei initially studied with Verbeck in Nagasaki; when they sought further educational opportunities abroad he referred them to John M.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Reexaminating TERAUCHI Masatake's Character
    February 2019 Issue Reexaminating TERAUCHI Masatake's Character - As a “Statesman”- KANNO Naoki, Cheif, Military Archives, Center for Military History Introduction What comes to mind when you think of TERAUCHI Masatake (1852 - 1919)? For example, at the beginning of the Terauchi Cabinet (October 1616 - September 1918), it was ridiculed as being both anachronistic and a non-constitutional cabinet. Using NISHIHARA Kamezo, also known as Terauchi's private secretary, he provided funds of up to 110 million yen to the Duan Qirui government in northern China (the Nishihara Loans). The so-called Rice Riots broke out in his final year, and Siberian Intervention began. Terauchi was also called a protégé of YAMAGATA Aritomo, the leading authority on Army soldiers from former Choshu domain (Choshu-han). On the other hand, what about the succeeding Hara Cabinet (September 1918 - November 1921)? Exactly 100 years ago, HARA Takashi had already started the cabinet that consists of all political party members, except for the three Ministers of the Army, Navy, and Foreign Affairs. After the World War I, a full-on party politics was developed in Japan as global diplomatic trends drastically changed. Compared to Hara, Terauchi has not been evaluated. After Chinese-Japanese relations deteriorated following the Twenty-One Demands in 1915, the aforementioned Nishihara Loans, implemented for recovery, were over-extended to the only northern part of China, the Duan Qirui government only for a limited time. Then, ultimately, the Loans did not lead an improvement in relationships. Thus it can be said that, until recently, Terauchi's character has been almost entirely neglected by academia.
    [Show full text]
  • Enemies of the Lineage: Widows and Customary Rights in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945
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bstract Enemies of the Lineage: Widows and Customary Rights in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945 by Sungyun Lim Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew E. Barshay, Chair My dissertation examines Korean widows and their legal rights during the Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945), focusing on widows and their lawsuits over property rights, inheritance and adoption. Utilizing civil case records from the Superior Court of Colonial Korea (Ch!sen K!t! H!in), I argue that women’s rights were diminished by the Korean customs adopted by the judicial system under the Japanese colonial state. By examining the production process of Korean customs in the colonial civil courts, I emphasize Korean agency in the transformation of family customs during the Japanese colonial period. Women’s property and inheritance rights developed in close relationship with the Japanese family policy, which aimed to disintegrate the lineages in Korea into nuclear households. The Japanese colonial state strengthened the household system by protecting customary rights that allowed widows to become house-heads.
    [Show full text]
  • A POPULAR DICTIONARY of Shinto
    A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF Shinto A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF Shinto BRIAN BOCKING Curzon First published by Curzon Press 15 The Quadrant, Richmond Surrey, TW9 1BP This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” Copyright © 1995 by Brian Bocking Revised edition 1997 Cover photograph by Sharon Hoogstraten Cover design by Kim Bartko All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-203-98627-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-7007-1051-5 (Print Edition) To Shelagh INTRODUCTION How to use this dictionary A Popular Dictionary of Shintō lists in alphabetical order more than a thousand terms relating to Shintō. Almost all are Japanese terms. The dictionary can be used in the ordinary way if the Shintō term you want to look up is already in Japanese (e.g. kami rather than ‘deity’) and has a main entry in the dictionary. If, as is very likely, the concept or word you want is in English such as ‘pollution’, ‘children’, ‘shrine’, etc., or perhaps a place-name like ‘Kyōto’ or ‘Akita’ which does not have a main entry, then consult the comprehensive Thematic Index of English and Japanese terms at the end of the Dictionary first.
    [Show full text]
  • The Meiji Restoration
    Stanford Model United Nations Conference 2014 ! The Meiji Restoration ! ! ! Chair: Justin Hsuan, [email protected] CoChair: Jiabo Feng Crisis Director: Brooke Mandujano ! ! Dear Delegates, Welcome to this special committee! I hope you are as excited as I am. As you will witness first-hand, the Meiji Restoration was a dramatic turning point in Japan’s history. For that reason, many believe it to be more accurately a revolution. Please first consider the tumultuous environment of the 19th century. This was the age of rapid industrialization. Across the world populations were shifting due to urbanization, factories were displacing farms, and new markets were being created. Hungry for new consumers and the natural resources necessary, newly-industrialized nations sent emissaries overseas to search for new opportunities in foreign lands. Asia became a prime target for Western governments as Europe and the United States made inroads on countries such as India, China, and Japan. Now please consider the state of Japan at this time. Imagine a government being threatened for the first time by a Western power. Imagine an ultimatum signed by the U.S. President threatening military action to enforce open trade between Japan and the West. Imagine the numerous young and patriotic samurai witnessing their beloved nation threatened and helpless to resist. Imagine the rice farmers moving from the villages to the capital city of Edo for the first time to open up shops. Imagine wealthy merchants who still cannot gain the respect of poor peasants and impoverished samurai. I hope that is helpful to attempt to gain the mindset of the people of Japan during this fascinating and chaotic time.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Church and State ( : Ritsuryo Saisei Itchi Kami
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Welcome to TRUSpace | TRUSpace 1 State Shinto and the Use of Shrines in Japanese Colonies By Cary S. Takagaki In the third month of 1868, the newly formed Meiji government announced its intention to return to the ritsuryo system of government that had been in place during the Nara and Heian periods. This was a system that held to the concept of unity between church and state (saisei itchi). Thus, the Jingikan, Office of (Shinto) Deities (often translated as Office of Kami Worship), was revived in that same month as one of seven departments in the Dajokan, the administrative organ of the state, and in an attempt to “purify” the tradition, a policy of separating Buddhism from Shinto (shinbutsu bunri-rei) was adopted.1 However, in July of 1869, the Jingikan was given the highest rank of all government offices, placing it above the Dajokan, and in the following year an Imperial Rescript on the Enshrinement of the Kami was issued, asserting that, along with various Shinto gods, all the emperors of Japan were to be worshiped as kami: Now that the imperial dignity has passed to Us, small and frail of form though we be, we are afraid both night and day that there will be some want in Our performance of the Imperial duties. We thereby enshrine with the Jingikan (The Office of Kami Worship), the kami of Heaven and Earth, together with the eight kami of Kamimusubi-no-kami, Takamimusubi-no-kami, Tamatsu-memusubi-no-kami, Ikumusubi-no-kami, Taramusubi-no-kami, Omiyame-no-kami, Miketsukami and Kotoshironushi-no-kami, and along with them, the souls of all past Emperors.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL Rockford Auburn a + Cal Poly
    ACF Fall 2014: Nemo auditur propriam derpitudinem allegans Packet by Rockford Auburn High School A (Mohammad Nizamuddin, Evan Pandya, Cole Timmerwilke, and Steven Vo) and Cal-Poly SLO (Jake Stone, Tristan Noack, Raymond Mullen, Andrew Palmer) Edited by Jordan Brownstein, Jacob Reed, Max Schindler, Richard Yu, and Ben Zhang Head-editing by Gautam Kandlikar and Gaurav Kandlikar Tossups 1. The speaker of this poem describes himself as “Politic, cautious, and meticulous” and “Full of high sentence, but a bit obtuse” before declaring that he is “Almost, at times, the Fool”. This poem’s speaker recalls having “measured out [his] life in coffee-spoons” and asks himself “Do I dare to eat a peach?” This poem’s speaker comes to terms with being a deferential attendant lord, “glad to be of use” and his status as “not Prince Hamlet, nor...meant to be.” The speaker of this poem mentions a room in which “the women come and go talking of Michelangelo.” For 10 points, name this poem that begins, “Let us go then, you and I,” written by T.S. Eliot. ANSWER: “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” [prompt on “Prufrock”] 2. This material is used to highlight a section of a painting that is next to a “Chorus of Paradise Angels” and depicts the words “This Kiss Is For the Whole World!” This material was used for the central portion of a painting that depicts masculinity with black squares and femininity with colorful ovals. It was also used extravagantly throughout a painting that shows many eyes on the dress of Adele Bloch-Bauer.
    [Show full text]
  • The Graves of 75 Prominent Historical Figures at Yanaka Cemetery
    No. Name Profile Years of birth Grave site The graves of 75 prominent historical figures at Yanaka Cemetery and death Hozumi Shigeto 68 Jurist, Justice of the Supreme Court specializing in 1883-1951 乙 11号 2側 Years of birth 穂積 重遠 civil law. Son of Nobushige Hozumi. No. Name Profile and death Grave site Confucian scholar, who studied at the official Akai Kageaki Activist in the democratic movement for freedom Inoue Randai 甲 8号 6側 shogunate school (the Shohei-ko) and fostered 甲 10号 2側 13 and people's rights. 1859-1885 25 1705-1761 赤井 景韶 井上 蘭臺 many disciples. Amatsu Otome Top star of the Takarazuka Revue consisting Ishihara Jun Physicist, who studied the theory of relativity. 1 exclusively of female members. Her real name is 1905-1980 甲 1号 1側 40 Talented poet writing waka poems of working- 1881-1947 乙 4号 4側 天津 乙女 Torii Eiko. 石原 純 class inspiration. Asada Sohaku Confucian scholar & Chinese herbal medicine Ishikawa Chiyomatsu Biologist, who introduced theories of evolution 57 specialist. Well known for cough drops named 1815-1894 乙 8号 10側 26 to Japan. He experimented with breeding ayu 1861-1935 甲 10号 3側 淺田 宗伯 after him. 石川 千代松 successfully. Baba Kocho Writer & translator of Russian writers such as Ito Keisuke Physician, Franz von Siebold's student, who 64 Tolstoy and Gorky. Baba Tatsui's younger 1869-1940 乙 10号 左5側 53 specialized in the study of medicinal plants and 1803-1901 乙 8号 6側 馬場 孤蝶 brother. 伊藤 圭介 translated Thunberg's Flora Japonica. Baba Tatsui Democratic rights activist, political scientist & Jono Saigiku Playwright, journalist, one of the founders of the 65 essayist.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Long Live the Emperor! Legitimizing Infrastructural
    Long Live the Emperor! Legitimizing Infrastructural Expansion in Meiji Japan A THESIS Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Asian Studies The Colorado College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts By Dominic Alvarado May 2012 1 2 On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this assignment. Signed, Dominic Jose Alvarado 3 READER APPROVAL _______________________________ This thesis project, written by Dominic Alvarado, meets the required guidelines for partial completion of the degree of Bachelor of the Arts in Asian Studies. Professor Joan Ericson Signed: _______________________________________________ Date: ________________________________________________ Professor David Gardiner Signed: _______________________________________________ Date: _________________________________________________ 4 Dedicated to my mother, Gina Arms, my father, Jose Alvarado, and my brother, Gabe Alvarado whose constant love, support, and advice has carried me throughout life. 5 6 Table of Contents Introduction 7 1: A Brief History 12 2: State Building and the Evolution of Shintōism 22 3: Shintōism and the Emperor in Education 30 Conclusion 41 Appendix 46 Works Cited 49 Introduction As I walked through the streets of Hamamatsu, Japan in February of 2010, I couldn’t help but notice the small Shintō shrines tucked away between towering buildings on either side, or next to a dilapidated factory (See Appendix, Image 1), a stark contrast of tradition and modernity. It seemed that every other block, a similar sight met my eyes, a paradox that couldn’t be avoided. Such apparent displays of old and new coexisting with one another were foreign to me; I had certainly been to the historic districts of various cities throughout the United States, but these areas always seemed to occupy their own little corner of the city - never had they been so blatantly coexistent.
    [Show full text]
  • One and a Half Centuries Have Passed Since That Fateful Day When
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by D-Scholarship@Pitt THE BANSHO SHIRABESHO: A TRANSITIONAL INSTITUTION IN BAKUMATSU JAPAN by James Mitchell Hommes Bachelor of Arts, Calvin College, 1993 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Interdisciplinary Master of Arts (IDMA) in East Asian Studies University of Pittsburgh 2004 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by James Mitchell Hommes It was defended on December 8, 2004 and approved by Thomas Rimer, Professor, East Asian Languages and Literature David O. Mills, Professor, East Asian Languages and Literature Richard Smethurst, Professor, History ii THE BANSHO SHIRABESHO: A TRANSITIONAL INSTITUTION IN BAKUMATSU JAPAN James M. Hommes, MA University of Pittsburgh, 2004 In the Bakumatsu period (1853-1868), Japan experienced many changes and challenges. One of these challenges was regarding how to learn from the West and how to use that knowledge in the building of Japan. One of the most important institutions for such Western learning was the Bansho Shirabesho, an institution created by the Tokugawa government in 1856 to translate Western materials, provide a school for Japanese scholars, and to censor the translations of Western works. This institution eventually gave language instruction in Dutch, English, French, German, and Russian and it also gave instruction in many other practical subjects such as military science and production. This thesis examines in detail how the Shirabesho was founded, what some of the initial difficulties were and how successful it was in accomplishing the tasks it was given.
    [Show full text]
  • PACE NSC 2016 - Round 23 - Page 1 of 14
    2016 NSC - Official Scoresheet Round 23 Room Bracket Reader Team Team Player Names Ques. Run. Ques. Run. Bonus Steals Bonus Steals Q# Total Score Total score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 OT Player 20s Player 10s Point totals Final score Substitutions before Tossup 11 Substitutions before Tossup 11 Out: In: Out: In: Out: In: Out: In: Circle winning team above. Clearly mark if game goes to OT/SD. Fill out “Point totals” row completely. If there are substitutions, please note tossups by each player in “20s” and “10s” rows. Below is for Tab Room use only: RH RS BH BS Left Right BH BS RH RS PACE NSC 2016 - Round 23 - Page 1 of 14 PACE NSC 2016 - Round 23 - Tossups 1. A composer from this country played his Night in the Tropics at "monster concerts" and used the song "When the potato's baked" in his Bamboula. Another composer from this country wrote Ten Woodland Sketches, including "To a Wild Rose," while a third used folk tunes in her Gaelic Symphony. The director of a National Conservatory in this country quoted the song of the scarlet tanager in a quickly-written F major string quartet. Louis Moreau Gottschalk (Louie muh-ROW GOT-shalk), (*) Edward MacDowell, and Amy Beach are from this country. Harry Burleigh introduced this country's music to the composer of an E minor symphony whose English horn solo later became a spiritual titled "Goin' Home." For 10 points, name this country where Antonín Dvořák wrote the New World Symphony.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    FAMILY LAW AS A REPOSITORY OF VOLKSGEIST: THE GERMANY-JAPAN GENEALOGY YUN-RU CHEN INTRODUCTION This article is based on the introductory chapter of my dissertation, titled The Emergence of Family Law in Colonial Taiwan: A Genealogical Perspective.1 The dissertation itself is a theoretical and empirical analysis of the way in which Family Law was (re-) constructed as a distinctive and separate legal sphere in colonial Taiwan (1895-1945), a former province of a declining Chinese Qing dynasty and the first colony of an expanding Japanese empire. The idea that the distinctiveness of family law is neither natural nor inherent but is rather a social construction has been an important theme. 2 Recently, Janet Halley and Kerry Rittch propose a theory named “family law exceptionalism” (FLE). The FLE tries to demonstrate the infinite ways in which family and family law are deemed special and exceptional, as opposed to market and market law, which are deemed general and common. Market law and family Law are polarized and, at the same time, mutually constitutive.3 My dissertation is a sequent development of the abovementioned theme. A main proposition which I develop in the dissertation is that the development in colonial Taiwan occurred among a sequence of similar formative process in which universalist and modern market law was devised for the economic development of the nation, while family law was reserved for collective identity. The dissertation hence offers a genealogy of the idea of unique family law, 1 Chen Yun-Ru, The Emergence of Family Law in Colonial Taiwan (1895-1945): A Genealogical Perspective (2013) (unpublished S.J.D.
    [Show full text]