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6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information roman religion and the cult of diana at aricia The sanctuary dedicated to Diana at Aricia flourished from the Bronze Age to the second century c.e. From its archaic beginnings in the wooded crater beside the lake known as the “mirror of Diana,” it grew into a grand Hellenistic-style complex that attracted crowds of pilgrims and the sick. Diana was also believed to confer power on leaders. This book examines the history of Diana’s cult and healing sanctuary, which remained a significant and wealthy religious center for more than a thou- sand years. It sheds new light on Diana herself, on the use of rational as well as ritual healing in the sanctuary, on the subtle distinctions between Latin religious sensibility and the more austere Roman practice, and on the interpenetration of cult and politics in Latin and Roman history. C. M. C. Green is professor of classics at the University of Iowa. A scholar of Roman religion, she has contributed to the American Journal of Philology, Arion, Classical Antiquity, Classical Philology, Latomus, and Phoenix. i © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information ROMAN RELIGION AND THE CULT OF DIANA AT ARICIA C. M. C. GREEN University of Iowa iii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia 314-321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi - 110025, India 103 Penang Road, #05-06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521851589 © C. M. C. Green 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 First paperback edition 2012 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Green, C. M. C. (Carin M.C.), 1948– Roman religion and the cult of Diana at Aricia / C.M.C. Green. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-521-85158-9 hardback isbn-10: 0-521-85158-0 hardback 1. Diana (Roman deity) 2. Rome–Religion. i. Title. bl820.d5g74 2007 292.2´114-dc22 2006001218 isbn 978-0-521-85158-9 Hardback isbn 978-1-107-40753-4 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information For Peter Glad to have sat under thunder and rain with you ... Louis MacNeice, “Sunlight on the Garden” v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information CONTENTS List of Maps and Figures page xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xxiii Abbreviations xxvii part i grove and goddess 1. The Sanctuary of Diana at Aricia to the Augustan Age 3 The Approach 3 The Site 7 From the Archaic Age to ca. 300 b.c.e. 10 The Transformation of the Sanctuary 14 The Wealth and Finances of the Sanctuary 19 The Sanctuary through the Late Republic 23 The End of the Republic and the Politicization of the Sanctuary 26 2. The Sanctuary in the Augustan Age 34 Octavian’s “Arician Mother” 34 Apollo and Diana, Rome and Aricia 40 Octavian and the Bones of Orestes 41 The Sanctuary in Augustan Literature 48 Grattius and the Sacrifice 49 3. The Sanctuary in the Empire 55 The Century after Augustus 55 Statius and the Ides of August 60 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information CONTENTS From Trajan to the Third Century 63 The Closing of the Sanctuary 67 4. Diana: Her Name and Her Appearance 71 The Linguistic Evidence 71 Representations of Diana in the Sanctuary 75 Cult Statues 77 Diana as an Artemis Figure 80 Negotiation of Image and Symbol 82 The Nature of Transformation 85 5. The Grove, the Goddess, and the History of Early Latium 87 The Latin People and Diana 87 The Cato Fragment 88 Sacred Disarmament in the Forest 89 Turnus Herdonius and Tarquinius Superbus 90 The Dictator Latinus 94 Lex Arae Dianae in Aventino 95 Servius Tullius and the Aventine Cult of Diana 97 The Aftermath of the Foundation of the Aventine Cult 102 The Failure of Servius’ Federal Cult 104 The Ides of August in Rome and Aricia 105 The Cato Inscription and the Politics of the Cult of Diana 108 Latin Diana in the Archaic Period: A Summary 109 6. The Many Faces of Diana 112 Diana: The Problem 112 The Nature of the Hunting Cult 114 The Moon and the Huntress 121 The Tec hn eˆ of Hunting: The Nets 125 Diana Trivia, Guardian of the Roads 128 Diana and the Underworld 131 The Triple Diana 134 Diana Lucina: Guardian of Women in Childbirth 135 Teaching and Training the Young 138 Diana as Victrix, Opifer, and Conservatrix 140 Diana and Sexuality 141 Diana: The Resolution 144 viii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information CONTENTS part ii fugitives and kings, greeks and slaves 7. The Necessary Murderer 147 Frazer and the Rex Nemorensis 147 Wissowa 149 The Errors of Frazer and Wissowa 150 The Rex Nemorensis 153 The Ritual: Meeting the Challenge 155 Taking the Bough 159 The Tree 162 The Bough 164 The Combat 167 The Funeral 170 The Descent to the Underworld 175 Summary of the Ritual 177 The Evolution of the Meaning of the Rex Nemorensis 178 8. “We Are Fugitives” 185 Fugitive Slaves in the Latin World 186 Kings 195 Diana on the Aventine 200 Orestes and Iphigenia 201 The Madness of Orestes 205 9. Virbius, Hippolytus and Egeria 208 Virbius 208 Virbius and Hippolytus 209 Servius’ Account 213 Virbius’ Death 215 Virbius as Consort to Diana 219 Youth, Age, and Concealment 219 Egeria 222 Egeria in Latium 224 The Tears of Egeria 226 Egeria and the Exiles 227 Egeria and Birth 230 Virbius and Egeria 231 ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information CONTENTS part iii healing and ritual 10. Diana the Healer 235 Diana and Healing 235 Religious Healing and Hippocratic Medicine 236 Rationalist Treatments: Wounds 242 Rabies 245 Skin Diseases 246 Knowledge through Ritual 249 The Distinction between Rationalist Medicine and Sanctuary Medicine 252 Grattius’ Cynegetica and Diana’s Sanctuary 254 11. Ritual Healing and the Maniae 256 Sanctuary Medicine 257 The “Accursed Itch” 258 Sanctuary Medicine and the Humoral Theory of Disease 261 Diagnosis by Metaphor and Analogy 264 Making and Metaphors 267 The Theory of the Maniae in Its Therapeutic Application 269 At the Gates of the Underworld 271 Furor, the Maniae, and the Common Man 275 The Theory of Humors, Mysticism, and the Development of Italic Cults 277 Religious Healing in the Sanctuary 278 12. Conclusion: Diana and Her Worshippers 280 The Worshippers 280 Approaching the Sanctuary 282 Consulting the Goddess 285 What Did Ritual Healing Accomplish? 286 Judging Diana 289 The Goddess, Diana 290 Between Aricia and Rome 292 Appendix 297 Select Bibliography 303 Index Locorum 319 Index 329 x © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Frontmatter More Information LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES 1. Map of Latium page xxix 2. Plan of Diana’s sanctuary and the crater xxx Figures follow page 146 1. The Mirror of Diana (Lago di Nemi) 2. Il Giardino, the site of the sanctuary 3. Relief of Actor’s Masks: Satyr and Maenad 4. Bronze votive of Diana the huntress 5. Denarius of P. Accoleius Lariscolus (43 b.c.e.) 6. Acrolithic head of Diana (late Republican date?) 7.
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