MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF BOKA KOTORSKA BAY

PILOT PROJECT ON TESTING ECOSYSTEM APPROACH (EcAp) APPLICATION IN BOKA KOTORSKA BAY IN MONTENEGRO (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA.

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For bibliographic purposes, this volume may be cited as: RAC/SPA - UNEP/MAP, 2014. Marine biodiversity of Boka Kotorska bay - Pilot project on testing Ecosystem Approach (EcAp) application in Boka Kotorska bay (Montenegro) - Executive summary. By Petovic S. and Batakovic M. Ed. RAC/SPA - MedMPAnet Project, Tunis. 25 pages.

Layout: Zine El Abidine MAHJOUB and Asma KHERIJI.

Cover photo credit: Golder Associates. Photos credits: Golder Associates.

This document has been elaborated within the framework of the Regional Project for the Development of a Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MPAs) Network through the boosting of Mediterranean MPAs Creation and Management (MedMPAnet Project).

The MedMPAnet Project is implemented in the framework of the UNEP/MAP-GEF MedPartnership, with the financial support of EC, AECID and FFEM. MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF BOKA KOTORSKA BAY

PILOT PROJECT ON TESTING ECOSYSTEM APPROACH (EcAp) APPLICATION IN BOKA KOTORSKA BAY IN MONTENEGRO (SUMMARY REPORT)

Regional Project for the Development of a Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MPAs) Network through the boosting of MPA creation and management 2 MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF BOKA KOTORSKA BAY MoU N°12/MedMPAnet/2012 Reference ofthestudy: Milena Slavica PETOVIC,xpertonMarinenvironment(Montenegro) study: Scientific responsible ofthe Agency ofMontenegro (Montenegro) Milena Daniel Atef LIMAM,MedMPAnet Project, RAC/SPA ofthestudy: In charge 1080 Tunis- TunisiaCedex B.P. 337 Boulevard duLeader Yasser Arafat Regional Activity Centre forSpecially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) Study required andfinanced by: Agency ofMontenegro(Montenegro) Cebrian, SAP BIO Batakovic Batak o vic , Senior adviser. fornature Department protection, monitoring,analysisandreporting. E , Senior adviser. Department for nature protection, monitoring, analysis and reporting. Programme Officer,/spa rac Environmental Protection nvironmental Protection IV. References...... III. Assessment of environmental status of Boka Kotorska Bay to promote blue and green economy - biodiversity...... 2.2.Biodiversity features...... 2.1.Physical andgeographicfeatures ofBokaKotorska Bay...... II. Current status...... I. CONTENT R eview of data availability by Ecosystems Approach goals and indicators...... 23 19 9 9 9 5

MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF BOKA KOTORSKA BAY 3 4 © RAC/SPA, Golder Associates drafting pertinent implementingmeasures.drafting pertinent setting the goals for attaining goodpractices, environmental and possibilitiesstatus, but ofalso following attempt this to approachunderstand for datanot onlyavailability theEcAp, issues,developed by currentUNEP/MAP under monitoringits Roadmap, Coastalis an Area Management Strategy. At the(CAMP-MNE) same time,by supportingtesting Montenegro of the development Management Programme of Areaof Coastal the national the Approach(EcAp) in Boka Kotorska Bay is implemented within APPROACH GOALS AND INDICATORS I. REVIEWOFDATA AVAILABILITY BYECOSYSTEMS hydrographic, geographicand distribution andabundance The qualityandoccurrence activities are atlevels that do notadversely alterthe prevailing physiographic, maintained orenhanced. Non-indigenous species species are inline with introduced by human of coastalandmarine of coastalandmarine Biological diversity is Ecological objective climatic conditions. habitats andthe h plt rjc amd t etn te Ecosystem the testing at aimed project pilot The ecosystem Table 1. Review availability ofdata by Ecosystems Approach goalsandindicators Population conditionof Key coastal andmarine indigenous particularly indigenous particularly Species distributionis habitats are not being ecosystems islimited The impactofnon- invasive specieson indigenous species Population size of selected speciesis selected speciesis introductions are Invasive non maintained maintained maintained minimized Objective lost Trends in the abundance of introduced some well studiedtaxonomic groups invasive speciesandnative speciesin range of certain coastalandmarine range ofcertain vagrant) ofnon-indigenousspecies characteristics (e.g. body size or age habitats listedunderSPA protocol Potential distributional /observed Ecosystem impacts of particularly Ecosystem impactsofparticularly Condition ofthehabitatdefining class structure, sex ratio, fecundity coastal andmarinehabitatslisted population status(establishedvs. Distributional patternofcertain Area covered by thespecies(for Spatial distribution,originand Ratio between non-indigenous rates, survival/mortality rates) rates, survival/mortality species, notablyinriskareas species andcommunities Population demographic Population sessile/ benthicspecies) Population abundance Distributional range under SPA protocol Population density invasive species around the topicsrelevant forEcAp goalsandindicators. status based on available literature current and thethe describingmost Bay,recent Kotorska studies Boka of Biodiversity Marine - Status Current of Description on section the in given is below,datadetailedpresentationthe 1the while of EcAp and objectives,indicators, reviewedwe and availablethe data,shownasin Table goals set the against area pilot reviewedtheavailable literaturethefor onApproach, based analysis is the starting point for implementing the Ecosystem Indicator n hs ead n gvn ht h dt availability data the that given and regard this In n te descriptive the generalinfluence, and Data available on the number of species Quantification of Boka Kotorska Bay, and RisanEcological Quantification and RisanEcological Quantification Bay, RAC/SPA study for macroalgae, Data available onlyforsomespecies Data available forthebaysofKotor Data available forthebaysofKotor of BokaKotorska Bay, RAC/SPA of BokaKotorska Bay, RAC/SPA influence oftherecorded species Quantification of Boka Kotorska The data presented in Ecological The data presented in Ecological Only abriefdescriptive general Data available forpilchard and but notthepopulationstatus Data availability zoobenthos, fish zoobenthos, RAC/SPA study may begiven Descriptive anchovy No No

I. REVIEW OF DATA AVAILABILITY BY ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH GOALS AND INDICATORS 5 6 I. REVIEW OF DATA AVAILABILITY BY ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH GOALS AND INDICATORS within biologicallysafelimits, Alterations tocomponents changes donothave long- crustaceans andshellfisharecrustaceans indicative ofahealthystock exhibiting apopulationage and size distributionthatis food web dynamicsand induced environmental term adverse effectson extraction orhuman- of marinefoodwebs Populations ofallfish, Ecological objective caused by resource related viability Normal and proportion Level ofexploitationby are maintainedat levels within biologicallysafe abundances ofselected across alltrophic levels commercial fisheriesis levels ofthe foodweb long-term abundance of thespeciesand reproductive capacity retention oftheir full Ecosystem dynamics species atalltrophic capacity ofstocksis capable ofensuring The reproductive are maintained maintained Objective limits Trends in proportion or abundance of estimates forselectedtrophic groups (hereinafter catch/biomassratio). Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) Total by operationalunit effort Total catchby operationalunit Proportion oftoppredators by abundance oftaxawithfast and the list ofspeciesisgivenand thelist below thecurrent status inthesectiondescribing Production perunitbiomass Age structure determination (CPUE) by operationalunit Trends or inproportion weight in the foodwebs habitat-defining groups Catch peruniteffort Ratio between catch Note: There are available nodata for birds, andthedetailedpresentation and biomassindex Fishing mortality Fishing turnover rates and keyspecies Indicator in previous research databases(2000 and Risanbays.Some dataavailable Boka Kotorska Bay, RAC/SPA gives in previous research databases (2000 assessment ofcatch,totalcatchand Boka Kotorska Bay, RAC/SPA gives and Risan bays. Some data available assessment of catch, total catch and catch per unit effort fortheKotorcatch peruniteffort The Ecological Quantification of catch per unit effort for the Kotor The Ecological Quantification of Data availability and 2005) and 2005) No No No Yes due to limitedfunding.to due Therefore, availabledatathe thefor coverbiodiversityextendedto not locations. was It 5 at out degreemonitoringof phyto-forzoobenthosand carriedwas certain a 2010, In missing. is component biodiversity the requirements, while MEDPOL the suit to designed is Ecosystemand Marine The 2008 since implemented been institutions. has Programme Monitoring relevant the with nationalEnvironmentalthe Protectioncooperation (EPA)Agency byin the implemented in Programme included Monitoring Environmental not is components which Montenegro, biodiversity in of monitoring systemic any of t s etil wrh etoig h absence the mentioning worth certainly is It following descriptive objectives were selected: activities. pilot area were obtained through project-based initiatives and t t t t

ee o epotto o fs sok y commercial by stock fish of exploitation of Level Key coastalandmarinehabitatsarenotbeinglost; Population sizeofselectedspeciesismaintained; Species distributionismaintained; fisheries iswithinbiologicallysafelimits. ae o te eiw f h dt aalbe the available, data the of review the on Based

I. REVIEW OF DATA AVAILABILITY BY ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH GOALS AND INDICATORS 7 8 © RAC/SPA, Golder Associates totalmesozooplankton recorded in July 2011 at the Dobrota is tobeexpectedforthisgroup. also recorded at the sites within Kotor Bay in summertime, as population abundance shows that the greatest mean value was dinoflagellateseas.opentheanalysisinfluencetheThe of of Bay, in Herceg Novi, which is to be expected given the strong the of partouterrecorded the wasvalue minimuminmean the while area, Bay Kotor Bay, or the of part inner the in maximum mean population abundance for diatoms recorded Boka Kotorska Bay. within locations different with dealing reports and papers researchstudies, or literature expert the and thesis, doctoral papers, scientific many from over taken data literature of 2.2. Biodiversityfeatures between November andApril. parts, inner Bay,itsparticularly the entering water fresh of is an area of intensive precipitation, resulting in large amounts withicebeing formed theonseasurface wintertime.in This even times at temperature, in decrease substantial causing BokaKotorska surroundedBayis steepbymountains, often (KotorBay). m 64maximumprofundity isits and m, 27.6 is Bay Kotorska Boka of depth average (Perast). The coast northern the near is depthmaximum the whereBay Kotor in exceptpart, central thetowards increasesprofundity the bedis very complex and not always symmetrical. In each bay Herceg-Novicentralandpart) part).outer sea(the BayThe 3 parts: Kotor and Risan Bays (the inner part), Tivat Bay (the hydrographicalcharacteristics, theBaycoulddivided be into 10 x 2.4 is Bay Kotorska sea surface area of the Adriatic Sea. The total volume of Boka total the of % 0.06 or km 87.33 of areasurfacewater total the mainland and creates a coast of about 105.5 km, with the processescomplex.veryis Here, penetratesseathe deepinto the sea water; hence, establishing any patterns of changes and anddaily changes in the physical and chemical parameters of monthly seasonal, annual, huge for accounts fact This sea. characteristics physical-chemicalof its and sea geomorphologicarea, climate,differs substantially the from given the open geographicallyoceanographically,and closedbasin,which,a locations from Cape Oštro to Cape Mirište. This area is, both ofBoka Kotorska Bay 2.1. Physical and geographic features II. CURRENTSTATUS The phytoplankton studies within the Bay area show the includes Bay Kotorska Boka of area The Zooplankton analysis shows the highest value of the compilation a included analysis Biodiversity 9 m 3 . Based on its geographicalitsBasedon . and Kotor and Risan Bays (Figs 1-2), it is possible to differ the differ to possible is it 1-2), (Figs Bays Risan and Kotor were recorded within the area of Boka Kotorska Bay. speciescopepod 63 that show data 1971available. Theare datastudy whichprevious foryears the degreecompared to lesser much a to but area,eutrophic a still is BayKotorska Oithona of species indicator the of occurrence of Nevertheless,impact.frequencyhumanpresenceand ofthe conclusionKotorskaBokathatexposedlower Bayistolevel no was there and recorded was Cladocera of presence percentage-wise lower maximum reaching level presence lower of 15 % muchin Tivat Bay a in April. at The fact that in be 2011 to it shows ofProtozoa was recorded in Boka Kotorska Bay, this research Mamula site. Unlike the previous years, when the the atalgal 2011 June bloom recorded in wasminimum the whilesite, following typesofcommunities: and Risan Bays conducted in 1980s show the presence of the (Karaman &Gamulin-Brida, 1970). photophilic algae and %) 0.15 some of area the with infalittoral Zostera in Bay), seabed Kotorska the Boka of parts shallower much in and meadows, seaweedbelow the part shaded the on zone,circalittoral the of substrate solid the on Bays) Risan and Kotor in seabed byrestthe seabed, the of and area) total the seabed detritic coastal of biocenosis elements substrate: solid and shifting the on biocenosis more than 87 % of the total area), and the elements of other coastal the of biocenosis 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Seabed overgrownwith Seabed withphotphilicalgae; - plateau coral the of elements Discontinued detritus of traces larger or smaller with seabed Muddy by disturbed part most for seabed pebble and Rocky overgrown and rocks in covered partly seabed, Sandy Pure sandy seabed next to the shore, partly modified by caespitosa ; and sand,brownorgreyincolour; human impact; with algae; human impact; ,

biocenosis of Cymodoceaof biocenosis nana Studying the benthic organisms within the area of area the within organisms benthic Studyingthe The research of communities in the area of Kotor of area the in communities of research The and (on the solid substrate of infralittoral steps) otlc scintillans Noctiluca biocenosis of muddy sands muddy of biocenosis Noctiluca scintillans scintillans Noctiluca biocenosis

terrigenous coraligenicbiocenocis Cistoseire (on the shifting substrate of substrate shifting the (on of (accounted for by 2 % of % 2 by for (accounted u (cone fr by for (accounted mud Posidonia lo pit t the to points bloom ; niae ht Boka that indicate eii avirostris Penilia accounted for accounted (some 2 % of % 2 (some , icnss of biocenosis biocenosis of biocenosis Cladocora of ,

II. CURRENT STATUS 9 10 II. CURRENT STATUS

12. 11. 10. 9. 8.

Biocenosis characterised by the abundance of Areas ofthe Undersea Undersea meadows with seagrass ( Seabed withVidalia Posidonia Amphiura chiajei meadows; volubilis Figure 1. within theareaofKotor distribution Habitat and Risan Bays ; biocenosis; Zostera and and Cymodocea Tanaidacei ); ; 16. 15. 17. 14. 13.

Area characterisedbythe Biocenosis of Biocenosis characterisedby Area characterised by the presence of A narrowzonecharacteristicfor Mytilus galloprovincialisuncinatus Pinna nobilis Holothuria impatiens Lapidoplaxdigitata Ocnus planci communities ; . latent; ; ;

Figure 2. withintheareaofKotor distribution Habitat andRisanBays(cont.) 11 II. CURRENT STATUS 12 II. CURRENT STATUS

49 ofthemregisteredintheKotor andRisanBays. with 56, is algae identified of number total The threatened. is them important most among The plants. flowering marine of types 4 locations, 4 covering intotal0.15%oftheseabed. in present meadows seagrass and bay, the of seabed total the of % 2 some covering noteworthy, also are groups coral but mud, terrigenous coastal of biocenosis the by dominated is area The habitats. of types 21 of presence h suy f htbnhs hw ta tee are there that shows phytobenthos of study The More recent research of the same area identified the oioi oceanica Posidonia hs hbtt are habitats whose the exceptionofMollusca group. with under-researched, are Bays) Herceg-Novi and (Tivat bays outer two that fact the of indicative is This area. Bay Kotorska Boka whole the for data recorded literature the to identical almost is organisms benthic other of number the while part, inner its to compared area Bay whole the in molluscs of number greater much a show data literature the Bay, Kotorska Boka of whole the to referring data literature shifting substrates. Comparing the results obtained with the inhabiting species 77 another with recorded, were 124 species of total the where substrates solid involves primarily Kotor and Risan Bays have abundant fauna. This fauna. abundant have Bays Risan and Kotor nuai, oi jls Dpou pnaz, Gaidropsaurus puntazzo, aurita, Sardinella hepatus, Serranus mediterraneus, Diplodus julis, Coris annularis, belongs the to summertime individuals in of number spawning. largest for the them, Bay Among the of waters the commercial choose of species importance fish of number large a that shows research ichthyoplankton The mariculture. for conditions excellent offers and progeny, fish for area feeding and area deeply penetrating into the mainland; it is a natural spawning area sea protected large a is this activities: many for suitable been observedwithinBokaKotorskaBay. dolphin bottlenose common the Figure 3.ofBoka andthewhole Kotorska ofzoo-benthicspeciesrecorded withintheinnerpart Comparison Bay h tpgah o Bk Ktrk By s very is Bay Kotorska Boka of topography The turtle sea the of species The Engraulis encrasicolus, Engraulis usos truncates Tursiops Caretta caretta Caretta then while the while Diplodus have , and , areas duringsubsequentresearch. other from species new further detect to expected be to is it since number finite a not is this although species, fauna 8 such species have been registered to date, 3 flora species and long lines,thenpurseseinersandharpoons. by seines, shore only nets, set triple by followed and preceded nets, set single number, total their in second coming seines, (pilchard) of use the in reflected are Bay Kotorska Boka in were fishing pelagic families small 24 of specificity from The species recorded. fish 59 of total the Bays, species Sardina pilchardus When it comes to invasive species, the total of 11 of total the species, invasive to comes it When Risan and Kotor the of biodiversity the Studying ispredominantinwintertime. 13 II. CURRENT STATUS 14 II. CURRENT STATUS PISCES MOLLUSCA CRUSTACEA ALGAE Asparagopsis taxiformis Fistularia commersonii Bursatella leachi Callinectes sapidus Caulerpa racemosa Farfantepenaeus aztecus Sphoeroides pachygaster Womersleyella setacea Crassostrea gigas Aplysia dactylomela (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse Melibe viridis de Saint-Leon Trochel 1848 Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Gastropoda Decapoda Bivalvia Species De Blainville 1817. Kelaart 1858. Kelaart Thunberg 1793. Rathbun, 1896. Rathbun, var. (Delile) Trevisan Rang 1828. Rang Ruppell 1835. R.E.Norris Table 2. ofspeciesintroduced zoneofMontenegro List in thecoastal cylindracea Ives, 1891 Muller & Circumtropical Circumtropical Pantropical Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic Origin Pacific Pacific Pacific Pacific Pacific Through theSuez canalandwithships Through the Suez canalandwithships Through theSuez canalandwithships Possible methodsofintroduction Through theSuez canal Through theSuez canal Mariculture With ships With ships With ships With ships With ships te plgc pce, y ifrn sts n oo Bay, Kotor in sites different by species, pelagic other pilchard within the Bay and in the open sea was noted. cmand 9.5-10 cm. The difference between size frequency for cm with mean value of 9.46 cm, and two modaldiagram values, shows thatat the7-7.5 caught fish ranged between 4.4 and 16 anchovy, in Boka Kotroska Bay. The size isatabout frequency 150kg haul; hence, thisdistribution species comes first, before approximately 59 %, and mean Catch per Unit pelagicKotorskaBokaisEffortspecies totalcatchofBayinthe in (CPUE) line upfortheKotorandRisanBaysis62.98t±51.52%. surveys show that the estimated biomass from 10 m contour the 14Nmshiproute: at Bay, Kotorska Boka of seas the for obtained were results as follows: assess biomass of pelagic resources in Boka Kotorska Bay are 14 Nminlength. transect the in Bay Kotorska Boka of territory the within and theonesaffectingitsreduction(fishingmortality). the factors conducive to population restoration and increase, natural restoration), it establishes a dynamic balance among possible of limits the (within sensibly done is exploitation importance which inhabit coastal waters and the seas), economic and provided the of (organisms resources biological t t t t

with meandensityof23.2t/Nm pilchard biomass=324.9t, te plgc pce o mdu sz = 26.01cm; = size medium of species pelagic other percentage ofcatch4.7% medium size anchovy = 7.60 cm; percentagemedium size of pilchardcatch = = 29.37.67 % cm; percentage of catch = 66.0 % Based on these and the acoustic data, the following to used 2005 August from data biological The out carried was echo-sounding 2005 August In renewable of exploitation the on based is Fishing h pretg sae f icad acoy and anchovy pilchard, of share percentage The of percentage The ( pandora common for As Figure 4. Percentage-wise share ofthetotalichthyoplankton speciesinJuly2006(left) adn pilchardus Sardina and December 2006 (right) (takenand December2006(right) from Mandić 2 aels erythrinus Pagellus ; y weight by ), salinity), as well as the oceanographic conditions, such as the and temperature (particularly factors environmental the of Risan Bay. Anchovy egg distribution is under a huge impact largest biomass was found in Kotor Bay, and the smallest in the that conclude to possible still is it bays, the separate to drawn be may line strict no Although separately. bay each m anchovy, pilchard andcommonpandora. Bay: the in species present most the to devoted greatest the TivatBayarea. within the located was covered that species the show of size obtained population data The trawling. hour one of during i.e. effort, unit per catch calculating done by was Bay the in Cephalopoda of size the of estimate have 20 of dynamics half second and the In size established. been population the which for Bay catch (pilchard50%,anchovy 47%,OPS3%). of Dražin vrt that both species had almost equal share in the i.e. Sveti Matija, Ljuta and Orahovac. It was only at the site while Institute, anchovy is Biology more abundant in the Marine area with undersea springs, and sites Muo the rt, at Markov i.e. of water, salty more and colder of areas the in abundant more is pilchard that show catch total the in species these of shares The Dobrota. and Ljuta Orahovac, of vicinity the in located is springs water fresh undersea of number greatest the time, same the At side. left-hand the along go coast waters these the Bay Kotor along in i.e. move counter-clockwise, and Bay the enter salinity high of water. The currents from the open sea bringing colder water salinity increased ofcompared to anchovy that prefers sea water water mixed with fresh colder somewhat prefers that species the is pilchard the Namely, patterns. certain show sea currents,nutrients,etc. t t 2

during the daylight, biomass was separately calculated for with meandensityof1.7t/Nm with meandensityof10.3t/Nm biomass ofotherpelagicspecies=23.2t, anchovy biomass=144.4t, Based on the average number of anchovy eggs per eggs anchovy of number average the on Based was attention greatest the species, fish regards As whole the of level the at species few are There et al. , 2013) 2 . 2 ; th century, an an century, 15 II. CURRENT STATUS 16 II. CURRENT STATUS n coe a te ecg oi ie n 1.9 µmol/l, 17.099 and site Novi Herceg the at October in the BayatRisansiteinJuly. and 0.133 µmol/l. The maximum value was recorded within in KotorandTivat,onthesurface,October. concentration value 0.396 µmol/l was measured at two sites, nitrite maximum The depth. of 10m at site, Mamula the at recorded was µmol/l 0.019 value lowest The µmol/l. 0.396 nitrate 2012 November and of April process between that the show through place Surveys bottom. the near matter takes organic of decomposition salts nitrogen of impact as well, and in the water basin itself the regeneration through environment marine an has seabed of type the inflow, water fresh routes: various the enter Nutrients role. Ammonia concentration values ranged between 0 between ranged values concentration Ammonia and 0.019 between ranged concentrations Nitrite important an play water sea the in Nutrients Total nitrogen values ranged between 3.677 µmol/l Figure 6. Chlorophyll (mg/m aconcentrations Figure 5. diferent sitesinBoka (µmol/l)at concentration Nitrate Kotorska Bay (taken from 2013Environmental Report) Status (taken from 2013Environmental Report) Status h hget ocnrto o ntae wti te a was Bay measured attheOrahovacsite. the within before nitrates year of concentration the highest Even the µmol/l. 14.584 to amounted and May in Orahovac of site the at was concentration measured at the sites of Dobrota and Orahovac, and the single highest May and April in highest be to µmol/l. values the show results The 14.584 - 1 between ranged values concentration chlorophyll avaluesindicateincreasedorganicproduction. High ecosystems. marine in eutrophication of degree the plankton algaedrymass. of % 1-2 for accounting a, chlorophyll contain plants green all since biomass, phytoplankton for indicator an as used surface layerinDobrotasite(0,578µmol/l)May. at was phosphate of concentration highest the that shows data The May. in siteRisan the atsurface the measuredon 3 ) diferent sitesinBoka Kotorska Bay The chlorophyll a concentration is an indicator of indicator an is concentration a chlorophyll The is pigments photosynthetic of concentration The the Herceg Novi site in August and amounted to 0.323 mg/m concentrationmeasured during themonitoring period wasat mg/m (7.514 recorded in May at the sites of Dobrota (13.553 mg/m niomn a ih otn o bt mtl n organic and metal both of content high a marine theenvironment in introduces sediments with combined Grit grit. sandblasting spent with burdened are Tivat in Repair Ship the and Bijela Shipyard the from sediments that show analyses of results The oceans. and seas other in measured within sites Boka Kotorska Bay are within the mean value ranges the at values metal heavy that show obtained results The values. limit many as and methodologies of number large a of existence the mentioning noteworthy is it water, these sites,indicativeofinsignificanteutrophication. between 0-2.6 mg/m Based on the data obtained, chlorophyll a concentrations ranged h gets clrpyl cnetain were concentrations a chlorophyll greatest The As regards heavy metal concentrations in the sea the in concentrations metal heavy regards As 3 ad oo (.1 mg/m (4.41 Kotor and ) 3 at most sites and the sea is oligotrophic at 3 , hl te lowest the while ), 3 ), Risan 3 . status ofwaterqualitymaybeinferredfromthedata. current direct the only in hence, conditions, is weather to it correlation since period sampling the over varied Bay exception ofZn,andthelinkageswithhumaninfluence. the with sediments, the in metal heavy of contents the with ( mussels of tissue soft the in analyses metal heavy The bio-indicator. to ( Mussel biomarkers pollution. of response the conducted determined survey November The in church. Neđelja Sveta near the farm in - Kotor Bay: Kotorska vicinity of the Marine Boka Biology Institute, and Bijela - in shellfish sites two covers by organictincompounds. environment, starting from the problems that may be living caused the for consequences long-lasting with components The sanitary quality of water within Boka Kotorska programme monitoring indicator biological The yiu galloprovincialis Mytilus yiu galloprovincialis Mytilus so te correlation the show ) ws sd s a as used was ) 17 II. CURRENT STATUS 18 © RAC/SPA, Golder Associates ECONOMY -BIODIVERSITY KOTORSKA BAY TO PROMOTE BLUE AND GREEN III. OFENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STATUS OFBOKA No. 1

SECTOR- Kotorska Boka Boka SITE Bay maintained species is selected size of Population is maintained distributions descriptor Species EcAp density Population by thespecies Area covered and nekton organisms) (plankton, Indicator benthic EcAp the Bay occasionally visits truncatus Dolphin ( Bay recorded inthe caretta Sea ( turtle: of status-pressures where suchspecies oceanica Identified habitats from landandthe sea grasswiththe are registered are due topressures sea. Population receding trend size unknown; only thesites Description of known Posidonia ): 3 turtles ): 3turtles and other ) Tursiops Caretta maritime traffic intensity of increased fishermen; actions by Irresponsible maritime traffic intensity of increased fishermen; actions by Irresponsible human influence; fishing andscuba cruising tourism; cruising Main pressures- the coastalzone; diving practices; global warming population and construction in construction of nauticaland tourism visits; development uncontrolled Land-based influences increasing population to increase this are undertaken and activities to humanactions significantly due does notdecline distribution The species population to increase this are undertaken and activities to humanactions significantly due does notdecline Species abundance Species abundance density doesnot and population environmental were recorded. to attainGES the minimum established by maintained at Improvement where species and chemical recede andis Preservation base values. of physical of habitats Objective features fishing practices. sanctioning of illicit intensive control and - Monitoring, more species andhabitats; damages to vulnerable mooring places to avoid - Adjust routes and in theBay; number of cruise ships - Control and limit the fishing practices. sanctioning of illicit intensive control and - Monitoring, more species andhabitats; damages to sensitive mooring places to avoid - Adjust routes and in theBay; number of cruise ships - Control and limit the construction waste within - Control over disposal of controls; fishing and stricter fishing - Regulate recreational waste waters; - Address the issue of to eco tourism; - Promotion and support listing; for the Bay area by their habitats characteristic endangered species and - Protect vulnerable and development; activities and tourism control construction - Minimize, limit and fishing practices. sanctioning of illicit intensive control and - Monitoring, more species and habitats; damages to sensitive mooring places to avoid - Adjust routes and presence of cruise vessels; - Control and limit the - Control ofscuba-diving; the Bay area; Actions 19 III. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF BOKA KOTORSKA BAY TO PROMOTE BLUE AND GREEN ECONOMY - BIODIVERSITY III. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF BOKA KOTORSKA BAY 20 TO PROMOTE BLUE AND GREEN ECONOMY - BIODIVERSITY lost not being habitats are and marine Key coastal protocol under SPA habitats listed and marine coastal certain pattern of Distributional 7.6 cm in catch,meansize t and29.3%share estimated at144.4 Anchovy biomass engrasicolus Engraulus Bays isunknown and Herceg Nov coverage in Tivat Bays, whileits Kotor andRisan of thetotalarea of covers about 0.15% Sea grassbiocenosis unknown Herceg Nov Bays is in Tivat and while itscoverage and RisanBays, total area ofKotor about 2%ofthe biocenosis covers Coralligenic Bays isunknown and Herceg Nov coverage in Tivat Rsan Bays, whileits area ofKotor and 2% ofthetotal seabed covers about coastal detritic Biocenosis ofthe is unknown Herceg Novi Bays in Tivat and while itscoverage and RsanBays, total area ofKotor than 87%ofthe mud covers more coastal terrigenous Biocenosis of 7,6 cm catch, meansize t, 66.0%share in estimated at342.9 Pilchard biomass Sardina pilchardus : waters intothesea municipal waste zone; discharge of in the coastal population pressures the sea; increased reclamation of sea, embankment, and debris into the disposal of waste impact, such as Land-based human climate change human influence; of water caused by chemical parameters of physical and illicit means; change fishing, and use of Excessive and illegal change influence; climate caused by human parameters of water and chemical change of physical of illicit means; fishing, and use Excessive and illegal maritime traffic and increased waters; moorings of municipalwaste impact; discharge Land-based human species change; invasive diving; climate uncontrolled scuba fishing; and uncontrolled impact; excessive Land-based human waters intothesea municipal waste zone; discharge of in the coastal population pressures the sea; increased reclamation of sea, embankment, and debris into the disposal of waste impact, such as Land-based human and RisanBays) total area ofKotor value (87%ofthe lower thanthebase increasing andnot is stableand/or mud biocenosis coastal terrigenous Distribution of climate change human influence; of water caused by chemical parameters of physical and illicit means; change fishing, and use of Excessive and illegal sustainability fish population way indicative of or increase ina at thecurrent level Maintain biomass and RisanBays) total area ofKotor value (0.15%ofthe lower thanthebase increasing andnot is stableand/or grass biocenosis Distribution ofsea Bays) Kotor andRisan of thetotalarea of the basevalue (2% and notlower than and/or increasing biocenosis isstable of coraligenic Distribution and RisanBays) total area ofKotor value (2%ofthe lower thanthebase increasing andnot is stableand/or seabed biocenosis coastal detritic Distribution of waste waters. - Address theissueof development; activities andtourism control construction - Minimize, limitand fishing practices. sanctioning ofillicit intensive control and - Monitoring, more fishing practices. sanctioning ofillicit intensive control and - Monitoring, more in theBay. presence vessels ofcruise - Control andlimitthe development; activities andtourism control construction - Minimize, limitand municipal wastewaters; -Address theissueof practices. sanctioning of illicit fishing intensive control and - Monitoring, more - Control scuba diving; the Bay; presence of cruise vessels in - Control and limit the development; activities and tourism control construction - Minimize, limit and waters; - Address the issue of waste waste waters. - Address theissueof development; activities andtourism control construction - Minimize, limitand 1 1 Kotorska Kotorska Boka Boka Boka Bay Bay Non- safe limits biologically is within fisheries by commercial exploitation Level of ecosystem alter the adversely that donot are atlevels activities by human introduced species indigenous species indigenous of non- vs. vagrant) (established status population origin and distribution, Spatial biomass index catch and Ratio between subsequent research. areas during the species from other detect further new to be expected to number since it is this is not a finite species, although species and 8 fauna so far, 3 flora species registered The total of 11 commercial species biomass, especially Reducing fishstock Kotorska Bay Kotorska researched Boka influence stillunder- food webs, but this disturbance in the native species and Competition with fishing Uncontrolled indigenous species non- of new and introduction registered species spreading ofalready Control of sustainability fish population way indicative of or increase ina at thecurrent level Maintain biomass species. introduction ofnew means androutes for - Control ofthemain species andtheirimpact; populations ofregistered - Monitoring fishing. sanctioning policyin implementation of intensive control and - Monitoring andmore 21 III. 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