Socio-Spatial Relations in Shkoder in the Fourteenth Century

CEU eTD Collection

PLACING IDENTITIES? SOCIO-SP PLACING MA Thesis in Comparative History, with a specialization Thesiswith aspecialization MA History, inComparative IN THEFOURTEENTHCENTURY in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. in Interdisciplinary Central European University Grabiela Rojas Molina Molina Rojas Grabiela May 2015 May Budapest

ATIAL RELATIONS IN SHKODER

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of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, of theMasterArts awith History, degree spe in Comparative PLACING IDENTITIES? SOCIO-SPATIA IDENTITIES? PLACING Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillmento in partial Budapest, EuropeanUniversity, Central

Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. of theCEU. standards the with conformance in Accepted Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Studies, Medieval of Department the to submitted Thesis ______Chair, Examination Committee Committee Chair, Examination FOURTEENTH CENTURY FOURTEENTH Grabiela Rojas Molina Molina Rojas Grabiela Medieval Studies. Studies. Medieval Thesis Supervisor Thesis Supervisor (Venezuela) (Venezuela) May 2015 May Examiner Examiner Budapest by by ii

L RELATIONS IN SHKODER IN THE IN SHKODER IN RELATIONS L

cialization in Interdisciplinary in Interdisciplinary cialization f therequirements CEU eTD Collection

of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, of theMasterArts awith History, degree spe in Comparative PLACING IDENTITIES? SOCIO-SPATIA IDENTITIES? PLACING Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillmento in partial Budapest, EuropeanUniversity, Central

Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. of theCEU. standards the with conformance in Accepted Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Studies, Medieval of Department the to submitted Thesis ______FOURTEENTH CENTURY FOURTEENTH Grabiela Rojas Molina Molina Rojas Grabiela Medieval Studies. Studies. Medieval External Reader (Venezuela) (Venezuela) May 2015 May Budapest by by iii

L RELATIONS IN SHKODER IN THE IN SHKODER IN RELATIONS L

cialization in Interdisciplinary in Interdisciplinary cialization f therequirements CEU eTD Collection

of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, of theMasterArts awith History, degree spe in Comparative PLACING IDENTITIES? SOCIO-SPATIA IDENTITIES? PLACING Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillmento in partial Budapest, EuropeanUniversity, Central

Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. of theCEU. standards the with conformance in Accepted Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Studies, Medieval of Department the to submitted Thesis ______FOURTEENTH CENTURY FOURTEENTH Grabiela Rojas Molina Molina Rojas Grabiela External Supervisor Supervisor External Medieval Studies. Studies. Medieval (Venezuela) (Venezuela) May 2015 May Budapest by by iv iv

L RELATIONS IN SHKODER IN THE IN SHKODER IN RELATIONS L

cialization in Interdisciplinary in Interdisciplinary cialization f therequirements CEU eTD Collection I, the undersigned, undersigned, the I,

Budapest, 20 May 2015 May 20 Budapest, for a higherof education other institution to any form in this par no that declare of also I copyright. institution’s partor person’s no and others, of work the of made was use illegitimate research d my I bibliography. and notes on in credited properly as based information work, own my exclusively is thesis present St Medieval Interdisciplinary in specialization a with History,

rbea oa Molina Rojas Grabiela , candidate for the MA degree in Comparative Comparative in degree MA the for candidate , v

______n academic degree. degree. academic n t of the thesis has been submitted been has thesis the of t udies declare herewith that the the that herewith declare udies eclare that no unidentified and and unidentified no that eclare Signature the thesis infringes on any any on infringes thesis the n ol sc external such only and CEU eTD Collection Dowden I am grateful beyond words. Iamgrateful beyond Dowden Particular struggles. shared our in Department Studies Medieval my of encouragement and conversations, laughs, the had have to reading of the numerous drafts of the manuscript. I also consid special mention. I am most thankful to my supervisor Gerhard Ja dut of call the beyond me helped Plotar Fatime and Margaritidis P Anabella years. two these in arose that downs and ups the all variety a with engage scholar, a as up grow to support constant air prison. struggle to hang on to their and dignity survive in a country t Edno Adel, Piero, friends, far-off my to and them of all to out thou final My task. unsurmountable an seemed thesis-writing the fights for the life of her patients in the most adverse circums me out of both bitterness and hopelessness, even from afar. My da whose of recollection mere the father, my to and to; exposed t misery and violence, perils, the of spite in confidence their times; past and present the during strength her to tribute a as th condone willshe hope I wise disdain. with hardships current I dedicate these pages to my family. To my mother and her capac her and mother my To family. my to pages these dedicate I Univer European Central to gratitude my express to like would I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi tances tances was also an inspiration when

hat so closely resembles an open- to my sisters, who have sent me sent have who sisters, my to er myself exceptionally fortuned eflaws in this work andtake it life-time friend Andreina, who of research interests, and face face and interests, research of e tesle ae endlessly are themselves hey dio, who day by day fiercely fiercely day by day who dio, ritz ritz for his patient and careful ghts of gratitude and love go go love and gratitude of ghts ring sense of humour pulled humour of sense ring ál, Daniel Ziemann, Chrys Chrys Ziemann, Daniel ál, y and deserve here a very a here deserve and y y o ahr Rothstein- Zachary to ly fellow students of the the of students fellow sity. Here I found found I Here sity. ity to despise the CEU eTD Collection

INTRODUCTION BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUDING CHAPTER CHAPTER

Secondary bibliography Secondary ...... Primary Sources ...... PublicSpace andto the Access2.2 Mobility ...... city2.1 Spatial Relations insidethe ...... 1.2 of Shkoder 1.1 Thephysical setting ...... abouttheA word sources ...... Framework, Aims Analytical and Research Scholarship, ...... North- Political ofthe Situation Contrata

2. 1.

CIVITAS SCUTARI ET CONTRATA

REMARKS ...... : Social-Spatial relations around the city city aroundthe relations : Social-Spatial ......

SCUTARI: ...... TABLE

SPACE Albanian Territories by Albanianthe Territories Fo by

OF :

SPATIAL

AND vii

CONTENTS

URBAN

AND ...... 43

ELEMENTS SOCIAL

...... 43 ...... 9 ...... 29 ...... 43 ...... 13 ...... 1

RELATIONS ...... 35

IN ...... 41

CITY urteenth Century Century urteenth ..... 3 ...... 5 ...... 18

IDENTITY ...... 12 ...... 27

CEU eTD Collection

LCD ASA AD AAV

akademij,meridionalium kraljevska Srpska 1935. 2. Belgrade: et commissiones Ragusinae ed. Jorjo, Tadić, 1964– Albanica Acta Studia 1913. Holzhausen, Annos 1344-1406 continens mediae resAlbaniae aetatis illustrantia.Vol.II, et diplomata Acta Šufflay, Milan, Ludwig von Thallóczy, and Konstantin Jireček, e 1967-1979. Typis Josephi Tosini, 25 vols.Palermo: Valentini, Joseph, ed.

LIST

OF

ABREVIATIONS Pisma i uputstva Dubrovacke Litterae Republike. viii . Tirana: e Akademia Shkencave e Shqipërisë, Acta Albaniae Veneta saeculorum XIV et XV saeculorum Veneta Acta Albaniae . Vol. I. Fontes rerum Slavorum . Vol.II. 2 vols. Vienna: A.

ds. . CEU eTD Collection has “Albanyaest provinciainter Sclavoniam Romanyam”: et Rober For instance, in the the in instance, For 2003 November 2. Werner Penzel, Mario Merz, Marcel Odenbach; Eine Ausstellung im Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein vom 29. Juni - Calzolari, Constant, Robert Filliou, Olafur Gislason, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Mona Hatoum, Nicolas Humbert, mistake, the isthen, my sole responsibility. bibliography, secondary name and Latin sources or primary Italian of the translations clear, so not is form English the and country they currently belong. In the cases were the resemblanc the Englishthe rendering in presentuse language at is an that theybut haveundergone also modificationsthecenturies.over 3 2 1  Albania, which, paradoxically, had a rather loose geographical geographical loose rather had a paradoxically, Albania, which, p also was it but Shkoder, of Lake the to next location defined ex an course, of had, It anonymity. and identity isolation, and imaginary of the mountainous carap ten heavy a under not reproduced Shkoder in life Ages, Middle har the have not did it that fact the in city writer’s the from m its statesmen, and chroniclers, centuri several for enigmatically Existing forests. and valleys Like Romania or Sclavonia, “Albania” was one of the popular na popular the of one was “Albania” Sclavonia, or Romania Like Kadare, Ismail in Exile,” in “DwellingFlusser, Vilém adoptedvarionlya not Albanianhave manycities namesof The Like Kadare’s city, Shkoder was a mountainous “creature” surrou “creature” mountainous a was Shkoder city, Kadare’s Like

Chronicle in Stone in Chronicle , ed. Friedemann Malsch and Christiane Meyer-Stoll (Cologne: Wa Itinerarium Symonis Simeoniset Hugonis Illuminatoris adTerram Sanctam , trans. Arshi Pipa (Edinburg: Canongate, 2007), 1. edieval stone walls contained walls stone edieval acity acity that made possible autono Migration: Joseph Beuys, Alighiero Boetti,GeorgePaolo Pier Brecht, INTRODUCTION 1 mountainside. Everything in the city was old and made “It was a strange city, and seemed tohave been cast up this powerful carapace the te the sprawling age-old houses covered with grey slates of stone, from the streets and “For the largest part ofhis existence, man has been a in the valley one winter’s night like some prehistoric like gigantic scales. It was hard tobelieve that under being that dwells, but not a being with a homeland.” d theirlocation will relation bereferredto in tothe e between the name used in the fourteenth century In this work,the namesthis will all preferablyIn follow  will be given in parenthesis. Regarding the the Regarding parenthesis. in given be will ety of forms in Albanian, Serbian, and Italian,Serbian,Albanian,andforms in of ety ae l mn uls ohrie ttd Any stated. otherwise unless mine all are y

creature that was now clawing its way up the t Elsie,“TwoIrish Travellers inAlbania,”in mes of the medieval regions in the Balkans. the in regions medieval the of mes d resemblance of stone. In the late late the In stone. of resemblance d istenceof its own with a well- meaning. and created life. Yet, it differs differs it Yet, life. created and art of the cultural life of north north of life cultural the of art my and dependency, openness es in the minds of travelers, travelers, of minds the in es -Ismail -Ismail Kadare, ace, but thanks to the the to thanks but ace, lter König, 2003),14. 3 nder flesh lifeof survived

fountains to the roofs of nded by everlasting everlasting by nded ChronicleStone in and and reproduced.” of around 1322 around of -Vilém Flusser 2 1

CEU eTD Collection Serb. Serb. ( “Albania” terms The 26. 1991), 1989 September Zusammenarbeit Mit Der Albanischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Winterscheider Mühle bei Bonn, 12.-15. Albanien in Vergangenheit Und Gegenwart: Internationales Symposion Der Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft in spaces and identities will beclearly discernible. which in picture a transmit hopefully will they together, Taken statute. The variety of affairs the code deals with are like th Shko of out leaks life medieval investigation this in city, old knowledge falls short. But if Kadare’s “tender flesh of life” b piec formulate to helps sometimes literature as inasmuch city a Balkans: Oliver Jens Schmitt, polit and social reflect and Ages Middle late the during spread Important cities and fortresses ofnorthern Albania in the late Middle Ages Arbanas

Kadare’s chronicle offers a good contrast to the sources that h

) were not used in medieval sources with a uniform meaning.Acc e. lu-elv rtue, üotuoa tde 4 (Munich: 48 Studien Südosteuropa Grothusen, Klaus-Detlev ed. , Das venezianische Albanien: (1392-1479) Arbanun, Albanum Arbanun, venezianische Albanien venezianische ) or “Albanians” (Lat. “Albanians” or ) 2

ical changes in the greater area of the Western the of area greater the in changes ical , 80. e small pieces of a precious mosaic. (Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2001), 47. reaths reaths through the crevices of the der through the pages of the city the of pages the through der Albanensis es of reality when historical historical when reality of es the patterns that produced produced that patterns the , adapted from: Schmitt ording to Schmitt, these names these Schmitt, to ording elps to understand life in elps to life in understand Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, , It. , Albanese,Arbanesi , Das , Das , CEU eTD Collection published in: Arshi Pipa and Sami Repishti,Samieds., and PipaArshi published in: in Venetians: Alain Ducellier, “Genesis and Failure of the Albania solid control over North AlbaniaConquest and the coast of Budva and Bar Fine, John Durrës: Montenegr (southern t Thopias—disputed the and Zeta Matarangos the Balšići, families—the held family, noble western a brothers, principa his established Comnenus John Aetolia; and Epirus over Agostino Pertusi, vol. 1 (Florence: Olschki, 1974), 398. secolo XV:attiIConvegno del Internazionaledi Storia della Civiltà Veneziana.giugno Venezia,1968 1-5 Texts, 11th-17th Centuries earthquake by George Pachymeres, a Byzantine historian, in: Rob du XIeValona auXVe siècle datesearthquake the toJuly 1267: Alain Ducellier, of GreeceHistoryin theMiddle Ages destroyed, abandoned and defenceless: Donald Nicol, Schmitt, “Albania” only where cases the and space,” “Albanian or realm” F times. modern in materialise only would idea an such Albania; the attemp that,despite the fact Press, UniversityCambridge (Cambridge: 5 vol. Abulafia,David 1984). 1984). 7 6 5 4 rcros oiia stability. political precarious terri Albanian the of situation the onwards, century thirteenth of the coastal cities, particularly Durrës (Durazzo), and the i the and (Durazzo), Durrës particularly cities, coastal the of of the Angevins, produced a consid rulers of Epirus and the Slav lords that began around 1205, tog control of cities while chieftains controlled the countryside. the controlled chieftains while cities of control A prominent and up broke empire the later, years nine death his in 1346 was an important gain for the Serbian king Stephen Duša the southern Adriatic became a reality, the annexation of the E Afterwards, wh policy. Ragusan and foreign Venetian, Hungarian, commercial and naval considerable a have to continued however, In the course of 1350, John Bova (Buji) Spata and Peter Liosha Venezia,popolazi“Lefrarelazionile e Ragusa Bariša Krekić, earthquake the was grâce de coup A 794. “Albania,” Ducellier, Alain Ducellier, “Albania,Serbia and Bulgaria,” in L’Albanie entre Byzance et From the rise of Epirus and the emergence of new Slav powers in Fo bythe Territories oftheNorth-Albanian Situation Political

Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006), 357–368. Betw The Late MedievalBalkans: A Critical Survey from the LateTwelfth Centuryto the Ottoman (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2003), 12–13. (Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1981), 294. See t See 294. 1981), Studies, Balkan for Institute(Thessaloniki: ts made by theAngevins, made by ts there Venise: Xe -XVesiècles Venise: Xe 4 In Alain Ducellier’s analysis, the constant wars between the the between wars constant the analysis, Ducellier’s Alain In , 47. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 15. Ducellier, 15. 1984), Press,University Cambridge(Cambridge: erable erable decline of the Albania Studies on KosovaStudies on La Façade MaritimeLa del’Albanie DurazzoMoyen auet Âge: TheNew Cambridge Medieval History:1300 1198- C. The DespotateEpiros 1267-1479:ContributionThe of the A to 3 Lno: airm erns 18) 1, originally 10, 1987), Reprints, Variorum (London: was nothing like apolitically orculturally unified n State in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,” (Losha), two Albanian chieftains, gained control oniserbo-croate,” in ert ert Elsie, ollowing Schmitt, I will refer to the “Albanian the to refer will I Schmitt, ollowing . Then, they surrendered their territories to the the to territories their surrendered they Then, . 2006), 785. This instability was also owing to owing also wasinstability This 785. 2006), in Durrës in March 1271, which left this city lity in Valona and Berat; the Balšići (Balša) Balšići the Berat; and Valona in lity appears are solely due to stylistic purposes: stylistic to due solely are appears he region between the Lake of Shkoder and Shkoder of Lake the between region he (Boulder,EuropeanMonographs,East CO: ad oten lai) ad he main three and Albania); northern and o pirus pirus and the Albanian territories 7 ether with the harsh fiscal-policy fiscal-policy harsh the with ether In Shkoder, a city in northern northern in city a Shkoder, In Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Historical of Reader A Albania: Early nterior. n n ports and led to the separation een 1363 and 1396, Balšathe gained n, at least momentarily. tories was characterized by by characterized was tories en the Serbian expansion to to enthe expansion Serbian lbanian lords assumed the the assumed lords lbanian 5 significance for Greek, Greek, for significance The Albanian littoral, littoral, Albanian The Veneziail Levantefino e al the second half of the the of half second the urteenth Century Century urteenth he description of the of description he however, 6 After After , ed. ed. , , ed. ed. , CEU eTD Collection continuous Ottoman assaults would become inevitable. become assaults would Ottoman continuous kille were brothers two the and defeat bitter a suffered forces Greece) in Ormenio (today’s Chernomen of village the near River Uglješa, in an attemptto stop theOttoman campaign in the Balk European territories. The Serbian King Vukašin Mrnjavčević and conti and (Adrianopolis) Erdine taken had they 1362 In Balkans. facilitate also principalities local into Empire Serbian the of Studia Islamica OttomanEmpire: Conquest, Organization and Economy beyond the scope of the present investigation. For this, see: H ASA “The Place of Albanian Lands in the Balkan Geopolitics during t beginningOttoman of the Ottoman–Hungarian the rivalry over of the area betwee establishment the “legalized only 1389 in Kosovo XIV con le addizioni fino al 1469 al fino addizioni le XIV con von Thallóczy, vol. 1 (Munich: 10 9 8 toas ok ere taiioi Bli pioe ad released y Venetiansfour and tothe tothem, and first, Shkoder surrendered prisoner Balšić Stracimirović George took Ottomans until 1360 about from rule to began dynasty Balša the Albania, i Historise dhe i Gjuhesise, 1968). Albanian-TurkishWar in the fifteenth century:Ottoman Sources] ed., Pulaha, Selami 1967); Tiranës, i Shtetëror Turkish War in fifteenththe century: Byzantine sources] ed., Bozhori, Koço 2007); Variorum, in (1380–1418),” assembly. the of affairs the of resolution the in centred administration Albanian cities that took place in the first half of the fourte proc codification the Additionally, t economy. local over, consolidated took Balša the time the by and ex development agricultural had villages surrounding the and Shkoder century, thirteenth Oliver Jens Schmitt, “Un monumento dell’Albania medievale,” in Mittelalter,”imGebiet seinKonstantinJireček, und“Skutari Indeed, after this defeat the Ottomans penetrated Macedonia an MacedoniapenetratedOttomans the defeat this after Indeed, 1 (2005): 82. A further discuss

And yet, in spite of this volatile political situation, from at from situation, political volatile this of spite in yet, And 9 However, parallel thetoincrease commune’sof the authority, , no. 2 (1954): 104-129; Elisabet Zachariadu, “Marginalia on th on “MarginaliaZachariadu, Elisabet 104-129; (1954): 2 no. , Studies in Pre-Ottoman Turkey and Ottomansthe Duncker &Humblot, 1916), 105. , ed. Lucia Nadin (Rome: Viella, 2002), 30. ion of theion situation shortly be Lufta shqiptaro-turkenëshekullin XV:burimebizantine [The Albanian- Lufta Shqiptaro-Turke ne shekullin XV: burimeOsmane [The 4 (Tirana: Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësisë, Universiteti (London: Variorum Reprints, 1978), first published in in published first 1978), Reprints, Variorum (London: alil alil İnalcık, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest,” in in he Ottoman Invasion (the 14th – 15th Centuries),” (Tirana: Universiteti Shteteror i Tiranes, Instituti fore the Ottoman invasions would go, however, n the Balkans and Central Europe: Dritan Egro, Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen 10 d Albania, whereas the more famous Battle of Battle famousmore the whereasAlbania, d

, ed. Elisabet Zachariadu (Aldershot: Ashgate Statuti Scutari, di della prima metà secolodel domination in the Balkans and marked the the marked and Balkans the in domination

enth century allowed a form of local local of form a allowed century enth commune by means of a citizen’s citizen’s a of means by commune d. Thereafter, the onrush of the the of onrush the Thereafter, d. ears later. d the Ottoman advance in the the in advance Ottoman the d ans, faced them at the Maritsa Maritsa the at them faced ans, ess of local city laws in the the in laws city local of ess his brother, the despot Jovan least the second half of the the of half second the least e History of Epirus and Albania and Epirus of History e in 1372, but the Serbian Serbian the but 1372, in 1392, year in which the the which in year 1392, nued their advance into into advance their nued e iy one wt a with counted city he perienced a successful successful a perienced 8 him only after he

the dismemberment dismemberment the , ed. Ludwig ed. , The The CEU eTD Collection Böhlau, 2014). Michel Pauly andBeziehungen in Residenz- undHauptstädten vom14. ins19.Jahrhundert bis Martin ed., Scheutz, Hirschbiegel, eds., contributio Countries 11 (Leuven: Garan Recent discussion. Late Medieval Europe scholarly and Boone Marc this instance: for see, approaches, multidisciplinary to alien remained Six the in Albania Venetian of History Political and Diplomatic espace économique au XV siècle,” 14 13 12 11 the exception of Shkoder and Durrës, there was not a single cit single a not was there Durrës, and Shkoder of exception the was territories] Albanian their [of existence the of half than in significantly and victorious up ended Venice of Republic the expansion “was to form a cordon” based on alliances with local with alliances on based cordon” a formto “was expansion D and Shkoder and 1392, in (Alessio) Lezhë dominated and Durrës Shkoder with the intention of securing this area for their comm individuals, the production of cultural space, and the establis model the and space, cultural of production the individuals, that space autonomous nearly a was which city, the unity, a patchwork of unstable possessions. unstable of patchwork a 91. The limits ofthis investigation are marked by the beginnin lose at some point.” at some lose modern modern urban studies. That is to say, the degree to which the A been has entity conceptual a as city the where Europe, of parts the study of Albanian cities has remained partly isolated from ieaue bu mdea cte ecmass wd rne f t of range wide a encompasses cities medieval about Literature Schmitt, “Le Commerce Vénitien,” 882. of Rectors the of Communications and “Letters Čoralić, Lovorka véni l’Albanie dans Vénitien Commerce “Le Schmitt, Jens Oliver eoe o rte sd-ysd te toa tkoe, h Veneti the takeover, Ottoman the side-by-side rather or Before,

The fourteenth century is particularly relevant for the study o Aims Research and Framework, Analytical Scholarship,

Städtisches Bürgertum und Hofgesellschaft: Kulturen integrativer und konkurrierender , Studies in Urban Social, Economic and Political History of th 13

t, 2000); Edith Ennen, Anuario de Estudios Medievales Cities andCities TheirSpaces: Conceptstheir andUseEurope in 12 Indeed, up to the Morean war (1684-1699), in which in (1684-1699), war Morean the to up Indeed, The Medieval Town Medieval The 5 g of the “Venetian Albania.” teenth Century,” teenth Peter Stabel, eds., eds., Stabel, Peter 33, 2(2003):883. no. opics, but the study of Albanian cities has has cities Albanian of study the but opics, Budva, Bar and Ulcinj as a Source for the the for Source a as Ulcinj and Bar Budva, s ed o mhss cmaaie or comparative emphasise to tend ns tienne: Mécanismes et conjonctures d’un d’un conjonctures et Mécanismes tienne: (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1979); Jan Jan (Amsterdam: 1979); North-Holland, hment of centres of power. of centres of hment the research perspectives of other spent in a state of war, and with with and war, of state a in spent lbanian realm can be understood ercial ercial purposes. They recovered creased its possessions, “more “more possessions, its creased at the cutting edge of current of edge cutting the at y thatthey Albanianlords, Otidr: hrek, 2012); Thorbecke, (Ostfildern: f a very important political Etudes Balkaniques Etudes e Medieval and Modern Low led the interactions of of interactions the led iat i 19. Their 1396. in rivasto Shaping Urban Identity in Serenissima ans looked up to to up looked ans 11 but this was was butthis 3 (2009): 3 (Vienna: did not not did 14 Yet CEU eTD Collection 1988), 341–59. 1986 in sud,” du Slaves akademija B znanosti 121–40; 1998), Relations between Patria, i Dubrovnik and Venice umjetnosti, in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries Storia di Dalmata Soc. 2007); (Venice: Ghezzo Sima Ćirković, “LesBilancio deglistudieprospettive ricerca; di Convegno di studi,Padova 4-5aprile 1997 Alb - 17. Jahrhundert)- 17. Shkurti, Spiro 140; in the late Middle Ages, particularly towards Venice. towards particularly Ages, Middle late the in (Lecce: Argo, 1996).; P. F. Bellinello, “Aspetto storico-demogr à la fin du Moyen Age al., et Ducellier Alain 1997); (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2014); Brunehilde Imhaus, Orlando, Ermanno Point for Albanian Emigrants in the 14th and 15th centuries?,” (Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009), 61–80; Ducellier, Albanische Geschichte. Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung politicalmotivations,and Schmitt,Mona “‘DieJensOliver see: Fo 282–87. 1916), Humblot, & Duncker (Munich: 2 vol. Thallóczy, hecv e P t Sqprs, nttt i itrs, 98; Iv 1988); Historisë, i vénitienne’ auXVesiècle,” Instituti Shqipërisë, të RPS e Shkencave Albanian coastal cities during the Venetian rule, 1392-1478: their characteristics] 17 16 15 province in political, administrative, demographical, and econo h the organise to managed Venetians the which by mechanisms the recently,more Oliver and, maintained they contacts commercial Albanians of presence the in interested very were Ćirković Sima s and central of configuration political and cultural the about milie cultural Albanian multi-layered a of idea the on insisted exa prominent most the but mention To evolution. historical and considerations. with the conceptualframework ofcity has not beensufficiently has also been an increasing inte increasing an been also has scholarly knowledge about the economy of economy the aboutknowledge scholarly villages, Albanian econ and social century, Albanian twentieth the of decades last Lucia Nadin, Nadin, Lucia Malltezi,Luan in Albanien,” mittelalterliche “Das Šufflay, von Milan , ed. Milutin Garašanin, Colloques scientifiques 39 (Belgrade: 39 scientifiques Colloques Garašanin, Milutin ed. , aspects cardinal upon touched certainly has research Scholarly

Migrazioni e integrazione:caso degli Albanesi Il Venezia a (1479-1552) Qytetet e bregdetit shqiptar gjatë sundimit venedikas, 1392-1478: aspekte të jetës së tyre [The (Vienna: Böhlau, 1997). Iliri Albanci. i LesIllyriensleset Albanais: deconférences Série tenuesmai du21 au 4juin Migrazioni mediterranee: Migranti, minoranze e matrimoni a Venezia nel basso medioevo DerMythos vomWandervolk Albaner: der Landwirtschaftin den albanischen Gebieten(13. (Paris: A. Colin,1992); Paolo Petta, Bollettinodell’Istituto distoria della societàedello statoveneziano Les Chemins de l’exil: Bouleversements de l’Esteuropéen et migrations vers l’Ouest rest in the amount and structur Le minoranze orientali aVenezia: 1300 -1510 La Façade Maritime Façade La 6 Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen Illyrisch-Albanische Stradioti: Soldatialbanesi in Italia (sec. XV-XIX) in 17 afico e socio-economico degli Albanesi in Italia,” de des Balkans’ - die Albaner im Mittelalter,”in imAlbaner die Balkans’- des de , ed. Oliver Jens Schmitt and Eva Anne Frantz Anne Eva and Schmitt Jens Oliver ed. , Cittá esistema Adriatico alla fine del Medioevo:

anais à la lumière des sources historiques des an Božić, “Le système foncier en ‘Albanie ‘Albanie en foncier système “Le Božić, an r a thorough discussion of Šufflay’s views views Šufflay’s of discussion thorough a r Académie serbe des Sciences et des Arts, des et Sciences des serbe Académie rš Krekić, ariša outh Albania, Bariša Krekić and and Krekić Bariša outh Albania, al reasons of Albanian migration 16 mic mic terms. ; Alain Ducellier, “Kotor as a Meeting u, Ducellier wrote extensively extensively wrote Ducellier u, andin the lastfew years there explored and calls for its own itsown for callsexplored and omic historians expanded the the expanded historians omic Schmitt thoroughly analysed analysed thoroughly Schmitt mples, Milan von Šufflay Šufflay von Milan mples, in other cities and the the and cities other in Unequal Rivals: Essays on on Essays Rivals: Unequal eterogeneous Albanian eterogeneous of Shkoder’s political political Shkoder’s of 15 (Rome: Bulzoni, 2008); (Tirana: Akademia e e Akademia (Tirana: Additionally, in the , ed. Michele Pietro Pietro Michele ed. , Zge: Hrvatska (Zagreb: e. uwg von Ludwig ed. , (Rome: Il Veltro, Veltro, Il (Rome: 5/6 (1964): 65–

CEU eTD Collection in the Middle Ages will not be atthe core thenot be presentMiddle inves in the will of Ages Albanian applied and used ethnonyms different the about discussion a For dem 3. oder 4. Jahrzehnt des 14. Jahrhunderts,” zum spätbyzantinischenHändlerwelt der in Invektiven“Ethnische in groups ethnic of mention earlier on comment Arban A 7–26. (2009): Arbër, ethnonym the of extension and presence [The Bizant d “Paraqitja Mala, Muhamet and Qerimi Muhamet 7–30; (2005): 3–4 of the Medieval Dwelling- Places on the Basis of the Ethnonym A Ilijaz Rexha, “Shtrirja e vendbanimeve mesjetare mbi bazën e et 1–2 (1994): 47; Pëllumb Xhufi, “Regard sur les noms Albanie et ‘Arber,’” moye au albanaises Ethniques Régions “Les Biçoku, Kasem 125–38; Kultur dersüdosteuropäischen Völker während der Türkenzeit. Existenz desalbanischen Volkes,” in d für Faktoren Islamisierung- die und Balkan dem auf Vordringen nomadic group: Dalma the of citizenship the of possession in not is who person in group ethnic Albanian-speaking the to person a of assignment 19 18 Bollettino dellaBadia Greca Grottaferratadi importance importance and it will be a recurrent point in the analysis. As also requires further attention. In Shkoder, the problem of ove controversies controversies about the autochthony, presence, continuity or di t of characteristics ethnic the for synonym a be not will space znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Fourteenth Durrës tothe Eighteenth Century)],” to Ulcinj [From stoljeće) (14.-18. Mlecima u Useljenici ocpul nlss f h rltosi bten on n countr and town between relationship the of analysis conceptual ane at look to problem central a also is experience This space. shari and accessing of experience the by mediated actually were acquired structures power and relations social way the consider can lead to an ethnic reading, the termethnicthereading, an lead to can the city. the For literature having “Albanian ethnicity” as a central resear central a as ethnicity” “Albanian having literature For ap mere a 1) be: can “Albanian” name the Schmitt, to According Another aspect, that is, the development of identities in the s the in identities of development the is, that aspect, Another

(Tirana: Naimi Printing House, 2010). ASA 18 Here, however, the question about identity or identification o identification or identity about question the however, Here, 1/2 (1992): 11–23; Pëllumb Xhufi, “The Ethnic Situation in Epi Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das Südosteuropa unter dem Halbmond: Untersuchungen über Geschichte und und Geschichte über Untersuchungen Halbmond: dem unter Südosteuropa Zbornik Odsjeka povijesne za znanostiZavodaza povijesne i društvene , 60. 40 (1986): 3–56; Lovorka Čoralić, “Od Ulcinja do Drača – Alban Scutarenses Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta 29 (2011): 39–82. 39–82. (2011): 29 7 seems to refer specifically to the affairs of affairsthespecifically torefer seemsto , ed. Georg Stadtmuller (Munich: Trofenik, 1975), nonimit Arban-Alban në Ballkan [The Extension ch problem, see: Hasan Kaleshi, “Das türkische “Das Kaleshi, Hasan see: problem, ch tian and Albanian municipalities, and 4) a semi semi a 4) and municipalities,Albanian and tian to Albanians,BardhylDemiraj,tosee: Albanais au Moyen Âge,” rban- Alban in the Balkans],” the Western Balkans; 3) the designation of a a of designation the 3) Balkans; Western the the Balkans can be found in: Peter Schreiner, Peter in: found be can Balkans the anonymen Poem im Marcianus gr. XI, 6 aus – Albanian Immigrants in Venice (from the the (from Venice in Immigrants Albanian – ie Erhaltung der ethnischen und nationalen und ethnischen der Erhaltung ie on in Byzantium],” Byzantium],” in on he shtrirja e etnonimit Arbër, Arbanon në në Arbanon Arbër, etnonimit e shtrirja he elto ta rfr t te rgn 2 the 2) origin; the to refers that pellation n âge et la propagation du nom national nom du propagation la et âge n an whereas example, rlapping rlapping identities bears a distinct tigation. stribution of the Albanian w given that only recently the the recently only that given w hose people. In consequence, consequence, In people. hose their physical dimension and and dimension physical their rus during the Middle Ages,” ng the urban and non-urban non-urban and urban the ng y ceased to be a binary binary a be to ceased y patial context of the city,the of context patial 19 Rather,this workwill 2, no. 50 (2013): 763–78. f people in a given given a in people f Studime Historike Studime ASA Studime Historike Studime 1 (2002): 3–21.; Albanenses Shqiptar – – Shqiptar ethnos 1–2 ASA ski

CEU eTD Collection Middle Ages needs to go beyond the city walls and beyond the me the beyond and walls city the beyond go to needs Ages Middle Networks, 400-1500: Experiences and Perceptions ofMedieval Urban Space 888. Vénitien,” Commerce Town and Country in Europe, 1300-1800 Medieval Rural Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 22 21 20 realm separated from the villages, arable lands, and mountainsrealm lands, the and separated fromarable villages, virtuall is it Shkoder, of case specific the in and, opposition outer thi address will chapter first a hand, one the On dynamic. this will look at this dynamic in a twofold manner, and the structur with connected people the of identification the applicable, if among the physical environment of Shkoder, the spaces associate documents. the of statute the in other the after one troop that craftsmen me diplomats, clergymen, landowners, of relationship polysemous fru a be to prove may kingdom Serbian the of disintegration the tr the in Shkoder of elements constituent the fore the to bring surroundings. along theshore of the ShkoderLake of adid great pour deal of interconne this administration, Venetian the for trade Albanian communication routes. In this sense, even though one should not “i both with connected was Shkoder market, or administration of that environment—at least to the extent to which the informatio the which to extent the to least environment—at that Caroline Goodson, Anne Elisabeth Lester, and Carol Symes, eds. Symes, Carol and Lester,Elisabeth Anne Goodson, Caroline land Albanian in trade of importance the Schmitt, to According f be can country and separationtownbetween the of revision A part, that is, the countryside, natural resources, and the rela the and resources, natural countryside, the is, that part,

To put it briefly, this investigation seeks to define, assert, define, to seeks investigation this briefly, it put To Half way between prominent cities like Durrës and the smaller v smaller the and Durrës like cities prominent between way Half

21 As pointed out recently, reconceptualization of the urban hist urban the of reconceptualization recently, out pointed As (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). 8 (Oxford: Windgather Press, 2011); Steven Epstein, ound in: Neil Christie and Paul Stamper,eds., Paul and Christie Neil in: ound , “Introduction,”in , ws culy ut oet Shit “Le Schmitt, modest: quite actually was s e of the investigation will reflect y impossible to study its urban urban its study to impossible y those spaces. The present work work present The spaces. those vitality into the city life and its its and life city the into vitality s problem in the context of the the of context the in problem s oublesome years that followed followed that years oublesome surrounding it. ctedness of towns and villages villages and towns of ctedness (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 11. exaggerate the importance of the exaggerate importance city and other contemporary contemporary other and city d with urban institutions and, tionship of “Albanians” with with “Albanians” of tionship n may be gleaned from the the from gleaned be may n and present the relationship relationship the present and rchantclass. rchants, land workers, and and workers, land rchants, itful way to explain the the explain to way itful trainl ad local and nternational” illages with no centre centre no with illages Cities, Texts, and Social 20 ory of the Late 22

Precisely,to CEU eTD Collection Rady, Studies in Russia and Eastern Europe (London: UCL School Karbić, Karbić, and the Venetian period. In Dalmatia such law books were also a pri (1392), (Durazzo) Durrës Albanien venezianische (1376), Ulcinj (1369), (Antivari) tha known is it survived, not have they though Even 513. 2009), prevod originala iz1616. godine sa nau 25 24 23 customary customary law that kept alive the memory of the principles of j one kept in the in one kept tw be to had there itself, statute the in stated is it As city. itself. For Shkoder, this image can be discovered in the writte capable one thus and organism, living a more and place dwelling documents and news about city life. Moreover, metaphorically sp people, medieval of experience living the for importance its of also spaceis city However, shape. medieval its blurred heavily structure the modified conquest Ottoman the case, Shkoder’s in to the urban elements of the city. t understand to try will and statute city Shkoder’s in appeared sources. On the other hand, the second willchapter give a clos the text, which does not necessarily exemplify the that saying without goes It 4. art. 2002), Viella, (Rome: Xhufi fourteenth fourteenth century, before Stephan Dušan was crowned emperor in and public affairs. Albanian and Dalmatian cities and established the set of norms jurisprudentialtradition ofthelong tha part on theonehand, Miloš Milošević and Sima Ćirković, “On Kotor Statute,” in in Statute,” Kotor “On Ćirković, Sima and Milošević Miloš Schmitt, ed., Nadin, Lucia The Laws and Customs ofMedieval Croatia and Slavonia: AGuide to the Extant Sources

Recent contributions have profited from archaeological and topo A word about sourcesthe codn t Shit the Schmitt, to According Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das thesauro Statuti diScutari della prima metà del secolo XIVcon le addizioni fino al 1469 25 , 110. They were a common element of the Albanian space and the On the other hand, it was the also the of result north Albania of the Municipality and the other in court to be used attrial used in courttobe andtheother theMunicipality of , 113. č nim aparatom Statuti di Scutari 9 , ed. Jelena Antović (Kotor: Antović Jelena ed. , we also keep in mind the normative character of of characternormative the mind in keep also we nciple for city life, see: Marija Karbić and Damir dates back to the first decades of the Statuta Civitatis Cathari. Statut Grada Kotora: t similar law books were written down in Bar Bar in down written were books law similar t of Slavonic and East European Studies, 2013). 2013). Studies, European East and Slavonic of o exemplars with identical content, content, identical with exemplars o rst Diat) 19) Schmitt, (1397): (Drivasto) Drisht t helped to organise the life in the the lifeinthe to organise helped t n regulations of the statute of the er look to the ustice ustice that structured social life. he flux of people in connection in people of flux he a conceptual tool, and because and tool, conceptual a it is inextricably linked to the the to linked inextricably is it in the administration of justice ofjustice administration the in of the city in such a way that way a suchin city theof eaking, eaking, a city is less a passive 1346. of producing an image of of image an producing of Državni arhiv graphical graphical research but, 24 Its compilation was, was, compilation Its y y held authority also in inner inner n tradition on , trans. Pëllumb city life as it Crne Gore, Gore, Crne . , ed. Martin Martin ed. , 23

Das Das CEU eTD Collection Αλβανοι fortunate discovery of the only only the of discovery fortunate published editions. Ordered by date of publication they are, fi are, they publication of date by Ordered editions. published 1469 Ragusan, Venetian and Dalmatian Sources for the History of the Ιδρυμα Ερευνων, 1998), 307–23. Bariša Krekić, “Albanians in the des cités Albanaises au 15e siècle,” in 1469 al fino addizioni le addizioni 1469 fino al 30 29 28 27 26 o rescue.” to to monument a is “it it, puts Ortalli Gherardo as statute, The unnoticed in the library of the Museo Correr in Venice. Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia aetatis Albaniae mediae editions. archi important most the catalogued and Dubrovnik and Venice of actually very scarce. Ducellier and other historians have worke pr Shkoder regarding information the quantity, vast the Despite (not authorities legal by issued is the large amount of reports, petitions, council decisions, l years ofthe years betwe point some at elaborated was it assumes Nadin manuscript, ouet o te oni o Ten of Council the of documents Dulcichius ye the from additions several contained manuscript the statute, Ducellier, Ducellier, Ibid., 51. Lucia Nadin, “Il testo Statutario,” in Nadin,Lucia“Il codicel’edizioni,”statuti degli e in Gherardo Ortalli, “Gli statuti, tra Scutari e Venezia,” in , ed. Lucia Nadin (Rome: Viella, 2002), 50.

Στο

In addition to the statute, a source for the study of north Alb 30 The present investigation will take into account the legal doc

La Façade Maritime , Slav of origin, had copied the text text the copied had origin, of Slav , Μεσαιωνα 26 Cinquecento ned tee a vruly o rc o te oe ni Lca N Lucia until code the of trace no virtually was there Indeed, , ed. Lucia Nadin (Rome: Viella, 2002), 79. , ed. Charalambos Gasparis (Athens: Εθνικο Ιδρυμα Ερευνων, 1998 , ed. LuciaNadin (Rome . 29

, XXXII–XXXIII; OliverJensSchmitt, Οι Statuti di Scutari, della prima metà del secolo XIV con le addizioni fino al re, etr, ons captain counts, rectors, aries, uvvn mnsrp o the of manuscript surviving

Αλβανοι n Venice. in edited by Ludwig von Thallóczy, Konstantin Jireček and and Jireček Konstantin Thallóczy, von Ludwig by edited : Viella,2002), 22.

στο

Μεσαιωνα 10 10 Statuti di Scutari,della prima metà delsecolo XIV con le 28 Even though there is no date affixed to the the to affixed date no is there though Even fedelmente Statuti di Scutari, della prima metà del secolo XIV con Albanians in the Late Middle Ages,” in , ed. Charalambos Gasparis (Athens: Εθνικο 27 Adriatic Cities: Observations on Some of Together with text the integral the etters, and other types of documents from the original, kept among the the among kept original, the from “Sources véni a past whose memory onememorywantswhosepast a d extensively in the state archive s, castellans, treasurers, etc.). etc.). treasurers, castellans, s, rst, the rst, Statuti ior to the fifteenth century is century fifteenth the to ior ars 1391 to 1469. 1469. to 1391 ars ania ania in the late Middle Ages en 1479 and the very first first very the and 1479 en val series and published and series val uments uments in three of these wih a remained had which , Acta et diplomata res tiennes pour ), 209–33. ), 209–33. adin made the the made adin l’histoire Marinus Οι

CEU eTD Collection document from this collection us vols 5-17 (1407-1442); Part 3, Part (1407-1442); 5-17 vols 1967-1979). volume cover the years from 1359 to1380. rerum Slavorum meridionalium 2(Belgrade: Srpska kraljevska aka covering the years between 1344 and 1406. aetatis illustrantia 34 33 32 31 present investigation only theof thepre-S only first volumes investigation three present ia Šfly pbihd ewe 11 ad 1918. and 1913 between published Šufflay, Milan diitaie n dpoai afis n lai ad published and Albania in affairs diplomatic and administrative century, Giuseppe Valentini carefully edited a large amount of iies f hoe lvn i Rgs (urvi) wl b taken be will (Dubrovnik), Ragusa in living Shkoder of citizens

Albaniae Veneta commissiones Ragusinae commissiones Levantis Part 1, 1, Part Josephus Valentini, ed., Jorjo Tadić, ed., e Jireček, Konstantin and Thallóczy, von Ludwig Šufflay, Milan

Saeculum 14 complectens and was edited by Jorjo Tadić in 1935. in Tadić Jorjo by edited was and 2 os (ina A Hlhue, 93. eeat ouet com documents Relevant 1913). Holzhausen, A. (Vienna: vols. 2 , Pisma iuputstvaPisma Dubrovacke Republike.Litterae et commissiones Ragusinae . 33 The collection consists of 25 volumes divided in three parts, parts, three in divided volumes 25 of consists collection The Acta AlbaniaeVeneta saeculorum XV XIV et . It contains records of the Scanderbegianam periodum complectens periodum Scanderbegianam ed here comes from 1364, and th , vols 1-4 (1301- 1406); Part 2, 11 11 32 Finally, in the second half of the twentieth twentieth the of half second the in Finally, Reformationes Litterae Reformationes 31 diinl nomto, any about mainly information, Additional e last from 1406. Praescanderbegianam periodum complectens demij, 1935). The records reunited in firstthe ds., , 25 vols. (Palermo: Typis Josephi Tosini, Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae canderbeg periodare relevant. , vols 18-25 (1443-1463). The earliest earliest The (1443-1463). 18-25 vols , documents documents concerning Venetian hm ne te title the under them rm the from fo scn volume, second from e and Commissiones , vol. 1, Fontes 1, vol. , Litterae et et Litterae but for the for but Acta 34

, CEU eTD Collection Tradition undModerne Albania 1880-1932 volante missione Valentini, Giuseppe 1989); Gjonlekaj, York: (New Fox descriptions, see: Shtjefen Gjecov, ed., ed., Gjecov, Shtjefen see: descriptions, For scholarship on the consuetudinary law of the mountaineers a 38 37 36 35 basis of statutes, regulations, and ancient local customs. carefully a to right was the hadcommunes which ofcreation the sanctioned by countryside the and city the between relationship e not was villages surrounding the with connectedness Shkoder’s in were that etc., vineyards, grassland, forests, land, arable gardeni and trade, (crafts, activities economic of exercise the cities and consisted of maintwo parts: one represented by the di Scutari primary cohesive factor between of the country, which turned into rules, traditional norms and and norms traditional rules, into turned which country, the of contacts, links, and domestic and traders played an extremely important role in the urban centres terms terms and terms that refer to a legal status. Yet, the villages, and nomadic pastoralism.” South-E of worlds “three the of relations the better understand t circumscribed space the of understanding integral an pursuing arbaneses Schmitt, 101. campagne,” la et ville “La Malltezi, Albana société la dans campagne la et ville “LaMalltezi, Luan Statuti di Scutari (London: Phoenix Press, 2000); Helmut Eberhart and Karl Kaser, In the fourteenth century, Shkoder followed the pattern of the of pattern the followed Shkoder century, fourteenth the In In Shkoder, norms were sanctioned by the city statute, which wa which statute, city the by sanctioned were norms Shkoder, In

Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das refer to the of variety social and legal that groups inhabited CHAPTER ,

and stranieri , art. 1-2. (Vienna: Böhlau, 1995).

1.

SCUTARI ET CONTRATA (Florence: Olschki, 1969). For anthropological descriptions, s . 38 One could easily divide these these divide easily could One commercial relationships betw , 93. civitas et contrata civitas Kanuni I Leke Dukagjinit: The Code of Leke Dukagjini Leke of Code The Dukagjinit: Leke I Kanuni 37

12 12 sclavi Lalegge delle montagne albanesi: nelle relazioni della :

SPATIAL . Already the first two articles of the and and nd (sometimes highly idealised) anthropological ise des XIe - XVe siècle,” XVe - XIe des ise 35 Here, the of active engagement local arbanese

AND the immediate outskirts of the city. city. the of outskirts immediate the rus no tncly suggestiv ethnically into groups eds., eds., citadel and used for housing and because it allowed to “establish to it “establish allowed because ng), and another consisting of of consisting another and ng),

astern Europe: that of the city, city, the of that Europe: astern een cities, villages and regions SOCIAL customs.” o Shkoder one is allowed to to allowed is one Shkoder o Albanien: Stammesleben zwischen dminister themselves on the the on themselves dminister may may also be contextualised cuiey hscl The physical. xclusively the city: city: the regulated and legally legally and regulated

RELATIONS majority of medieval medieval of majority s, for thatmatter, the ee: Edith Durham, 36 In consequence, consequence, In ASA citadini , trans. Leonard Leonard trans. , 2 (1990): 102. 102. (1990): 2

, Statuti sclavi High High e , CEU eTD Collection Scutarum, principale eorum domicilium”: AD II, 253. sent a letter to Pope Urban V in which the three brothers prese 42 41 40 39 the Bojana River. Bojana the lands of the territory of the tribe of Paštrovići in Budua and encompasse Zeta Lower The Lake. Shkoder the of side eastern the abov Njeguši of mountains the in laid Zeta Upper The Podgorica. Riv Morača the into confluences and Montenegro today’s in field centuries, political, economic, religious, and cultural prominence of othe Alt measure. proper its in understood be should importance this sa dnmnto o te ein rvosy ald Δολί” [ “Διοκλεία” called previously region the of denomination usual and the descriptionscharacteristics peopleand ofthe and the dwelling physical the in activities the to referring by space social and ponder will it Then, city. the of resources natural and setting bri firstly, will, chapter this so, do to order In environment. maintaine inhabitants the that relationship of levels different be a give will analysis an such pages, following the in evident it to articles asit infer is from the possible inasmuch least in relationto thecircumstances in which they are usedand the Dioklitija On January 29, 1369, Stracimir, George, and Balša II, in prese The most recurrent point of comparison is, of course, Durrës: Ibid. Jireček, “Skutari,” 98. By the fourteenth century, Shkoder was the most important city importantmost the was Shkoder century, fourteenth the By Shkoder belonged to the Upper Zeta. Since at least the twelfth twelfth the least at Since Zeta. Upper the to belonged Shkoder 1.1 Thephysical settingofShkoder

). 41 39 it was nevertheless the geographical and political centre of t It owed its name (Lat. its name (Lat. Itowed 40

Zenta , Genta 13 13 ) to the Zeta River, which starts in the Nikšić Nikšić the in startsto theZeta ) which River, nted their joint seal. The letter is headed with “Apud “Apud with headed is letter The seal. joint their nted nce of the bishops of Šas (Suacium) and Drivasto, Schmitt, Schmitt, of the city As of statute. city it the become will the Monastery of St. Sergius along d with one another and with their their with and another one with d the tension between the physical physical the between tension the Das venezianische Albanien environment of the countryside countryside the of environment r Albanian cities in the previous there. there. activities people engaged in, at in, engaged peopleactivities efly describe the geographical geographical the describe efly tter understanding about the the about understanding tter hough it never reached the the reached never it hough e Kotor and extended up to to up extended and Kotor e d the area between coastal coastal between area the d Diocleia] (Serb. (Serb. Diocleia] er in the north side of of side north the in er he he region. century, Zeta was the the was Zeta century, of the upper Zeta, but 42 Its location , 95. Dioklija , CEU eTD Collection oe rm n pae o nte wt te ep f hi top an troops their of help the with another to place one from move i rather live but farms, and fortifications camps, cities, have trade flourishes everywhere except in the traditional ports.” traditional the in except everywhere flourishes trade onwards, thirteenth century “the coast becomes Albanian a sieve bygone of ports other or Durrës in collected taxes the avoid to setting as they were able to sell their products to foreign mer usque Antibarim; intromittat omnia bona subditorum imperatoris g ut statuit, maiusConsilium Ragusii) iulii. 8. “(1361, lands: the discover also can one Kotor, in market salt troublesome the 47 46 45 44 43 n h cat te pe Zt, n te oten ots unn t running routes southern the and Zeta, upper the coast, the in made it the “natural focal point” where the roads connecting Ba connecting roads the where point” focal “natural the it made described in the in described Engelhorn, 1927). A. Kajon, 1907); Herbert Louis, According to Ducellier, “J. Kantakuzen ( north Albania and its inhabitants. That the Albanians were, or uninterrupted downwards movement.uninterrupted downwards souther the reach to highlanders for medium physical a provided Ma the of mountains high the lowlands, southern the to Compared long. a around presence contained barely their of fear the producers, consti groups these whether prove to hard is it though even and seaso the of part were wondering highlanders,they of anonymity albanische on Forschungen latter were works research common milestone fairly and century, twentieth became descriptions geographical and Ethnographic Territories the ‘nomadic Albanians’”: Alain Ducellier, “Have the Albanians Ibid., 39. ThistradelivelinessIbid.,is proved itself,39. by only not Ducellier et al., Elsie, Ducellier et al., Schmitt, 46 e ht s t a, adwes n poues rftd rm Shko from profited producers and landowners may, it as that Be Early Albania

The mountains were also the dwelling place of different nomad g nomad different of place dwelling the also were mountains The

, ed. Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë (Tirana: 8 Nënto 8 (Tirana: Shqipërisë të RPS e Shkencave e Akademia ed. , Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das Les Cheminsdel’exil Les Cheminsdel’exil Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis Descriptio Anonymi , 23–25. Translation by Elsie. This report is actually one of t of one actually is report This Elsie. by Translation23–25. , . See also: Theodor Ippen, Albanien: eineLandeskunde vornehmlichauf Grund eigener Reisen , 95. , 25. , 24. sic ) speaks of the meeting of the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III 44

Skutari unddie nordalbanische Küstenebene 14 14 but also by its interruption.bybut its also reportsThanksabout to alea communis eat ad culphum Cathari et discurrat et Cathari culphum ad eat communis alea at least called, nomads, was a a was nomads, called, least at Occupied Kosova?,” in Sclavoniae, capiat omnia navigia parva et magna presence of merchants coming from Albanian from coming merchants of presence published in the two issues of the of 1309 as inhabitants who “do not not “do who inhabitants as 1309 of 47 during the late nineteenth and earlier earlier and nineteenth late the during chants chants who were in any case eager n tents and are constantly on the on constantly are and tents n

importance. In fact, from the the from fact, In importance. and where Ragusan Venetian r, Ulcinj, and Lezhë ( Lezhë and Ulcinj, r, rable lands had been felt for felt been had lands rable nal rhythm of the mountains, the rhythmof nal tuted a real menace to local to menace real a tuted ri Publishing House, 1985), 200. 1985), House, Publishing ri n extremities in an almost almost an in extremities n relatives.” d wrs urs crossed. Durrës owards he few medieval news about newsmedieval few he lësia e Madhe region region Madhe e lësia The Albanians and Their e’ mountainous der’s roups which were were which roups topos (Sarajevo: Daniel 45 in the Balkans. Despite the (Stuttgart: (Stuttgart: Alessio Illyrisch- with with 43 )

CEU eTD Collection (Lat. They were allowed tobuy only th cabbage, garlic, shallot, flax wool, fish, and cheese ( Early Albania 52 51 50 49 48 illorum de Balsa’.” AD II, 159. inimicorum ‘salvo quod non debeat offendere illis de Budua, de deep river valleys. river deep Black Drin was also hostile to traffic and forced the passenger between coastal and inland areas, it was a dangerous obstacle.was adangerous areas,it coastalinland and between bu of instead that, navigate to difficult so region this in was it fueled was surely modest. Not only was the production meant production the was only modest.Not surely was fueled it southern side, sealing off the Mati pool facing south. facing pool Mati the off sealing side, southern d made forest, thick a Çermenika, The merchandise. of exchanges w land, by only possible region, the to access limited the also the reader a vivid image of the location of the city: city: the theof location of image vivid a the reader Venetian a by probably 1570, of description anonymous An level. hill a in Shkoder, of Lake the of shore western the in located “ Ibid., 68. Ibid. Schmitt, According to the statute of Shkoder, citizens and foreigners w A Physical Description of Albania and the Defence of Ulcinj of Defence the and Albania of Description A Physical Lesii

Agriculture was, then, the main economic activity but the sprea the but activityeconomic main the then, was,Agriculture

with the Drin. river Buna flows into the sea, the outlet of this river being between twenty mere a of course a After situated. is city the which of Shko of that call they lake the from flows Buna the for rivers, most illustrious Signoria of Venice. […] The city is situated b once which and site its to regard with city mighty a (Shkoder), direc southeastern a in off sets one Ulcinj, From east. the and Albania] [of borders other the describe to now back come us Let Protruding from this peculiar setting, the city of Shkoder was Shkoder of city the setting, peculiar this from Protruding Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das , Alexii , 61. ), which was such an important medium for communication in the the in communication for medium important an such was which ), 50 Additionally, the region was partly cut off from the coast. Al coast. the from off cut partly was region the Additionally, 52 e amounts necessary for domesti

, 80. cevoli,ali, mertina, lino, lana, pesce, formaio 15 15 49 Dulcinio, de Antibaro et de Scutaro et liominibus ere equally forbidden from buying goods such as ,” translated by Elsie, first published in: Elsie, in: published first Elsie, by translated ,” c consumption: On the eastern side, the canyon of the the of canyon the side, eastern the On s to navigate s to on navigate steep slopes and 51 just eighteen meters above sea sea above meters eighteen just ilding up connexion networks networks connexion up ilding

to be locally consumed, locally be to as a hindrance to extensive extensive to hindrance a as

proveditor Statuti di Scutari, di Statuti Ulcinj and Lezha and Ulcinj Lezha etween two noble der, at the mouth the at der, ifficult the pass on the the on pass the ifficult belonged theto tion to Scuttari to tion four miles, the d and amount of trade ofamount and d actually conveniently actually in the north the in in Kotor, gives ) to resell them. so the Drin the so art. 69. Balkans, Balkans, 48 but CEU eTD Collection Emperor Diocletianit. laternamed that housed the Serbian and later the Venetian offices, as well Venetian offices, andlaterthe theSerbian that housed famous the church, t In courts. different three to leading and tower separate a in It was surrounded by double walls and the entrance opened up th 58 57 56 55 54 53 from Shkoder. lively trade of wax and silver export as well as the cloth, sea city. According to the the to According city. pertaining descriptions the are so and scarce, are communicate had been a fortress there since since there fortress a been had Albania. and Montenegro of mountains high the including lands, prominent inRoman city the partsouthern of province the of Da shoemakers, Dubrovnik of records archival the 263 meters. th to situated towers five the with together fortification, the important examples. (Balezo Baleč/Baleš and (Drivasto) Drisht Sappa, Sati, (Sarda), Dagnu (Suacium), Šas and Shkoder between networks communication Ibid., 109. Jireček, “Skutari,” 101. Schmitt, Jireček, “Skutari,” 106. Ols Lafe,“Archaeology in Albania, 2000-2004,” Jireček, “Skutari,” 100.

Prior to 1396, further details about the ways citizens,merchan ways theabout details 1396,further to Prior The fortress that crowned the hill had a strategic view of the of view strategic a had hill the crowned that fortress The

h Lk o Skdr oehr ih nad aewy alwd fair allowed waterways inland with together Shkoder of Lake The Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das 54 57 In Jireček’s description, the fortress ( and Prizren and Novo Brdo, to mention but a couple, were impor were couple, a but mention to Brdo, Novo and Prizren and 58

ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Stephani de Scutaro de Stephani cathedralis Sancti ecclesia 56 Balezo, Žabljak and Podgorica, towns around the lake, are ment Catasticum “the earliest” times, that is, that times, earliest” “the , 96. of 1416 written by the Venetian notary Petrus de Sancto Sancto de Petrus notary Venetian the by written 1416 of 53 Recent archaeological research revealedthat the walls of s h hmtw o mn craft many of hometown the as Archaeological Reports 16 16 castrum ) was accessible only from one side. e North and West, had a length of of length a had West, and North e salt, and salted fish they imported imported they fish salted and salt, he central courtyard there was a was there courtyard central he as the dungeon. as the since Shkoder or Shkoder since 51 (2004): 120. rough three gates, each located lmatia or the inner arrangement of the of arrangement inner the According to Jireček, there there Jireček, to According , o ae u te most the but name to ), . There was also a palace palace a also was There . lake and the surrounding the and lake ts or landowners used to to used landowners or ts mn cretr, and carpenters, smen, m, Shurdhah Island Island Shurdhah m, Praevalitana 55

Scodra tant giventant the ly active active ly ioned in , as the , as the was a CEU eTD Collection 1400 - 1797 ugrs fo te uasvc o Dršvć aiy i te Uppe montanea Budue the et Antivari veniant ad nostrum oboedientiam”: AD in family) Durašević or Jurassevich the (from Jurguras manifeste damno nostri communis”: AD II, 756. fidelibu quampluribus fuerunt collata communi nostro spectantia Jireček, “Skutari,” 110. , see: VIIAAV 2045. could get in the coastal cities of Upper 1369,Zeta. forins the In cities coastal of in couldget from 1392 and aremotivated by the willingness of the Balša to In this sense, Scutari ranked lower in the list of their concer bono et securitate nostrorum mercatorum et nauigiorum prouidere tiuari, barche,ligna,et damnificantur,aliquaquibus et cum N et ser franciscum Rucini, ac alios nostros mercatore, dicatur, 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 that belonged to the commune the to belonged that lhuh vlae ol b cutd s uh vn ih n singl one with even such as counted be could village a although Odorigo Odorigo de Parma, number of 104 villages (40 in the upper district and 64 in the Signoria anddefence for access thedifficulties given the seashore—and 567, 604, 615, 628. course, concerns about the arrangements to keep the Ambassiatores per proponuntur nobis quae negocia, possent esse senate deliberation held onJanuary 14,1396: “quaepossent err con the despite 1396, in agreement an reached finally They 530. quod dicta Locanon sunt ad Marinam immoualde remotaet forent Venetians took control of the city. the of control took Venetians h threat Ottoman the after only exponentially increased Shkoder the families in the Zeta province. Zeta in the the families directly by sea-going vessels,” sea-going by directly wh Scutari, of town the buy to decide Venice made “what wonders to the village of Tuzi near Podgorica.” near Tuzi of village the to delt the between coast the “from extended Shkoder year, this By Ibid., 110. The full register is included inthe As when in 1406, Venice sent a commission to Shkoder to recove to Shkoder to commission a sent Venice 1406, in when As possessiones diverse et “Multe Venetiis) novembris. 19. (1404, Benjamin Arbel, “Venice’s Maritime Empire in the Early Modern a 1394 in Shkoder of Bishop the to given argument the was Such Upon the death ofStephan Dušan, the Venetians were most conce Shkurti, Jireček, “Skutari,” 110. Shkurti,

and would diminish the interest of the Venetians in acquiring Mythos Mythos , ed. , Eric ed. Dursteler (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 138. , 38. , 38. Jireček gives a slightly different number: 114 villages w villages 114 number: different slightly a gives Jireček 38. , 59 Shkoder was divided in two districts: 66 65 and used Shkoder’s strategic location to secure the loyalty of loyalty the secure to location strategic Shkoder’s used and but actually the Venetians took good advantage of the lands lands the of advantage good took Venetians the actually but 67

63 Indeed, in the beginning, Shkoder’s location away from from away location Shkoder’s beginning, the in Indeed, 61 The ratio of houses per village was of 11.8 or 10.8, 10.8, or 11.8 of was village per houses of ratio The castrum 17 17 ns. The first appearances of Shkoder in the AAV date quod per Juram de balsce, armantur in buda, dulcigno, tance, theyorderthat “cum theand city safe were present: always AAV II 455, auigia euntia per mare, Et bonum sit super hoc pro hoc super sit bonum euntia auigiaEt mare, per ores, diuisiones, autscandala generare cuiusmodi surrender hispossessions. ”: AAV I also: 218; AAV I224-226,241, 253. troversy it generated in the Senate, as reads a a reads as Senate, the in generated it troversy Domini Georgij Stracimiri”: AAV II 606. Of Of 606. II AAV Stracimiri”: Georgij Domini r the loyalty of the brothers George and Alexis s et habitatoribus locorum predictorum cum cum predictorum locorum habitatoribus et s pocius damnosa nobis, quam utilia”: AAV II Period,” in r Zeta, “ut per ipsos tota Xenta superior et et superior Xenta tota ipsos per “ut Zeta, r , pheuda, pischerie, perizia et alia territoria alia et perizia pischerie, pheuda, , rned aboutthesafety or II 788. fter the offering of surrender: “Considerato surrender: of offering the fter sotto lower district), and 1,230 houses. —made it less attractive to the to the attractive less it —made and as of the Bojana and the Drin Drin the and Bojana the of as ad become imminent and the imminentandbecome ad A Companion toVenetian History: sopra Scutari ith a total of 1.237 houses, in: in: houses, 1.237 of total a ith house. e ich could not be reached reached be not could ich it. 64 per ser paulum fquirino, In this sense, Arbel help their merchants 62 eot about Reports , with a total total a with , 60

CEU eTD Collection customarylaws. o part important an was land of demarcation the and generations the in remaincould etc., springs, trees, specific for account dicti terreni”: sovrana,parte la de quilli de sia volemoche orti, li aver de Statuti di Scutari di Statuti cases (particularly regarding land-related issues), one should 70 69 68 was not difficult to find natural find to difficult not was less considerably were division territorial concerning disputes territoriality. of sense physical very a space gave which land, Shkoder and of other parts of Albaniawas the strict demarcatio radius of about 5-10 kilometers around the city. the around kilometers 5-10 about of radius inShkoder. living social groups l the to dimension spatial a gave that elements those out spell which by and spatial—relations of the inhabitants of the city. Rather th this setting came to be a constituent element of the city since environmento physical the elementfundamentalof a constituted the owner of the lower parts could prove he or she held a title a held she or he prove could parts lower the of owner the situated gardens or fields vineyards, the to belonged gardens, between situated land the that stated statute the disputes: of of the lands and districts gave way to controversies not only b “Ordinatu è de li terreni intra le vigne, campi et orti, vulemorti, et campi vigne, le intra terreni li de “Ordinatuè Shkurti, Schmitt, h mxue f ifcl mutios odtos n inter-regio and conditions mountainous difficult of mixture The

The 1.2

Mythos Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das scutarenses scutarenses Contrata Statuti diScutari contrata , art. 21, 47, 48. , 28–29. The statute was not inattentive to customary law and a 69 The physical inclination of the city territories also influenc alsoterritories city the ofinclination physical The : Social-Spatial relations around the city aroundthecity relations : Social-Spatial , that is, the territory that fell outside Shkoder’s city walls city Shkoder’s outside fell that territory the is, that , or the or , art. 37. bolcho , 96. landmarks that served as refe as served that landmarks understood their identity, the following section will try to try will section following the identity, their understood 18 18 68 salvo se la parte zò provasse per breve como è soy li li soy è como breve per provasse zò parte la sesalvo follow the state of things “como steti antiquamente”: A common element in the countryside of of countryside the in element common A o che quilli terreni sia de la vigna aver de li campi li de aver vigna la de sia terreni quilli che o it also played a role in the social— memory in a given community for community given a in memory an attempting to define the criteria etween citizens, but also between two vineyards, two fields or two or fields two vineyards, two iving experience of the different the of experience iving of ownership. of common in the north, where it where north, the in common in the upper part, except when when except part, upper the in n of the limits of each piece of of piece each thelimitsof of n rence points. The capacity to to capacity The points. rence Unlike the southern plains, plains, southern the Unlike f Shkoder. Most importantly, importantly, Most f Shkoder. lso stipulated that, in ambiguous ter rl rdto and tradition oral their f 70 a connections nal The boundaries boundaries The ed the outcome outcome the ed , spread in a a in spread , CEU eTD Collection villages. quar Shkoder, and Drivasto from people the divided rifts bitter grassa ne la nostra citade et non in altre parte”: increased to an exorbitant rate of 84 to 90 Albanien during the time of George II. Balsha (1385-1403), the accountin 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 profited from them. lands of majority the owned church, the with together city, The and fishing, timber, and salt. and timber, fishing, and prosperity” for the Albanian economy in the production of grain perperi forbidden was property of sign other any or fences modifying by land owners and the commune, or between According cities. to th merchants, sailors, soldiers,and sailors, merchants, cla several of composed is Shkoder of population “the that note vineyards. lands the and activity” public “massive a was viticulture Ages 1432, the price of one wouldthere in Shkoder bequicka depreciation of the type, the Philosophisch-Historis Wissenschaften, 1924), 67–68. The Wissenschaften, der Akademie Kaiserliche Albanien elsewhere. voy prassa voy Shkurti, Spiro Shkurti, “Recherches dans la vie économique lade ville Nadin, “Il testo Statutario,” 55. “Ordinemu chi havissi blava voy grassaSchmitt, de fora de la cità nost Božić, “Le système foncier en ‘Albanie vénitienne’ au XVe sièc currencies—alocal amountlargethe Because of 210. art. Ibid. . Actually, Actually, the boundaries of lands and villages were an importan

, 143. grossi de Catharo , 147–148; Milan von Šufflay, von Milan 147–148; , 71 72 Mythos Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das It could also happen that two d two that happen also could It

76 74 otie h ct, e hud rn i t Skdr o el them sell to Shkoder to it bring should he city, the outside ) He brings up a reference to Evliya Çeleb, who in the seventeen the in who Çeleb, Evliya to reference a up brings He hs ol b priual rlvn i te orenh century, fourteenth the in relevant particularly be would This , 127. Emphasis by Shkurti. ducato 73 So, for instance, the codecity stated ifthat a citizen owned appears only once in the statute, in the addition 269 from 139 was 32 75 grossi Shkurti insists in the fact that in Albanian cities of the Mid the of cities Albanian in that fact the in insists Shkurti grossi de Balsa labourers of vineyards of labourers , 142. Städte und Burgen Albaniens, hauptsächlich während des Mittelalters , the the , grossi moneda de Balsa Statuti di Scutari :

Schmitt, ifferent cities claimed a given a claimed cities ifferent , but after the “currency crisis” of 1436, the value of the duc grosso 19 19 Das venezianische Albanien as a consequencea asof theVenetian policies. trade In g was kept in , was the common currency in Shkoder. Another , art. 68. Albanaise du Moyen Age,” le,” 97, as quoted in: Schmitt, bout 20 types—that circulated in north Albanianorthtypes—thatcirculated in20 bout ra citadino che ello sia tenudo a portar la dicta la portar a tenudo sia ello che citadino ra .” 77 h Kas 6 (ina Aaei der Akademie (Vienna: 63 Klasse che

, wine, oil, products of farming around the walls and directly directly and walls the around perperi near cities were covered with with covered were cities near sses: fishermen,intellectuals,sses: e city statute, “stealing land” and entailed a fine of three of fine a entailed and eig bu sm border some about reling t issue for the commune. : Schmitt, village, for example, for village, , 334–335. 1. In the fifteenth century th century would would century th ASA Das venezianische Das venezianische venezianische Das a “period of hr ad not and there grains ( grains

(2001):1 136.

blava blava dle at at , CEU eTD Collection atlns ad rzn aes tha areas grazing and wastelands, cutting any other fruit tree carried a fine of only two soura scutarj paghi per pena perperi L de Sclavonia et paghi lo damnazo (…) e (…) damnazo lo paghi et Sclavonia de L perperi pena per paghi 1416-1417] koncesioneve përrrethin e Shkodrës 1416-1417 [Cadastre and register concessions the for district of Shkoder (“consiglieri”): councillors or judges the person was able toname the seller (in which case sellethe blavala Sclavoniachi perdadeet grossi perperi de penaperL oy forestieri aver citadino zoè grana over farina, voy orzo oy 50 of fine a shouldpay territory the outside caught citizens or foreigners and terra”) were taken outsidecommuneThe 163. II, AD (1361): pannorum”IIII peciasScutarum the city. The city statue had a prohibition 81 80 79 78 rvdd ih lts n ohr goods. other and cloths with provided tha trade, in interest Ragusan and Venetian the encouraged that lands were producing a considerable variety of products. This c tree or a vineyard belonging to somebody else, the fine was as was fine the else, somebody to belonging vineyard a or tree intent had someone that evidence reliable with proved was it if pastures ( pastures 1977). 1977). the characteristicthe features of conces district Shkoder the of register the analysed thoroughly “Ordinemo cui setrovasse per bona prova chi taiasse arbor de Shkurti, Schmitt, “Consilium maius permittit ser Andrée Bonçi deVeneciis,quod However, two centuries before the Ottoman traveller arrived to

Olives and grapes seem to have been the most important crops. A especially beanschickpeas. and especially w vegetables and trees fruit also vines, besides vineyards, the various fruit trees chickpe were mostly cultivated in gardens. It is no beans, broad spinach, garlic, (onions, vegetables hemp; s plants of that than usual more was grain bread of growing the village the from distance the quality, soil performed, services three species differed and clearly from vineyard each field, other in a terms as of the ways: three in cultivated was soil The

Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das Mythos pra decomun pra (Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës Popullore Socialist ), ), vineyards on the mountain and in its surroundings, gardens ( , 56–57. For the in-depth study in Albanian, see: Injac Zamputi Injac see: Albanian, in study in-depth the For 56–57. , perperi ), fields ( fields ), and seizure the goods (“Ordinemo chi se trovasse che trazessechetrovasse se (“Ordinemo goods chi the seizure and the different ofland: types Statuti di Scutari di Statuti , 143. campi decomun campi sre t bed ate shee cattle, breed to served t 80 78

The lands belonging to Shkoder included forests, forests, included Shkoder to belonging lands The , art. 67. 20 20 ; terrenj de comun aratorij da la banda de la aratorij da de comun terrenj meio oy carne aver lardo over il formazo, chi paghe carrying wheat, flour, barley, rye, meet or cheese cheese or meet rye, barley, flour, wheat, carrying perperi r should thefine)pay or ”). An exemption from paying could be granted if if exemptioncouldgrantedbe”).Anfrom paying to export food (“De non trazer grassa fora de la de fora grassa trazer non (“De food export to t t cui taiasse vide voy viti de vigna studiosamente, olivar stranio voy incendisse studiosamente, chi possit extraherede Ragusio causa portandi ad took active care in the control of goods that that goods of control the in care activetook . 81 Similarly, if there were branches ertainly ertainly must have been a factor sions of 1416-1417, pins down down pins 1416-1417, of sions nks to which the city could be be could city the which to nks ionally cut or burned an olive olive an burned or cut ionally e të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, high as 50 as high ad pigs. and p cultivated cultivated products, t all unlikely that in , etc. In the lands the In etc. , Albanian Albanian territories, the , ere also grown, grown, also ere garden. These These garden. ccording ccording to the statute, Regjistri ikadastrës dhe i if he was condoned by the uch as flax or or flax as uch as, etc.) and and etc.) as, zardini perperi 79 grassa dela terra, Shkurti, who who Shkurti, ), extensive , whereas whereas , CEU eTD Collection Nobility,” PhD Diss.,C Balkans Karlwhich after 286), II Albanie”(ADregnum “acquirere totum Navarre, of Louis 1383, and 1372 Between 1368. in hands Topia’s the with do to little renovar voy novo da casa far volissi cui celaro edi fundamenti (“ city the outside of disposed be to had rubble Instead, road. bene scitis, quantas expensas substinemus pro securitate omnium eci tum amici, albanenses, nec alii tenerent nauigia Jntimiarmata in mari, quia cust nostri sunt Dirachio de predicti quia tum de illorumdannum, ad ligna et galeas certas armant dispositi, quod Jntelleximus Nuper videlicet. forma dec hac in was culfi capitaneoit 1364, 14, May on meeting senate a In name. proper a 25 pay and responsibility take should casale che sta nel destrecto de Scutari non debia tenir latrone 86 85 84 83 82 Sclavonia”: che paghi la dieta pena et paghi lo darnnazo; et cui taiassi al demarcation. Moreover, the name name the Moreover, always demarcation. not did city the surrounding fields the communications, belonged to the owner of the treeand the other was not entitle a been have to seem Olives tree. the of owner the and neighbour fruit fallen the yard, neighbour’s the over extending tree a of wrongdoers. people, “Albanian” more often than not designated those living living those designated not than often more “Albanian” people, art. 80. case that “se fossi per forza robati siando insieme per la via, country (“in selva over in merchadantia over in altro lago in c the att be to surprising been have not would it 932), 708, III 434; increas the with (andunheard totally not were Kotor of Bay the difficult to assess how dangerous it actually was to travel by einto fr pae htwssronig ie city. given a surrounding was that place a for designation etnd o h dpst f rubbish of deposit the to destined appointed to travel to Shkoder and examine the whole country ( country whole the examine and Shkoder to travel to appointed 13 20, April dated Venice in senate the of decision a Following Ibid. 41. art. It is clear that this only applies when the name is used as a goe It 1176. 1105, 924, 831, III AAV 762; 652, 563, 561, II AD It was stated that villages or hamlets in the Shkoder district After building or renovating a house, the person was not allow Statuti Statuti , 384. See also: Etleva Lala, “Regnum Albaniae, the Papal Curia

h sronig ad wr nt xlsvl poutv lns Th lands. productive exclusively not were lands surrounding The commands that, if a company departs together from the city to g Statuti di Scutari 84 rm h pit f iw f eein eae eiin ad offici and decisions senate Venetian of view of point the From Regnun Albaniae entral European University Budapest, 200 , art. 42. , the rather artificial political entity established ca. 1272 t 1272 ca. established entity political artificial rather the , perperi 83 Albania and even to be the habitual place for thieves and and thieves for place habitual the be to even and , half to the Count and half to the Commune: Ibid. art. 223. It 223. art. Ibid. Commune: the to half and Count the to half , ol as apa a a oeo unspecified somehow a as appear also could 21 21 ” he should be held responsible for the damages: Ibid. trui arboro pomifero, chi paghi per pena perperi II de land from one city to another, but if hostilities around intra sé”). Proven that they did, the village or hamlet over villa (“nisuna should not thieves accommodate plural name or adjective, not when it formed part of ordinemo che nisun possa zitar in omni via terra de omniterrade via zitarin nisunpossa che ordinemo onserva”), nobody could leave the group because in odia Jstius culfi ad nos spectat et pertinet de iure, et et iure, de pertinet et spectat nos ad culfi Jstius odia acked in scarcely populated areas. In this respect, this In areas. populated scarcely in acked ”): Ibid. art. 25. Durachio, quod nobis ualde displiceret, si sic est, est, sic si displiceret, ualde nobis quod Durachio, e of the Ottoman presence, piracy: AAV II 415, II AAV presence,piracy: Ottoman the of e ed to throw the remaining materials in the public nauigantium.” 196. I AAV male Dirachij partes circa Albanenses quidam 8. Topia “recovered” it: Fine,“recovered”it: Topia m ua olms lo oo qo Nc ipsi Nec quod modo, ullo nollemus quia am ided that: “Quod scribatur ser Andree geno Andree ser scribatur “Quod that: ided s without saying that this meaning had very had meaning this that saying without s duke of Durazzo, fulfilled his ambition of ambition his fulfilled Durazzo, of duke , and the Western Visions of a Borderline 85 o to the woods, the market or any other d tocollectany. s could be divided between the the between divided be could s A gnrc ae ple to applied name generic a As contratam around 96, Jacobo Gradonico was was Gradonico Jacobo 96, n exception again: they all all they again: exception n have a defined spatial and not and ), and also the parts parts the also and ), at space was also 82 The Late Medieval in

hat went to Karl to went hat

the cities.the is al 86

CEU eTD Collection uendi non possint pro seruis.”: AAV II510. potuit, non faceretamen hoc eis, superexistentibushominibus, non aliqua lis eis. quibus de tenent, que loca, et territoria, dominus licet Et natione, sclaui nec serui, sunt non quia modo, quod verbis, etrationibus, efficacissimis cum eis, ostendendo tal predicta, loca et durachium, extra tenent, et alienauerunt, quo durachij, nostro capitaneo et baiulo mandetur et scribatur, ho pauperes istos tractare, sic uolentium albanensium aliquorum per partes apulee, et alienas terras, mendicando, cum maximo da esse homines boni etchristicole, durachinij,sunt qui homines, hominibus existentibus super eis, et etiam dando de dictis homi vite sue, alienauit indebite aliquas possessiones et loca aliqu manibus, aliquorum Albanensium seu aliorum.”: AAV II630. etiampartes circhauicinas, quiainformatisumus, quodilla in … Vlms t omtiu vbs qo smt ile e o info hoc de illie sumpta albanensibus, qui ad hoc haber quod vobis, committimus et Volumus […] 89 88 87 and Albanian lords who had the power to ensuretheir to safety. who lords had theand Albanian power merchants and commerce were safe on their way to St. Sergius, a Albanians.” we which paths certain from except city the enter to way no had ( it surrounding servants or from a circumstan any under slaves or servant either made be not could ar and reasons effective most “with them convince and Albanians D of governor the council, the of authority the By uninhabited. such in people poor these treat to wanted who Albanians, these foreignlands, and to tothe other of detriment greatest Durrës were they continues, explanation the reason, this For slaves.” specia with and Christians Durrës, “from were who people, these to toge and certainterritories properties illicitly “sold to have “(1393, 17. augusti. Venetiis) Conqueruntur, quod dominus geor dominus quod Conqueruntur, Venetiis) augusti. 17. “(1393, et strate quod necessarium, et vtile est alia inter quia “Jtem “Volumusdebeatisetiamdiligenterexaminare et quod tota bene aliquibus albanensibus aliquibus albanensibus

In a similar tone, according to a decision of the senate in Ven 87 Later in this same letter, the envoy is entrusted to make sure make to entrusted is envoy the letter, same this in Later partes circhauicinas partes sclaui natione ent potentiam.”:ent AAVII630. in the outsides of Durrës. of outsides the in , , and “the law divine prohibits a Christian nation to be a sold ). Apparently, the Venetians had been informed that they they that informed been had Venetians the Apparently, ). 22 22 ibus albanensibus, dando, et alienando dicta loca cum cum loca dicta alienando et dando, albanensibus, ibus mouetur, et ipsa territoria, et loca, eis dederit cum dederit eis loca, et territoria, ipsa et mouetur, es homines, asserentes eos, esse seruos, et sclauos, sclauos, et seruos, esse eos, asserentes homines, es intrarj non potest, nisi per certos passus qui sunt in in sunt qui passus certos per nisi potest, non intrarj non suntneque esse possunt serui necsclaui, ullo caminj, mercatorum et mercationum, securi sint, sint, securi mercationum, et mercatorum caminj, seruos, et sclauos, ob quam causam coguntur ire coguntur causam quam ob sclauos, et seruos, nibus propter quod dicti albanenses, habent dictos nno Ciuitatis nostre durachij que propter duriciem quia lex diuina prohibet, quod christiani nationechristiani quod prohibet, diuina lex quia georgius, quondam dominus suus, eis donauerit eis suus, dominus quondam georgius, 89 d debeat ad se conuocare istos albanenses, qui albanenses, istos conuocare se ad debeat d By doing so, these Albanians owned owned Albanians these so, doing By m contratam que nobis datur, et situm eius, et et eius,situm datur,et contratamnobism que ie, eae ihbtt, ai pr, quod pars, Vadit inhabitata, remanet mines, gius tobia quondam dominus suus, tempore suus, dominus quondam tobia gius ther with the people living in them” living inthem” thepeople with ther rmatione, cum illis dominis Sclauis et et Sclauis dominis illis cum rmatione, 88 , and because of the of harshness

forced to go begging to Apulia to begging go to forced nd so he should meet the Slav urrës had to summon these these summon to had urrës guments” that these people people these that guments” a way, [the city] remained remained city] [the way, a e eas te wr not were they because ce re in the hands of “some “some of hands the in re ice, George Thopia is said l rights, as servants and and servants as rights, l that the roads for roads the that s CEU eTD Collection see: see: Aleks Buda, “Mittelalterliche Staatenbildungen in Albanien Bonci Kuirino: Shkurti, “Recherches,” 132. Joni Flor Spani, Stefanwere: hierarchy feudal the to belonging differences among all levels ofthesocial strata both inside a 95 94 93 92 91 90 formed a community conscious of these differences. these of conscious community a formed a Slavic, Latin, Greek, of were Durrës of people The ethnicity. between distinction The dispute. in were lega which in quarrel a to relation in appears “Albanian” Here, determines that they had to pay either the damages for losing a losing for damages the either pay to had they that determines ba coming festivity, a “attend to wanted they when (i.e. inside considerably less important. less considerably emp the communication second the in inferred, is element ethnic servant.” Although in the first example, where Albanians are me opposition with the physical opposition with the straightforwardly straightforwardly assume that, the city. city. the specif a involved also that but intertwined, were status social ele ethnic which in reality a is here implied is what Possibly, are supposed to be outside the city. the outside be to supposed are mountainous setting. In all the places where they are mentioned one when mind tosprings first that thegroup is This respect. As an example of literature where ethnic components of the “Al Ducellier, “Mandetur baiulo et capitaneo nostro durachij, quod debeat ad “Debeatis examinare partes circhauicinas”: AAV II 630. ethnically-suggestivebe terminologyof may use Naturally,the Statuti di Scutari Precisely the second decision shows that these terms had more t more had terms these that shows decision second the Precisely

eeecs o hped ( shepherds to References La Façade Maritime , art. 72-77, 251. , 530. 91 90 and administrative and In both cases, however, the contrast is possible thanks to the to thanks possible is contrast the however, cases, both In natione natione bolco 95 Moreover, on the only occasion they are to be found found be to are they occasion only the on Moreover, means “nation” or “national unity” in a modern sense. , bolcho Durachinij 23 23 , 92 bulgo nd outside the cities. In Shkoder, thesixlandowners center ofthecity. 93 ma, Pjetër Koja, Stefan Milotini, and Paul Marin Marin Paul Milotini,and Stefan Koja, Pjetër ma, ,” It would be by all means inadequate to to inadequate means all by be would It se conuocare albanenses”:istos AAV 510.II and taken as a proof that there were indeed ethnic indeed were there that proof a as taken ASA banian nation” are linked with state structure,state with linked are nation”banian , bulcho (1986):2 1–14. Albanenses refers to economic activities in a a in activities economic to refers ic relationship with the space of of space the with relationship ic ments, economic activity, and activity, economic ments, in the statute of Shkoder, they l rights, and not ethnic origin, origin, ethnic not and rights, l ntioned as land owners and an n animal (if any), or a fine if if fine a or any), (if animal n ) are also illustrative in this this in illustrative also are ) ck late at night”), the statute statute the night”), at late ck nd Albanian origin and they they and origin Albanian nd ai i ta eeet is element that in hasis had little to do with with do to little had han just one meaning.justonehan 94

CEU eTD Collection another merchant in the hand. in merchant the another Pr wounded guards the of one Afterwards, grain. the eating were i proceeded they Albanians, the to According horses. the taking some were t in grazing were which horses, their to happened had something servants. the of one of screams the heard they around, basking St. Sergius. They were doubting about unloading the goods from s and ship, cargo a of owner the Zoranouich, Pripchus conducted A incident. about the testimony his gave Chranoeuich Radoslauus the about information additional gives located, was Bacchus and village of St. Sergius (Shirgj), where the former Benedictine m conte e aloComune.”: mità la Ibid. art. 73. bovivoyaltra de cosa,sia che tenudo pagara ogni damno; ese e compagno suo del insieme soi li de bovi recevereli a andasse AD II 384. fuit ibi vulneratus ad caput per unum dictorum custodum et Vlac pasculave equi dicti quod dicebant, quia Pripchi,dicti famulum equi inpasculo, invenerunt, quod Albanenses, qui erant ibi cus quos ipsi mercatores habebant ibi et pasculabant ibi; et quando solaciaremus exclamantem et tunc dum ipse Pripchus et alii cucurrerunt illuc sic cre Et eis. aciperentur ne barcha de pann extrahere ipsos e extrahendo suis ipsos pannis deberem equos ipsos quod statim me, honerarent rogaverunt mercatores alii et Pripchus Drin in ibi mercatores alios et Pripchum ipsum conduxisset ipse 98 97 96 there was none. was there Blasius. inbut city the in live not did who merchants, Ragusan a could reasoning analogousan way, a In involved. was question sp inagiven outofplace were people that certain clear makes “(1383, 1. aprilis. Ragusii). (…) Qui Radoslauus supradictuss Radoslauus Qui (…)Ragusii). aprilis. 1. “(1383, Jireček, “Skutari,” 108. “Ordinemo che zaschadun bolco che venisse la festa in citade c A communication about a fight between fight a about communication A

97

albaneses 96 Here there was a clearly specified space to perform an activit an perform to space specified clearly a was there Here , the guardians of the corn ( corn the of guardians the , 98

24 24 ragusini et albanenses custodes bladi custodes dentes, quod aliquis violenter aceiperet equos suos, ipsi Pripchus et alii applicuerunt ibi, ubi erant dicti todes bladi, accipiebant dictes equos etspoliabant damno nonfossichi paghi grossi XXI,la mità al in quella nocte fosse nigunoli manchamentofosse de noctequella in rant granum, quod erat ibi et sic dictus Pripchus dictus sic et ibi erat quod granum, rant hota mercator eciam fuit percussus ad manum.”: uo sacramento dixit se tantum scire, quod, dum dum quod, scire, tantum se dixitsacramento uo he lo vada ad hora de vespero a li bovi e se non Sotto Scutari b, uiiu uu fmlm it Pripchi dicti famulum unum audivimus ibi, ddcu ou fr Snt egi dictus Sergii, Sancti fori locum dictum ad o s e aca qi dbtbn iss pannos ipsos dubitabant quia barcha, de os pcae dnc pi neiet qo et equos invenirent ipsi donec xpectare, onastery onastery dedicated to St. Sergius ace, at least when the activity in in activity when the atleast ace, n this way because the horses horses the because way this n last point. On April 1, 1383, 1383, 1, April On point. last the ship and, while they were pply to other groups, like the the like groups, other to pply ccording tohisccording he narration, ome of his men just outside ), pillaging the servant and and servant the pillaging ), They all ran there thinking he fields, but actually there actually but fields, he ipchus in the head and hurt and head the in ipchus , close tochurch the ofSt. in a place close to the the to close place a in y but it also it but y CEU eTD Collection title: studies his 2000 In Kotor. and Split Trogir, Zadar, Rab, Cres, the language, Adriatic Eastern the in adjectives 270. Muljačić studied extensively the dialectical differences o Prof. Georg Stadtmüller65. Geburtstag zum gewidmet Halbmond: Untersuchungen über Geschichte undKultur der südosteuropäischen Völker während derTürkenzeit; 102 101 100 99 guards, guards, and the owner of the animals should pay a fine of 50 voy scutarino” with sheep, cows or pigs, he should take him to to city theof lands grazing the custodian of a if Interestingly, had himself he thus and responsible considered was guardian Lingua e letteratura (Rome:7 Viella, 2008). Ragu Edizioneecommento ditestivolgari dell’Archivio Dubrovnikdi Stato di the analyses Dotto, Diego “volgare”: monograph to opposed as recent “venezianeggiante” Dotto’s Diego 325–44. 2000), in labeatico),” (o meridionale a Shkoder Ulcinj, Bar, in spoken variation Albanian-Romance the metà delsecolole addizioni XIVcon fino al 1469 bujk, një malësor ose një shkodran”: Pëllumb Xhufi, trans., “St ad, n pastures. and lands, a purpose that for and animals, by population of Shkoder, Durrës and Vlora were Vlora and Durrës Shkoder, of population a Serbians, Bulgarians, of flood vast the despite Valentini, to connot linguistic unilateral a names these assign consequently, and ‘farmer’ could be used interchangeably.used be could‘farmer’ and so and Albanian, spoke hinterland immediate the in people while Shkoder.” d e b a would it t Conversely, have. e terms these meanings i of multiplicity f , i n “S s into statute t the of e phrase the a d , o n e d e c i d e s t o i n t e r p r e t i t a s “ f a r m e r ,m o u Ragusan merchants and the Albanian Albanian the and merchants Ragusan

Statuti di Scutari ispe aetn, Leeet va nla oa ctrn nel scutarina zona nella vlah “L’elemento Valentini, Giuseppe This is the interpretation adopted by the Albanian translator Ibid. 84. art. DasDalmatische. einer untergegangenen Studien zu Sprache The commune took active care in protecting the fields from thie

101 nte cnrvril ouin s o nit n tnc characte ethnic in insist to is solution controversial Another , art. 81-84. 99 f lk i te rvos xml, dmg ocre t te lan the to occurred damage a example, previous the in like If, Das Dalmatische. Studien zueineruntergegangenen Sprache a, lain r esn rm S from person or Albanian lav, guardator guardatori dalmatico (Rome: Viella, 2002),193. 102 , ed. Peter Bartl and Horst Glassl (Munich: Trofenik, 1975), was supposed to watch over the city, vineyards, city, the over watch to supposed was 25 25 If the differences had been so categorical, the the categorical, so been had differences the If latinofone , by comparing historical sources from (mainly) Osor, (mainly) comparingfrom sourceshistoricalby , quarrelling in St. Sergius would have had had have would Sergius St. in quarrelling Scriptae venezianeggianti aRagusa nel XIVsecolo. f toponyms, anthroponyms, appellatives, verbs, and atutet e Shkodrës,” in were gathered in one single publication under the underpublication single one in gathered were of the statute, who understand these terms as: “një . Additionally, he studied the particularities of d rst Žro ujčć “u dalmatico “Sul Muljačić, Žarko Drisht: nd with an Adriatic type of language, language, of type Adriatic an with encountered a “sclavo oy arbaneso oy “sclavo aencountered sec. XV,” in in XV,” sec. perperi san san , Interadriatico., Culturedell’Adriatico. nd the long Byzantine rule, the rule, Byzantine long the nd court together with two or three ation. For example, according according example, For ation. scriptae etil gv gon for ground give certainly , he concludes, ‘Albanian’concludes, he , hkoder” detracts from the the from detracts hkoder” . 100 ntaineer, and citizen of of citizen and ntaineer, ves and damages caused Statuti di Scutari della prima A mirror translation of a fr h damages. the for pay using the categories of of categories the using Südosteuropa unterdem (Cologne: Böhlau, itc and, ristic d, the the d, CEU eTD Collection 105 104 103 zu einer untergegangenen Sprache in as in our own, a substantial component of ethnic self-conscious ethnic of component substantial a own, our in as Cirvovic’s conviction, for whom sources reflect “ideas about th dec any reach to or space Albanian the of complexity linguistic troubles understanding one another Latinisms.” well as derivation, Slavic of forms forms, Dalmatian Venetian, documents. assign to pretending in careful activity are combined. are combined. activity guarantee and of safety, the toreferences people in which ethn certain in place take not) should (or should that activities of to their distance from the city, the strict territorial demarca contrata a conclusion. conclusion. a See: Žarko Muljačić, “Conflitti linguistici a Dubrovnik (Ragus Sima Ćirković, “Tradition Interchanged: Albanians in the Serbi Nadin, “Il codice degli statuti e l’edizioni,” 79; Schmitt, Οι

Αλβανοι

Marin Dulcich, the transcriber of the of transcriber the Dulcich, Marin a variety of forms. It appears in the purposeful division of p 105 103

Στο n otat dcmns hw ht h eprec o sae acqui space of experience the that show documents contrast, In Yet the lack of “indigenous” sources does not allow to describ to allow not does sources “indigenous” of lack the Yet

Μεσαιωνα , ed. Charalambos Gasparis (Athens: Εθνικο Ιδρυμα Ερευνων, 1998 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2000), 131–38; Dotto, ethnic-linguistic identities on identities ethnic-linguistic , but, at least according to Statuti 26 26 Das venezianische Albanien venezianische Das , continuously fluctuates between “Italian, “Italian, between fluctuates continuously , a) nel Medio Evo,” in in Evo,” Medio nel a) an, Serbs in the Albanian Late Medieval Texts,” tion of those lands, the differentiation locations, a place that offered no no offered that place a locations, the sole basis of legal or notarial notarial or legal of basis sole the this this report, one cannot make such icity, social aneconomic status, social icity, e past, which were at that time, Scriptae venezianeggianti isive conclusion. Away from Away conclusion. isive as Latinizing forms and real real and forms Latinizing as ness,” roductive roductive lands according 104 Das Dalmatische. Studien Studien Dalmatische. Das , 112. one has to be very e in detail the the detail in e ), 195. e i the in red , 69. CEU eTD Collection 2014), 26. theirand Spaces: Concepts and their UseEuropein 107 106 hospitals, and so forth.” so and hospitals, pilgr and procession policy, education dwellers), city by owned the economic sphere, but also existed “in terms of immigration, lain iis igd pn thre upon hinged cities Albanian primarily— ofthe circumscription city. say tothe good agricultural and land to relation in only not arose groups proce this However, there. living people the of identification) promote that elements characteristic bore also it and services, reven property of means by it with connected permanently was It places and shaped itssocialt places and shaped intangible interactions and networks of communication that, in urban the ports, or squares, neighborhoods, markets, churches, archite with Together another. one influenced actively elements city of understanding the for relevant particularly is in dwelt Pierre Bourdieu, “SocialS Bourdieu, Pierre Exemplias History and “SpaceScheutz,Martin and PaulyMichel CHAPTER The dynamic between late medieval cities and their surroundings their and cities medieval late between dynamic The

in an was hinterland Shkoder’s chapter, previous the in seen As Scholars have reiteratively asserted that the urban characteris urban the thatasserted reiteratively haveScholars and intermittently, inphysical space.andintermittently, each other in social space can encounter one another and intera one another in geographic space; nevertheless, people who are v nec by or choice by themselves, find to tending space social in It is true that one can observe almost people everywhere who ar

2.

CIVITAS 106 pace and Symbolic Power,”

The study of social relations in connection with the places pe places the with connection in relations social of study The SCUTARI: opography. In Pierre Bourdieu’s w In Bourdieu’s Pierre opography. mi oelpig rcse: t processes: overlapping main e

SPACE 107

, ed. Michel Pauly and Martin Scheutz (Cologne: Böhlau, (Cologne: Scheutz Martin and Pauly Michel ed. , AND 27 27

Sociological Theory

URBAN

fied by Urban History Research,”History Urbanin by fied ELEMENTS turn, assigned meanings to these s, but also—and one could also also could one also—and but s, landholding (adjacent property ords: identities because these two two these because identities ss of identification of social social of identification of ss space was also composed of composed also was space 7, no. 1(1989):16. a rcs o iett (or identity of process a d ues, exchange of goods and and goods of exchange ues, image, origin of convicts, convicts, of origin image, ctural landmarks such as as such landmarks ctural e nlec o religious of influence he tics of Shkoder and other other and Shkoder of tics ct, if only briefly

ery ery distant from IN e close together e close together essity, close to to close essity, trinsic part of the city. city. the of part trinsic was not restricted to to restricted not was

CITY

IDENTITY

Cities ople CEU eTD Collection Resemblances of a “unified” Albania as “episcopus Albanie” befo Albanie” “episcopus as Albania “unified” a of Resemblances up with a unifying criterion forthe North-Albanian space, the away falls element this thoughEven188–287. Humblot,1916), & h ct. eetees i i wrh sig hte te physical overlappedor if, in fact, various social groups dwelt in the s the whether asking worth is it Nevertheless, city. the cate a was there that conclusion influenced the city laws ofDalmatia and North Albania: Šufflay a implementedinto them and classical law,Roman the of beliefs katholischen Damme,” in 110 109 108 servants ( servants ( soldiers ( administration public the in working people seemingly dreary language, the the language, dreary seemingly convent numerous the of spite In statute. city the by regulated punishment offenses, of settlement arrangements, house affairs, activities. economic affiliation or pe of movement inside-outside institutions,par city these with connection close in up sprang University Press, 1948). Pirenne, Henri is: example institutions, emnlg o te ttt, h sae nie h ct wls gat walls city the inside space the statute, the of terminology (se their developed and another one with interacted inhabitants plura the picture to allow turn, in that, articles concise into the contrary, by reading closely its dispositions, one realises brought about theby increase of trade. According to Šufflay, from the twelfth century onwards, glossa Alban vortürkischen im Kirchenzustände “Die Šufflay, von Milan This was a recurrent topic in the literature about the revival the about literature the in topic recurrent a was This

diinly te paety la-u sca srcue n Shko in structure social clear-cut apparently the Additionally, In Shkoder, the urban space and a good number of social issues— social of number good a and space urban the Shkoder, In

servitor ustadores 108 h Iain Dlain ad eba ognztoa forms, organizational Serbian and Dalmatian, Italian, the ), and people with a varied range of economic activity and way andway activity avariedrange ofeconomic with ), andpeople , atr rfse ( craftsmen master ), Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen MedievalCities: Their OriginsRevival andthe Trade of pead od ht eutd from resulted that goods and ople Statuti diScutari gorical identification of a giv a of identification gorical 110 The differences and boundaries among social groups maestro de ogniarte maestro 28 28 zaschaduno che fosseelecto per lo comun che zaschaduno is far from being a lifeless document. Quite document. lifeless a being from far is , vol. 1, ed. Ludwig von Thallóczy (Munich: Duncker closest one would come fromthe religious sphere. , of city life after the twelfth century. A classic classic A century. twelfth the after life city of dministrative practices. These practicesheavilydministrativeThese practices. Städte und Burgen Albaniens und Burgen Städte tors and lawyers reawakened the teachings and teachings the reawakened lawyers and tors re 1420appearin AAV II598;III 639, 841. from our analysis, if one were asked to come to askedwere one analysis, if our from lity of spaces in which citizens and and citizens which in spaces of lity how much information is crammed ien. Die orthodoxe Durchbruchszone im im Durchbruchszone orthodoxe Die ien. ame space and but took advantage ticularly as a consequence of the the of consequence a as ticularly en social group with a space in in space a with group social en lf)-recognition. Following the Following lf)-recognition. ional legal expressions and a and expressions legal ional ee nbe ( nobles hered , aeeres ( wage-earners ), and social space always always space social and commerce, war, religious religious war, commerce, of crimes, etc.—were etc.—were crimes, of der may lead to the the to lead may der employment, public public employment, (Princeton: Princeton Princeton (Princeton: 109 and the wealth wealth the and , 70. zentilhomeni of life. rogatieri ), ), ), CEU eTD Collection 113 112 111 and saved in the treasure of the municipality,” and itwas used and weight, fines, confiscation of traitors’ properties, the as “collec the from coming money the cases, many In 166. (2014): 1 Shkodra’),” of Statutes ‘The(AccordingCentury XIVto the of picoli”: Ibid., art. 224. rights of servants ( Shkoder, the Shkoder, li the for principle organisational first the provided it such, dw ofcity identity social upthe made that criteria and social both interaction with aspects the social formal these associate will look into the city institutions and the formal aspects of answe to order In ways. different in themselves with it related recipient of the fines imposed by the Municipality. the by imposed fines the of recipient ( count the was representative citizens. per it importantly, most and, territories city’s the to applied municipal of tradition legal the to belonged it Since context. male citizens, that is, the patricians ( patricians the is, that citizens, male otherwise he had to pay five pay to had he otherwise the of front in taken be to had murderer the woman, a or man a degree of autonomy and ruled itself in almost every legal affai legal every almost in itself ruled and autonomy of degree Council that would govern the city for one year. However, not t (April Mark Saint of day the on gathered assembly citizens’ The Four issues were reserved to the Serbian king’s sole authoritysole king’sSerbian the to reserved were issues Four M the of Organization Governing and “Institutional Baze, Ermal In an addition of the year 1391, the commune is referred to as to referred is commune the 1391, year the of addition an In Statuti di Scutari di Statuti A city statute did not only set the limits of the jurisdiction jurisdiction the of limits the set only not did statute city A city inside2.1 Spatial Relations the

Although, nominally, the Serbian king was the sovereign of the the of sovereign the was king Serbian the nominally, Although,

Statuti Statuti servo, ancilla was the first element in the chain of definition of identities identities of definition of chain the in element first the was , (add.) art. 271. perperi ) and horses ( conte , of which half would go to the king and half to the relatives the to half and king the to go would half which of , ), the latter appears in the statute almost exclusively as the as exclusively almost statute the in appears latter the ), zentilhomeni cavalli ): ): Statuti diScutari 29 29 sets of citizens who had no heirs, etc., was accumulated , nobiles forits internal needs: Ibid., 168. 111 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences : treason ( treason : “toto lo Comun de Scutari, tanti grandi quanti grandi tantiScutari, de Comun lo “toto king only if he had no money to pay the fine, the pay to money no had he if only king In practice, the commune had a high tion of duties, customs, units of measurement of units customs,duties, of tion unicipality of Shkodra during the First Half First the duringShkodra of unicipality , , art. 2. However, if somebody killed either either killed somebody if However, 2. art. , the urban space. From there, it will sacra nobilitas sacra tained to the affairs of the body of body the of affairs the to tained fe in the city. In consequence, in consequence, In city. the in fe ellers. ellers. s they allowed and with the legal legal the with and allowed they s infidelitate he whole assembly but only the r. laws, its territorial jurisdiction jurisdiction territorial its laws, r these questions, this chapter chapter this questions, these r 112 25) to elect the commune’s the elect to 25) It was formed by the adult the by formed was It of each community, but as as but community, each of ), murder ( murder ), ) and the and ) iy n his and city homicidio in the urban of the victim: populo 5, no. 5, ),and . 113

CEU eTD Collection calling a man a calling a patron over patrona and severaloccupations:“ and feminineof aname form sometimes followed the masculine, imply Jahrhundert) 4 1 / Derwe AdriaticoXVIII secolo XIII eVenezia fra e (ca. Kommunikationsraum als Südosteuropa venezianische “Das space communication the of configuration specific and conscious s pre-Venetian discontinuity and continuity of question “the of et adm prouisores the of complexitygrowing The 621. dictos 615, II AAVpredictum.”: leuandum ad litore, de Nicolaum sanctum ad another layer to an already diverse social mixture: “Et ex nunc allowthe commune to take care Venetians the when 1396, After 553. II AD interpres”: et cochus 176, 179, 232. voy de etate de anni de fanti, voy de fantulina, voy in virgini in voy fantulina, de voy fanti, de anni de etate de voy give testimony in certain issues: “Volimo che femena possa esse 117 116 115 114 n ea dsue, ihr s litfs dfnat, r guarant or defendants, plaintiffs, as either disputes, legal in officers, judicial magistrates, city and its surroundings teemed with people coming from many l Wissenschaften, 2009), 81. cuislibet seruari crearunt.”: AAVI 266. e sciuerunt melius quibus forma et modo jure “via summoned were an nobles the for In instance, Kotor, to noblemen. election the cum III zentilhomeni ad elezerechi se i soradicti debia sonar officiali”: la campana Ibid. de Sanctoa Stefano et congregar lo municipal accountants that would be in office for the aforement in forthe be that office would accountants municipal jud three the select to entitled were noblemen three and bishop notary ( notary administrative trifles. impo less that suppose to difficult not is it hire, to entitled th servants or assistants of amount the about silent is statute occupying judicial positions of lesser rank ( rank lesser of positions judicial occupying organiz different the in part tookotheralso citizens probably bona femenabona Women could maketheir testament (art. 196, 198), becalled to diffe of services the required certainly offices these of Some “In lodì de sancto Marco evangelista se debia poner tre zudes Senecio, semencio,semecivo, semezio, sernecio; otacho otago Both metaphorically and physically, the Council was at the core the at was Council the physically, and metaphorically Both

The members of the most influential families held the higher of higher the held families influential most the of members The

notario e. hrro ral ad lvr es cmt (Venice/Vienna: Schmitt Jens Oliver and Ortalli Gherardo ed. , latrone,putana, de fiol ravalioso, spuro,asino, sperzuro calling her her calling ),

, proximale over proximala chancellor ( chancellor 116 baron voy femina putana, latrona, ruffiana, et erbera erbera et ruffiana, latrona, putana,

of itsinternal affairs, althoug cancelier assistants and, ofcourse, with , laicoover femena,rogatiero voy rogatiera, voy servitor serviciala ), councilor ( : Ibid., art. 112, 121, 186, 198, 221. Moreover, the fine for i semecio, otargo 30 30 stliche Balkan, der Adriaraum und Venedigstliche Balkan,derAdriaraum und (13.-18. rt. 89. Not all the cities along the Adriatic reserved Adriatic the along cities the all Not 89. rt. d the popular party (“tam nobiles quam populares”) quam populares”) (“tam d popular the nobiles party consigliere h they did bring servants with andthem added thus sit captum, quod ille capitaneus (…) venire debeat (…) debeat venire capitaneus ille quod sit captum, tade.”: r guarenta se questione fosse de zomo de molino, was the same as the one imposed to somebody somebody to imposed one the as same the was rent types of employees: “notarius cum famulo, cum “notarius employees: of types rent i, conseglieri octo, doet spendedori in tal forma tructures in space, that is, the question of the the of question the is, that space, in tructures : povolo et chiamar lo vescovo nostro chi vada chi nostro vescovo lo chiamar et povolo court intheir husband’ assumed the control of Shkoder, they would they Shkoder, of control the assumed by the Venetian state”: Oliver Jens Schmitt, Jens Oliver state”: Venetian the by Statuti diScutari ing that women shared men with social status otnu es u sa aii a locum ad familia sua cum eos portandum inistrative structure would also become part part become also would structure inistrative t potuerunt tam de Jure quam consuetudine quam Jure de tam potuerunt t Statuti Scutari di all the men and women involved involved women and men the all 00-ca. 1600),” in in 1600),” 00-ca. rtant employees took care of the of care took employees rtant ational needs of the commune by by commune the of needs ational at people in these positions were were positions these in people at : Ibid., art. 255. See also: Etleva Lala, Etleva also: See 255. art. Ibid., : ). ors. ), 115 ioned period. ges, eight councillors and two and councillors eight ges,

prosecutor ( evels of the social strata: high Moreover, even though the the though even Moreover, 117 serihsh Aaei der Akademie Österreichische Amidsuch a hustle and , art. 56, 103, 106, 137, 158, 158, 137, 106, 103, 56, art. , fices—judge ( fices—judge , art. 130. Moreover, the the Moreover, 130. art. , of the affairs of the of affairs the of s absence (art. 117),or procurator Balcani occidentali, occidentali, Balcani 114

zudese nsulting )—but ), ,

CEU eTD Collection Studies Beards: Face as a Medium of Crime and Punishment in Medieval Du duty”:Nellpublicsanction negligence ofemployed primarilyto Italian cities since at least the thirteenth century, and “in t socero cum socero; questoet se intende tanto de lo barone quan 120 119 118 Cultures,” Budapest, March 10th – 12th, 2011 Conference of the International Research Network “Gender Di erences intheHistory ofEuropean Legal in Laws,”MedievalAlbanian in Status“Women’s somebody’s somebody’s beard. injuring somebody with a rod, stick, stones, fist, knives, swor usually lower, but fights could unfold in a variety of ways, an business partners of any of the litigants could not be accepted be not could litigants the of any of partners business mal for applied this mother-in-law— son-in-law, brother-in-law, of cousin brother, (father, relatives close hand, one on Hence, “ another and dispute, the in involved parties the on dependant requirements, further two were there addition, In old. years 14 10 pay to had one court, in guarantor could not take part in all aspects of the judicial procedures. hav did statute the that note to interesting is it exclusively, Ibid., art.239.Threats ofpulli homo la barba e provar li podissi, chi paghi per pena perperi L attacked or insulted one’s adversary. one’s insulted or attacked during official other any or notary the chancellors, judges, up to the behaviour in the tribunal, the statute imposed finesimposed of statute the tribunal, inthe behaviour to the bustle, it should not be surprising that the level of convivial social status of the person, tha person, the of status social t restrictions objective the hand, Ibid., art. 238-242. The last case entailed the highest fine: “Over pari, over fratelli, over cusino carnale, over nevodo, o nevodo, over carnale,cusino over fratelli, over pari, “Over Statuti di Scutari , ed. Gordan Ravančić (Zagreb: Hrvatski insititut za povijest, Even though the legal space in the physical sense was not reser not was sense physical the in space legal the though Even

, art. 230-233, 237, 246. 119

ng out orcutting thebeard we t is, if one fell into the cate hat forbade people from being from people forbade hat 118 perperi perperi , ed. Grete Jacobsen and Heide Wunder (Kiel: Solivagus, 2014). If the incident happened outside the court the fine was fine the court the outside incidentthe happened If East MeetsEast West: AGendered View of Legal Tradition. Sixth 31 31 or present a notary authorization and be at least at be and authorization notary a present or he criminal law and practice of Dubrovnik, this act was “Ordinemo che zaschaduna persona pellasse ad alcun re relatively common in criminal registers ofseveral , la mità a lo conte e la mità a quillo che domanda”: domanda”: che quillo a mità la e conte lo a mità la , to de la femena”: femena”: la de to ver avunculo, over cugnata, over zenaro, over li li over zenaro, over cugnata, over avunculo,ver a Lonza, “On Cutting off Noses and Pulling out Pulling and Noses off Cutting“On Lonza, a gory gory of servant ( brovnik,” in 2014), 69. e a criteria by which certain people people certain which by criteria a e ity ity sometimes In subsided. relation In order to be considered a reliable d the statute distinguishes between seven to thirty ds, ds, arrows, iron, or by pulling out a court case, and of four if one if four of and case, court a a guarantor had to do with the the with do to hadguarantor a as guarantors. as blood, nephew, grandparent, grandparent, nephew, blood, objective” or independent. independent. or objective” one “subjective,” that is, is, that “subjective,” one e and female relatives) or or relatives) female and e Our Daily Crime; Collection of Ibid., art. 130. ved to one social class class social one to ved servi poveri perperi 120 On the other other the On for beating ) ) who did CEU eTD Collection managed to escape, he was perpetually banned from the city: cognado, compare”inart.112. 126 125 124 123 122 121 was proven to be be to proven was Scu tra statuti, 57.Statutario,” testo “Il Nadin, medievale,”dell’Albania33; “Gli Ortalli, bewildering: truly is falsified who accusation those to 100 or city the th outside to goods smuggling Compared commune. the or sovereign the against treason of imposed an exorbitant (one may also say inconceivable) fine of denominations in the Albanian space see: Schmitt, “‘Die Monade Balšićs,” the of Patronage Sil Great of Isles “The Đurić, Tomić Marka bishoprics: Catholic ( Danje (Drivasto), Drisht Ulcinj, Budva, coast—Kotor, Adriatic li zudesi cum loconseglio possano spendere et farli honore de o on oe hn 20 than more own not avanti de li zudesi sua rasone zudesi sua li avanti de involved involved in the trial. king or any other man makeotherto fromking orany his space courtier, required densely densely covered this area. notaria central a with counted cities smallest the even Albania urban the of non qua sine a were church the and office notary’s religious and laic and Albania, ( keep judicial records: every time somebody presented a case in instance, For infrastructure. asphysical as well and litigants per tolive inconfinedthe and even of the socialscale bottom together with with together terms the understand to unreasonable be would sclavo “ Ordinemo che quando vegnisse alcuno gentilhomo de lu re over “La testification de zaschaduno se debia scrivere per lo cance To infringe the See note 117. rules of the city and be considered a traitor Despite being subject to the Serbian kingdom, Shkoder and all and Shkoder kingdom, Serbian the to subject being Despite Compare ), Albanian (

Along with the legal space, religious institutions had an enorm an institutions had religious space, legal the with Along Many issues related to the administration of justice and city a city and justice administrationof the to related issues Many , here, seems tobeout ofplace servi poveri infidel dela citade arbanese 124 Balcanica moreEven like events, visit the sporadic of a messenger of th perperi perperi 126 and wrongdoers, they may have belonged to those relegated to t to relegated those to belonged have may they wrongdoers, and Notaries were ready to render and certificates serve as a sour ), woman, ), the chancellor had to write down the testimony of each perso of each testimony the writedown to had chancellor ), the functions complemented one anot one complemented functions , all his property became public domain and he was beheaded; if beheaded; was he and domain public becameproperty his all , 43 (2012): 83–84. For studies about the interplay of the diffe the of interplay the about studies For 83–84. (2012): 43 n elh mree ( murderer wealth, in . Cf. with: “cusino. with: Cf. carnale, fr 122 dishonest man ( 32 32 sclavo Statuti di Scutari Elsewhere in the code it is stated that if somebody if that stated is it code the in Elsewhere 500 manzar deet bevere.”: Ibid., art. 149. ai Vnza” 4 Shit “n monumento “Un Schmitt, 24; Venezia,” e tari llier”: llier”: des Balkans.’”; Šufflay, “Die Kirchenzustände.” and ence: Monastic Life on Lake Scutari under the under Scutari Lake on Life Monastic ence: was a notoriously serious offense. The statute The offense. serious notoriously a was inimico de sangue inimico de perperi h sa o te uiiaiy 50 o a false a for 500 municipality, the of seal the anm ad eh (lsi)hd Roman (Alessio)—had Lezhë and Dagnum) the important cities in north Albania and the and Albania north in cities important the altro bon homo chi fossi, per farli honor, che e 5 5 e sperzurio Statuti di Scutari di Statuti arbanese there had to be sufficient space to to space be sufficient to there had atello, avunculo, zenero. socero, nepoto, perperi ipheries of the city. city. ofthe ipheries for those who falsely accused someone l office, and religious buildings buildings religious and office, l front front of the judges ( an appropriate feast. appropriate an her in certain ways. Both the the Both ways. certain in her , art. 228. osiuny I northern In constituency. ), or traitor of the city. imposed to murderers, 50 for for 50 murderers, to imposed in an ethnic sense. Here, Here, sense. ethnic an in ffairs involved personnel personnel involvedffairs ous importance in north north in importance ous , art. 131. , godfather, ), domandassi rent religiousrent e Serbian e Serbian 125 the traitor 121

Slav ce of 123 he It It n CEU eTD Collection mgae o amta wee hy eetees ol ke their hometowns. keep could nevertheless they where Dalmatia, to emigrate was caught walking around the city without a torch after the th the after torch a without city the around walking caught was ( 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 composition. itself elect could clergy The patricians. urban the of reserve okn Uiest Pes 18) 68 Wie h saue i not three of maximum a did charge couldcarpenters statute the While 658. 1985), Press, University Hopkins Money andBanking Medieval in and Renaissance Venice: Coins Moneys and ofAccount and, at times, whether or not the employer would provide a rati year, the of time done,the be to work ofquality andtype the va “could received they salary the century,fourteenth late the trimmers ( work who Wage-earners onwards. September late in Sergius St. of roof to the next, the to roof by just Drisht to north-westwards Shkoder from way the all gone authority, and priests sometimes took over the function of the of function the over took sometimes priests and authority, not seem to enjoy an excessively privileged situation. andthe laws the followed oftheclergy issues statute, the oais rm h pro o 15-42 were 1353-1442 of period the from notaries or single, accused received a similar amount there if menwere (art. 57-61), buto itet cnuy n a, w cnn as wre a ntre an notaries as worked commune. also canons two Bar, in century fifteenth if there were no witnesses. no were there if maestri marangoni maestri Ibid., 99. Ibid. Schmitt, Ibid., 77. Šufflay, Ibid., art. 200. 200. art. Ibid., Statuti diScutari Statuti di Scutari

In and around Shkoder, there were apparently so many churches, many so apparently were there Shkoder, around and In

spambanator voy legator Städte undBurgen Albaniens Das venezianische Albanien 128 130 129 central the Council, Grand the with together terms, social In

o odr te, ht cos lai nmru cegmn ee f were clergymen numerous Albania across that then, wonder, No 131 , art. 50-53. Craftsmen did not always belong to the lower clas , art. 144, 145, 148, 154, 155, 200. alcuno clerico and their maintenance must have required the work of builders, of work the required have must maintenance their and , n catmn f l tps ( types all of craftsmen and ), 134 ), grape-pickers ( Similarly, just as it applied to any other citizen, if a clerg a if citizen, other any to applied it as just Similarly, of rape, physical violence or theft, she had to be believed ev , 136. , 78. grossi per day with a sufficient meal, andtwo vendemator 33 33 presbyteri that is, according to the length of the workingtheday,length of the according to is, that maistri d’ogni arte d’ogni maistri ne ry considerably according to their skill and fame, and skill their to according considerably ry on of wine”: Frederic Lane and Reinhold Mueller, 133 ), reapers or collectors ( grosso So, if a woman woman a if So, impose a maximum earning for craftsmen, craftsmen, for earning maximum a impose ed the land or gardens inside the city —tree —tree city the inside gardens or land the ed , also in Ulcinj in 1376, and in the the in and 1376, in Ulcinj in also , usanzi less ifthey were women (art. 62). notary. and thus secure its rigid social rigid its secure thus and ird bell, that is, after dusk fell, fell, dusk after is, that bell, ird of the city, but clergymen did did butclergymen city, ofthe jumping from one church church one from jumping ses. Probably like in Venice in 127 eainhp ih their with relationship Caclos f the of Chancellors d ). de bona fame de bona In Drisht, the known known the Drisht, In 132 sigilator oy adunador , vol. 1 (Baltimore: Johns that a cat could have have could cat a that According to the the to According grossi ahda ws a was cathedral from the day carpenters carpenters , married re to orced yman )— en CEU eTD Collection 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 facing the neighbour’s door neighbour’s facing the honestly. ( city windows or balcony ( nothing had happened. nothing had t occurred may during have damages the that with charged he was Prostitutes ( Prostitutes were located in specific areas that were not suitable for thea are stated. are e foreigners and citizens to applied that thestatute, of power strictly urban issues. They are dealt with in the first pages o amount of time one had to wait before building a new house or s or house new a building before wait to had one time of amount ( o by water to access the like affairs, communal important Other th for harm any represent not did it if only it do could person neighbours. Similarly, if somebody wanted to build a level good a maintain to paid attention special the suggest may ewe te ra o to houses. two of areas the between basements fences, walls, foundations, when follow to procedure voltar aqua Ibid. 17, art. 18. Ibid. 9. art. Ibid., art. 81. Ibid. 47. art. Ibid. 23. art. Ibid. 21. art. Ibid. 12. art. Ibid. 32. art. Ibid. art. 8. Statuti di Scutari le vii de fora de la cita la de fora de vii le

Finally, together with legal, social, and religious matters, th matters, religious and social, legal, with together Finally, 140 136 Specific regulations such as th as such regulations Specific

rufiana ) had to be done “in the habit of old.” The section refers in details to the space between houses, art. 5. ), for instance, werefrom), forbidden con solar o con pediculo con con solaro 135

141 ), for which residents hadto adhere and apply tothe laws( or the prohibition of spilling water over the neighbour’s roof neighbour’s the waterover spilling of prohibition the or 139 A similar principle applied to new constructions with with constructions new to applied principle similar A e prohibition to place the fron the place to prohibition e 34 34 ) in the city square or in the central streets of the 144 It is very likely that the noblemen’s houses pediculo habitar in vicinanza dezentildonne invicinanza habitar f the statute, just after the enforcing qually, and other general remarks remarks general other and qually, e neighbours or the commune. the or neighbours e (roof, roof terrace, balcony), the pening up holes in the ground ground the in holes up pening ctivities of other inhabitants. inhabitants. other of ctivities tart any renovation he night or with 12 orwith he night of conviviality among the the among conviviality of e statue also touched upon touched also statue e or cellars happened to be be to happened cellars or 137 t door of each house house each of door t the permissions and permissions the 138 grossi grossi usanzi or the , in , in 143 142 if )

CEU eTD Collection bandizata e pernisun tempo che non sia recevuta ne la nostra t 3. 149 148 147 146 145 of the city: Stephan Epstein and Maarten Prak, eds., they rarely conducted them against immigrants as such,rath but Stephan Epstein and Maarten Prak made the point that when guild Trecento,” del metà “genealogical investigations on investigations “genealogical instance, for insisting, outsiders, and strangers to opposed as academic publications there has been a tendency to classify urb c developing of process the in involved were that exclusion and order to maintain the moral and social order. social and moral the maintain to order history. and expelled permanently. expelled and eight with fined be to supposed was ( wrongdoing some committed oiie tee n poetd y t laws. its by protected and there domiciled th in born not were who ones the designated latter the and such social rank in the urban context: Shkoder. in foreigners of presence misinte a avoid to necessary is general in cities medieval late confusion of terminology. In consequence, before proceeding fur misdi and life city medieval late with incompatible is however, Engin Isin, Engin Ducellier et al., “E se la fosse trovata più de lo Ibid., art. The87. case of she termeno, chipaghi per pena p Diego Dotto, “Per il veneziano fuori di Venezia: due livelli d

n uele’ wrs mgain s n o the of one is migration words, Ducellier’s In Space tothe Public 2.2 Mobility Access and In Italian legal texts there were two ways to designate the peo the designate to ways two were there texts legal Italian In 147 This constant migration of people had significance for the mec forthe migration significance ofpeoplehad Thisconstant Being Political: Genealogies of Citizenship Les Cheminsdel’exil Zeitschrift furromanische Philologie 146 pherds mentioned in the previou

maleficio citizenship from the perspectiv the from citizenship citadino , 76. perperi ), she had to leave within three days, whereupon she she whereupon days, three within leave to had she ), and , chased in the roads of the city, beaten with a stick, stick, a with beaten city, the of roads the in chased , Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy:1400-1800 149 abitatore 145 35 35 o ee t toe h dd o bln t this to belong not did who those to refer To Moreover, if a if Moreover, 124, no. 2 (2008): 275–76. To put another example, another put To 275–76. (2008): 2 no. 124, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), Press, Minnesota of University(Minneapolis: erra nétornizama.” ’ibridismo in un contratto marittimo raguseo della er against foreign non-members ornon-residents s chapter is another example: see note 95. s directed pleas and actions against “foreigners” . The former referred to city dwellers as erperi VII, e chi se frusti per tota la terra e sia sia e terra la tota per frusti se chi e VII, erperi tartes à la crème la à tartes an people by presenting citizens e of its alterity.” its of e meretrice ther, some precision regarding peain f h iett and identity the of rpretation on the need of developing developing of need the on e city, but were permanently permanently were but city, e rects the analysis towards a a towards analysis the rects ity identities. Yet in recent recent in Yet identities. ity ple belonging to the same : Ibid.,: art. 87. hanisms of inclusion ofinclusion hanisms was provento have f Mediterranean of 148 This view, This

CEU eTD Collection justice. ow as such contexts other to appealing by more and demarcations the city and 4 if itwas outside. If he some years later, in the the later,in some years th if surprise a be not would It citizens. of rest the as terms am good a enjoyed foreigners code, the facilities.Accordingto acces easy an have not did additionally, who, and status social the rather but “foreigners” affect not did then, “foreignness,” borders physicalthe beyond fromcoming people of assimilation, was especially significant because it facilitated the incorpora 154 153 152 151 150 d’incertitude dans une société d’Ancien Régime (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). As quoted by: Si to the variety of religious denominations in the city. d’extranéité being of condition the opposes Cerutti group, social restricted foreign, townsman or farmer ( farmer or townsman foreign, they could not be beaten up neither inside nor outside the city the outside nor inside neither up beaten be not could they aggression ( for payment of taxes an entire and year had the municipality th Ibid., 10. Cerutti, Ibid.,art. 236.Theattacker8 payto had Shkurti, “Recherches,” 126. Statuti Scutari di 151 the data are not clear. are the data w officers), artisans, (soldiers, translators, rent city inthe ta were town the of belonging gardens 27 of 22 registry. the in Shkoder was not a hermetic city and the inner dynamic described (officers, guards, military, craft th with or duty on there were they but Shkoder, of citizens not Among tenantssixteen of can land, with one great say certainty Foreigners who came to Shkoder to live ( live to Shkoder to came who Foreigners

Étrangers

. agoridio 150 o hr te ocp o a otie cn e xlie ls b t by less explained be can outsider an of concept the her, For art. 262. The statute reads “ , 11. ) of the patron, irrespective of his religion. cadaster 152 pelasse overbatesse frustiera de fora over citadina over bolcho

of 1416, which Shkurti analyses as follows: asfollows: analyses Shkurti which of1416, perperi smen), while on the other sev other the on while smen), over latino over sclavo over chadauna persona (Montrouge: Bayard Jeunesse, 2012), 170. if the victimforeigner thea if andhappenedwas assault inside 36 36 a citizen, the fine was 12 abitare mona Cerutti, ) as citizens were exempt from the the from exempt were citizens as ) tion, tion, and up to a certain point also ey leased land as it is registered registered is it as land leased ey people belonging to an inferior inferior an to belonging people 153 e duty to protect them from any ount of legal rights in thesamein legal ofrights ount , a “foreigner” to the 154 hile five the for gardens other Unlike of the city. The condition of condition The city. the of and if any person, whether whether person, any if and Étrangers: Étuded’une condition s to urban institutions and and institutions urban to s en there is no information en thereisno nership, occupation, and occupation, nership, grossi that nine of them were were them of nine that in the previous section e purpose of working working of purpose e ken by immigrants to to immigrants by ken bolchi ) hurt somebody, on somebody, hurt ) . ,” ,” a clear reference or or albanenses condition condition erritorial , CEU eTD Collection could not be called to set trials between citizens, foreigners foreigners citizens, between foreigners. trials set to called be not could or Epiphany Carnival, Christmas, during or Sunday on citizens: 160 159 158 157 156 155 citizen gave a loan elsewhere, he had to go there and demand wh demand and there go to had he elsewhere, loan a gave citizen to had foreigner the Shkoder, in taken was debt the if follows: citadini cum stranieri.”: Ibid. art. 113. né deEpiphaniaDomini, né de lifesti tuti de sancta Maria, né offensione inquelli sei as efficient as possible when foreigners requested foreigners as possibledocuments. when as efficient statute the Moreover, two. other the as status social same the the street, vineyards, fields or elsewhere, he was forced to pa all damages. of the visitants had to be assured even if they did not tostay one was feast Stephen’s St. festivities. religious of occasion frustieri animal claiming it had been stolen, the citizen was not obliged not was citizen the stolen, been had it claiming animal ( foreigner a and animal, other any or mule horse, a bought a if So, foreigners. and citizens for footing equal reasonable wa which market, the was stay short a or visit a with connected numbers. ( ieie i til bten ctzn n h oe ad ad Sl a and hand, one the on citizen a between trials in Likewise, arbanesco “Ordinemo che nesun zudese debia zudegar de dominica a citadin Ibid. 251.art. “Zaschadun forestier che vinissi a la sua festa tre zorni anan zorni tre festa sua la a vinissi che forestier“Zaschadun 144. art. Ibid., Ibid. 136.art. Ibid. 153.art. Also regarding trials and legal and trials regarding Also

The statute makes explicit the two main circumstances in which which in circumstances main two the explicit makes statute The

, 158 forestieri 156 ) on the other hand, the guarantors were supposed to belong to belong to supposed were guarantors the hand, other the on ) In this last example becomes particularly clear that a foreign a that clearparticularly becomes example last this In 155 When a citizen brought to court an issue connected to debts, i debts, to connected issue an court to brought citizen a When

wr epce t b i te cit the in be to expected were ) zorni.”: Ibid. zorni.”: art. 7. affairs, the same regulations a regulations same the affairs, 37 37 de Ascensione, no ma a stranierii cum strainerii et et strainerii cum stranierii a ma no Ascensione, de fr hr pros Te first The periods. short for y ti et tre dappoi, che sia libero et francho da ogni da francho et libero sia che dappoi, tre et ti o cum citadino, né de Nadale, né de carnevale, o long. of these occasions, and the safety safety the and occasions, these of y y a sum of four homo defora 159 even commanded notaries to be to notaries commanded even be judged in the city, but if the the if but city, the in judged be to return it, but he had to say

citizen with good guarantors guarantors good with citizen the feast of St. Mary, judges Mary, St. of feast the s also meant to guarantee a a guarantee to meant also s 160 at the otherowned him. or between citizens and and citizens between or v ( av The other obvious space pplied to foreigners and and foreigners to pplied foreigners ( foreigners sclavo er did not belong to both parts in equal equal in parts both ) came to take the perperi t proceeded as proceeded t o Albanian or ) a o the on was and repay stranieri, stranieri, 157

CEU eTD Collection permanently forbidden to in.get See above note 145. Ragusii et Cathari ubiqueet locorum ita, quod habeat integrale ipsius pro facere detineri et incarcerari capi, sua bona omnia ciiis uh s rsiuin o robbery. or prostitution, as such activities 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 rispondere alo detto Giue et defendere la tua rason.”: LCR 306. comp debi lettera, nostra questa presentada sara ti chi di dalo trovado in Antibari infra di XV, et se saray trovado in scutari de delo peticione domanda,a la nuy da chi a zascheduno a rason standum cumDobre chalegario hinc ad -1- annum pro yperperis VI the citizen whatever sum he swore he had spent on theanimal. on had spent he he swore sum citizen whatever the animal. If the man insisted the animal belonged to him, he coul di he swear to not, if or, it knew he if seller the of name the by the king, those as such absences, official and short be could There ways. ac various in occupied population t also but live to only no Shkoder to and from travelled people around Ragusa, Bar, Shkoder and was not uncommon. and his goods confiscated, while in the territory of Shkoder, place to practice a given profession. We know, for instance, th business that required attention in more than just one city or one. of 111 gold ducats from ducats gold 111 of citizen, in a book record on December 1, 1350, went to Ragusa to work as (June 12, 1376) “Nuy adunqua che per lo nostro offiçio a nuy c nuy a offiçionostro lo per“Nuyadunqua che1376) 12, (June (September 11, 1368) “Nobilis Ulciniensis Ragusino ducatos mil Ibid. art. 87. Women working as prostitutes may have come and Ibid., art. 91 Ibid. 85. art. Ibid. 178.art. (December 1, 1350) “Petre de Scutari facit manifestum quod loc quod manifestum facit Scutari de “Petre 1350) 1, (December Statuti di Scutari 164 Short and somehow unofficial were related, as seen before, wit before, seen as related, were unofficial somehow and Short

Stephanus de Rosamasa deScutaro deRosamasa Stephanus Just as not every person that goes to another city has the inte the has city another to goes that person every not as Just 162 of somebody elected to go on a trip as ambassador, as trip a on go to elected somebody of art. 96. Martinus de Sorgo Martinus de tivities. Mobility is acknowle is Mobility tivities. travelled there to borrow the considerable amount amount theconsiderable borrow tothere travelled 165 , committing himself to pay back the debt within debt the back pay to himselfcommitting , 38 38 rlne asne wr poal rltd to related probably were absences Prolonged infra uno mese proximo che vignera, scomenzando solutione in ciuitatibus Dulcinii, Antibari, Scutari, Antibari,Dulcinii, ciuitatibus in solutione m suam solutionem.” AD II 250. arere legiptimamente dinançi da nuy a Ragusa a Ragusa a nuy da dinançi legiptimamente arere

167 tto Giue ti zitemo et chomandemo che se saray se chomandemoche et zitemo ti Giue tto ommesso non potemo ne devemo denegare la devemodenegarela potemoommessone non go on (relative) regular basis before they were III.”: AD II 80. AD III.”: le solvet. Et quod possit ipsum Peruossium et A certain certain A at se et opera sua in arte chalegariorum ad ad chalegariorum arte in sua opera et se at 166 d not know it when he bought the the bought he when it know not d to the to decision look for another at a person could be imprisoned, and that the mobility of peoples d d have it back as long as he gave 161 of an dged in the statute in several several in statute the in dged

a shoemaker, a 163 Petru deScutari Petru o form part of a floating floating a of part form o or coming to Shkoder as Shkoder to coming or ustador h trade, festivities, and festivities, trade, h ntion to settle there, settle to ntion (soldier) called (soldier) 168 but another , as , shown CEU eTD Collection es, s h ed f h futet cnuy prahd te bor increasingly blurred. This was due, firstly, to the modest but the approached, century fourteenth the of end the as sense, his and economic of variety a from escape to city the left also mar Shkoder’s by attracted were 173 172 171 170 169 de presenti viagio.”: AD II 255. tres menses proxime futuros me obligo dare et soluere Martino d obligante dare ‘victum et vestitum et tenere ipsam pro filia ca city arrangements. pre-maritalcity following the women, of case the in or, circumstances these of any follow three months, as stipulated by a contract of March 13, 1369. 13, March contract a of by asstipulated months, three rca eeet f hs ciei ws h fc ta nms attes That a to is, ethnicity. or necessarily exclusively names that fact the was criteria these of element crucial gave its citizens the criteria according to which they would pr ju legal of terms in both city, the that clear is it documents, relations because it helps to clarify the content of those iden not necessarily migrants but to be his representative in front of judges or notary. or judges of front in representative his be to intend to leave permanently but would be absent for more than a in a similar way: way: in asimilar “Ego quidem Stephanus de Rosamasa de Scutaro confiteor, quod s Ducellier, “Kotor as a Meeting Point?,” 125. Ducellier et al., promit Albania’ de Goyslavi filia ‘Dobrussa 1377) 5, “(October Statuti di Scutari gr a that think not should one before, suggested been has it As

This mobility is relevant for the establishment of identities i identities of establishment the for relevant is mobility This ethnic provenance. coming from Albania, when we have no better meansm of verifying to prudent more is it Albanians, word the using When 1427? in Who was the pirate called Bogdan Petrovich Albanensis de Budua Les Cheminsdel’exil art. 96. 173 habitatores habitatores

ket. Shkoder was not a boosting a not was Shkoder ket. , 129. of the second or third generation. 171

39 39 Petru de Scutari rnali et in fine termini ipsam maritare’”: AD II 346. 170 e Sorgo ducatos auri e auri CXI ducatos Sorgo Permanent stay outside the city could city the outside stay Permanent tit stare annos 6 ‘cum Jançe Albanensi’ se se Albanensi’ Jançe ‘cum 6 annos stare tit uper me et super omnia bona mea usque ad 169 nonetheless nonetheless significant amount of tities. At least according to these these to according least At tities. esent themselves elsewhere. One One elsewhere. esent themselves risdiction and physical territory, territory, physical and risdiction In any case, if a person did notdid person a if case, any In year, he had to elect somebody torical contingencies. In some some In contingencies. torical y could be sent to a different different a to sent be could y or a a or economic centre, and people people and centre, economic t to provenance, and not not and provenance, to t ders of the city became became city the of ders Goyslavi de Albania n the context of spatial of context the n eat amount of people of amount eat 172 in Dubrovnik their definite et grossos XVIIL et sit Ducellier’s argues ean people ean are are CEU eTD Collection 175 174 sixteen just from ‘Albania.’”: Krekić,“Albanians inthe Adriat V from five Drivasto, from were them of Seven women. for 18 and between 1281 and 1445, 40 contracts for servants of Albanian pr of Albanian origin in Dubrovnik” Krekić refers to. He writes: “ sold them as slaves. sold them Ottoman attacks, Albanians flee flee Albanians attacks, Ottoman technical occupation, particular were they people who at some had point a enjoyed life comfortab se or workers land poor necessarily not were emigrants Albanian to than rather flee to preferred who people of migration forced Balka the in campaigns Ottoman the Secondly, Venice. eventually c Albanians northern involved that affairs legal and commercial countryside their influence hardly had any real impact. real any had hardly influence their countryside in officers—dwelt and men—in soldiers, hundred a than more no overall but ambassadors, send and began to increase. Later on, upon the Venetian take over, the share was space urban the which in way the precise to difficult urban space in these new conditions and the scarcity of source mercy of the history.mercy forcesof a ve totake wasabout space in that ofidentities construction was also going to affect the innermost structure of Shkoder wil Ducellier et al., Schmitt, “Le Commerce Vénitien,” 893.

Regretfully, legal and notarial sources fail to offer evidence evidence offer to fail sources notarial and legal Regretfully, Les CheminsLes del’exil 174

skill, or wealth. Yet, in 1388 in Yet, wealth. or skill, in masse to Ragusa, where unscr where Ragusa, to masse in , 119. In fact, that helps to understand the “constant presence cities like Durrës, Lezhë or Sh 40 40 ic Cities,” 218. Dusanka Dinic- Knezevic has found for the period ovenance in Dubrovnik, out ofthese 22 for men 175 alona, two each from Scutari and Durazzo, Durazzo, and Scutari from each two alona, Whether this increasing dynamism dynamism increasing this Whether ry different pathry andbe left at the , probably influenced by the first the by influenced probably , Signoria material before 1392 makes very l remain speculative because the accept the new lordship. The The lordship. new the accept ities, southern Dalmatia, and and Dalmatia, southern ities, d when the migration waves migration the when d le enough to have access to a upulous citizens seized and and seized citizens upulous rvants. Quite the contrary, contrary, the Quite rvants. ns triggered later on the the on later triggered ns regarding the sharing of of sharing the regarding would set up consulates koder, whereas in the the in whereas koder, ldn merchants, cluding of servants servants of CEU eTD Collection investigation paid special attention to the term to attention paidspecial investigation interven that elements of multidimensionality the of indication source material, the statute of the city as well as contemporar unidirectio a in out carried not was groups social different by dynamic and natural setting interacted setting natural another. dynamic and with one category useful a becomes “space” thesis, this in demonstrated act pastoral with connected life of way a or language elements, the to point that indications enough not are there sources the referre were they as inasmuch setting physical this with linked c the of space the constitute to supposed was what to contrasts the migratory movements to and from Shkoder, and generated symb territories provided natural these fact, In areas. surrounding space the only not involved which Shkoder, in city the of space asimilsame profession, sharing languag same the of speakers space, cultural given a of members so, it becameclear self-identif of levels different that there from and Shkoder of form administrative and political the i particular Of city. the in activities and life of context the Albanians who define to not was concern meanings of plethora the for category explanatory additional an In Shkoder at the end of the Middle Ages, the appropriation of appropriation the Ages, Middle the of end the at Shkoder In

The last point of inhabiting a particular space was further devfurtherwas particularspaceinhabitinga of pointlast The albanenses ication and identification of t of identification and ication ar social and legal status, or status, legal and ar social CONCLUDING involved different ranges of generality that applied to to applied that generality of ranges different involved were 41 41 albanensis but to explain the identity of a social group in in group social a of identity the explain to but

REMARKS / nterest was to understand the city as city the understand to was nterest albanenses he others in this period. By doing doing By period. this in others he

resources, promoted (and limited) limited) (and promoted resources, y y acts and reports do offer enough inhabiting a particularinhabiting space. nal way. Despite the paucity of paucity Despitethe way. nal ed in the process. The present present The process. the in ed readthe terms usedto signify d to as an outside element. In In element. outside an as to d existence of exclusive ethnic ethnic exclusive of existence ity. ity. within the walls but also the the also but walls the within ivities, and so, as has been been has as so, and ivities, e, people taking part in the the in part taking people e, this term had. The main main The had. term this o nesad o social how understand to olic, olic, cultural, and physical Albanenses andtriedto use as space eloped in relation to the the to relation in eloped spaces within the city city the within spaces were directly directly were CEU eTD Collection

ours, was constructed by mulours, wasconstructed by monolingual a not was this that reader the demonstrated statute forms linguistic of multiplicity the In voiceless. rendered not of government and life the of product source the the fact that despite Ultimately, to be stimulating. than rather yet, And scholarship. previous by overlooked mostly eco and structure, social space, to references find to possible o than more produced affairs legal of reality complex the which surface. visible the beyond went that significance of patterns sum of conventional expressions. On the contrary, its terminolo over exercised me by space social and physical between connection the embodied regulated. to access unrestricted virtually for and citizens between opposition an of presence the assuming hel division this Additionally, terms. social in interpreted be distance physical actual by understood be could situation this connection with the affairs of the city but, precisely, to mark epe ihlwrsca sau.I ti ne sae te term the space, inner this In status. social lower with people wit elites the of involvement explicit and official an combined Despite lacking direct source material, it is not difficult to c the in participation their around revolved families important What made an analysis in these terms possible was mainly the st the mainly was possible terms these in analysis an made What With respect to the city and its inner space, it became evident became it space, inner its and city the to respect With

civitas etcontrata. civitas tidimensional realities. h ct, h atvte o ot of activities the city, the The language of the statute was not understood as a mere a as understood not was statute the of language The citizens 42 42 , the goal was to make sure that that sure make to was goal the ,

suppose suppose that each of these institutions their distance. If in the first chapter s and s documents used a here were This lead to an understanding in in understanding an to lead This ouncil, notaries, and the clergy. clergy. the and notaries, ouncil, from the city, it could then also also then could it city, the from her social groups were highly highly were groups social her h lesser-rank h workersandother nomic activities that had gone gone had that activities nomic gy gy invited the reader to explore and variety of life affairs the the affairs life of variety and albanenses ne system of meaning: it wasmeaning: it ofsystem ne e t tcl te alc of fallacy the tackle to ped conclusive, this work meant work this conclusive, society and their lives, like like lives, their and society eigner. While the latter had had latter the While eigner. ans of the jurisdiction it jurisdiction the of ans that the authority of of authority the that did not appear in atute itself, which which itself, atute Albanenses are CEU eTD Collection Boone, Marc, and eds. Stabel, Boone, Peter Marc, e âge moyen au albanaises Ethniques Régions “Les Kasem. Biçoku, socio-economic e storico-demografico “Aspetto F. P. Bellinello, Baze, Ermal. “Institutional and Modern Early the in Empire Maritime “Venice’s Benjamin. Arbel, ed. Valentini, Josephus, ed. Tadić, Jorjo, e Jireček, andKonstantin Thallóczy, Milan,von Šufflay, Ludwig Nadin, Lucia,ed. Cerutti, Simona. Simona. Cerutti, “MittelalterlicheS Buda, Aleks. Božić, Ivan.ed. Koço, Bozhori, “Le système Power.” Symbolic and Space “Social Pierre. Bourdieu, foncier en ‘Albanie vénitienne’ au XVe 2013. Secondary bibliography 1967-1979. JosephiTosini, Typis 1935. kraljevskaakademij, Ragusinae national ‘Arber.’” Bollettino di Greca Grottaferrata Badia della o Statutes ‘The to (According Century XIV the Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences of Half First the -1797 toHistory: 1400 Venetian 1913. vols. Holzhausen, A. Vienna: continens 1344-1406 Annos illustrantia.Vol. II, mediaeaetatis Albaniae 1469 Sources Primary dell’Istitutovenezianoedi storia società stato della dello dhei Shtetëror Universiteti iTiranës, Gjuhësisë, 1967. sources] Byzantine century: the fifteenth in Turkish War Medieval the 2000. Garant, Leuven: Countries 11. of History Political and Economic Social, Urban in 14–25. Régime

. Roma: Viella, 2002. 2002. Viella, . Roma: . Montrouge: Bayard Jeunesse, 2012. Jeunesse,2012. Bayard . Montrouge: Pisma i uputstva Dubrovacke Republike. Litterae et commissiones et commissiones Litteraeuputstva DubrovackeRepublike. Pisma i Étrangers: Étude d’une condition d’in d’une condition Étude Étrangers: Statuti di Scutari della prima metà del secolo XIV con le addizioni finoal XIVconleaddizioni secolo prima metà della del diScutari Statuti . Vol. I.Fontes. rerummeridionaliumBelgrade: 2. Slavorum Srps Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV: burime bizantine [The Albanian- [The bizantine burime XV: shekullin në shqiptaro-turke Lufta Acta Albaniae saeculorumXIVetActa Veneta XV ASA 1/2 (1992): 11–23. 1/2 (1992): Governing Governing Organization of the M taatenbildungen in Albanien.” taatenbildungen inAlbanien.” Shaping Urban IdentityinShaping Europe MedievalUrban Late BIBLIOGRAPHY , edited by Eric Dursteler, 125–249. Leiden: Brill, Brill, Leiden: 125–249. Dursteler, Eric by edited , 43 43 5, no. 1 (2014): 165–70. no. 1(2014):165–70. 5, 40 (1986): 3–56. (1986): 3–56. 40

Sociological Theory Sociological certitude dans une sociétéd’Ancien ASA unicipality unicipality of Shkodra during 5/6 (1964): 65–140. (1964): 5/6 ds. . Tirana: Instituti i Historisë Historisë i Instituti Tirana: . o degli Albanesi in Italia.” in Albanesi degli o 2 (1986): 1–14. 2(1986): Period.” In Period.” Acta etActa res diplomata . 25 vols. Palermo: vols. Palermo: . 25 t la propagation du nom nom du propagation la t siècle.” siècle.” and Modern Low Low Modern and 7, no. 1 (1989): (1989): 1 no. 7, f Shkodra’).” Shkodra’).” f A Companion A Companion . Vol. II.2 . ka Bollettino . . Studies CEU eTD Collection Ćirković, Sima. “Les Albanais à la lumièreĆirković, Sima. “Les Albanais sourceshistoriq des Christie, Neil, and Paul Stamper, eds. —. Taiin necagd Abnas n h Srin Srs i Serbs Serbian, the in Albanians Interchanged: “Tradition ———. Čoralić, Lovorka. “Letters and Co and “Letters Lovorka. Čoralić, ———. ———. d livelli due Venezia: di fuori veneziano il “Per Diego. Dotto, Demiraj, Bardhyl. ———. “Od Ulcinja do Drača – Albanski Useljenici u Mlecima (14.- Ducellier, Alain. “Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria.” In Bulgaria.” and Serbia “Albania, Alain. Ducellier, ———. ———. “Genesis and Failure of the Albanian State in the Fourteen Egro, Dritan. “The Place of Albanian Lands in the Balkan Geopol Balkan the in Lands Albanian of Place “The Dritan. Egro, Durham,Edith. Jean and Imhaus, Brunehilde Doumerc, Bernard Alain, Ducellier, In Kosova?” Occupied Albanians the “Have ———. ———. ———. ———. “Kotor as a Meeting Point for Albanian in Emigrants the 14 1600

1986 Illyriensconférences 4juin les Les Sériede tenues du21 Albanais: imai au et Albanci. Medieval Texts.” In 1988. AcadémieArts, Scienceset serbedes des 208. Athens: Εθνικο Ιδρυμα Ερευνων, 1998. 208. Athens:ΕθνικοΙδρυμαΕρευνων, znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti iumjetnosti znanosti znanosti Hrvatske akademije volgari diStato dell’Archivio di Dubrovnik no. 2(2008):250–82. marittimo raguseo della metà del Trecento.” Fourteenth Century)].” the (from Venice in Immigrants Albanian – Durrës to Century.” Alb Venetian of History Political and Diplomatic the for Source Lingua e letteratura 2008. e 7.Rome: Viella, Lingua 1198 - C.1198 1300 In Press, 2006. Invasion (the 14th – 15th Centuries).” 14th– 15th Invasion (the Age fin duMoyen l’Ouest àla vers etmigrations européen del’Est l’exil: Bouleversements 1987. Reprints, siècle Ti 195–206. 1985. House, Publishing Shqipërisë, të RPS e Shkencave e Akademia by edited 121–40. Venice: Soc. Dalmata di Storia Patria, 1998. Storia di121–40. Venice: Dalmata Patria, Soc. 4-5 aprileConvegno distudi,Padova 1997 ricerca; di eprospettive studi Bilancio degli fine alla del Adriatico Medioevo: Cittá esistema La La Maritime l’AlbanieFaçade de au Moyen Âge:Durazzo et duXIeauXVe Valona Scriptae venezianeggianti a Ragusa nel XIV secolo. Edizione e commento die testi nel commento Edizione aRagusa XIV secolo. venezianeggianti Scriptae L’Albanie entre Byzance et Venise: Xe Xe etVenise: siècles - XVe Byzance entre L’Albanie . Paris: A. Colin, 1992. Colin,1992. A. . Paris: . Oxford: Windgather Press,2011. Windgather . Oxford: , edited by Milutin Garašanin, 341–59. Colloques scientifiques scientifiques Colloques 341–59. Garašanin, Milutin by edited , . Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1981. 1981. Studies, InstituteforBalkan . Thessaloniki: High Albania Etudes Balkaniques Shqiptar –Albanian Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene idruštvene zapovijesne znanosti Zavoda Zbornik zapovijesne Odsjeka , edited by David Abulafia, 5:779–95. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Οι . London: Phoenix Press, 2000. Phoenix . London:

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Μεσαιωνα 44 44 ASA 1 (2005): 79–92. 79–92. 1(2005): Zeitschrift Philologie fur romanische . Interadriatico. Culture dell’Adriatico. dell’Adriatico. Culture Interadriatico. . The New Cambridge Medieval History: History: Medieval Cambridge The New , edited by Charalambos Gasparis, 195– The Albanians and Their Territories Albanians and The 29 (2011): 39–82. 29(2011): 39–82. , edited by Michele Pietro Ghezzo, Ghezzo, Michele Pietro by , edited ues des Slaves dusud.”In Slaves ues des Budva, Bar and Ulcinj as a a as Ulcinj and Bar Budva, , 3–22. London: Variorum Variorum London: 3–22. , th and Fifteenth Centuries.” De Miceli. Miceli. De ’ibridismo in un contratto contratto un in ’ibridismo th and 15th centuries?” In 18. stoljeće) [From Ulcinj itics during the Ottoman Ottoman the during itics te lain Late Albanian the n ania in the Sixteenth the in ania to the Eighteenth Eighteenth the to Les Chemins de Chemins Les aa 8 Nëntori 8 rana: 39. Belgrade: Belgrade: 39. ersity ersity 124, 124, Iliri , CEU eTD Collection Kaleshi, Hasan. “Das türkische Vordringen auf dem Balkan und di und Balkan dem auf Vordringen türkische “Das Hasan. Kaleshi, Jireček, Konstantin. “Skutari und sein Gebiet im Mittelalter.” Mittelalter.” im Gebiet sein und “Skutari Konstantin. Jireček, Isin, Engin. Theodor. Ippen, In Conquest.” of Methods “Ottoman Halil. İnalcık, Imhaus, Brunehilde. ed. Jan, Hirschbiegel, eds. Symes, Carol and Lester, Elisabeth Anne Caroline, Goodson, ed. Shtjefen, Gjecov, In Exile.” in “Dwelling Vilém. Flusser, Fine, John. Epstein, Steven. eds. Prak, Maarten and Stephan, Epstein, Ennen, Edith. ———. “Two Irish Travellers in Albania.” In In Albania.” in Travellers Irish “Two ———. Robert. Elsie, Humblot, 1916. Humblot, 1916. Forschungen 125–38. Munich: Trofenik, 1975. 1975. 125–38. Munich: Trofenik, Türkenzeit. südosteuropäischender Völker während Kulturder und Geschichte über Untersuchungen Halbmond: unterdem Südosteuropa al des Existenz nationalen und ethnischen der Erhaltung die für Press, 2002. Economy Organization and 1989. Gjonlekaj, NewYork: Fox. Leonard 2003 November Marcel Odenbach; Ausstellung Eine Kunstmuseum im Liechtensteinvom 29.Juni -2. Mario Merz, WernerPenzel, Gonzalez-Torres, NicolasHumbert, MonaHatoum, Constant, Calzolari, Paolo Pier Brecht, Ottoman Conquest Press, 2001. 1907. Jahrhundert 14. bisins 19. vom Hauptstädten und inResidenz- konkurrierender Beziehungen Space Urban Expe 400-1500: Networks, Texts,Social and 2003. König, Cologne: Walter 1400-1800 Munich: Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft,Munich: 1991. September 1989 September Wi der Wissenschaften; Akademie Albanischen derSüdosteuropa- Symposion Internationales Otto Harrassowitz, 2003. Otto Harrassowitz, 2003.

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CEU eTD Collection eh, ljz “hrra vnbnmv mseae b bzn e e bazën mbi mesjetare vendbanimeve e “Shtrirja Ilijaz. Rexha, et e shtrirja dhe “Paraqitja Mala. Muhamet and Muhamet, Qerimi, ed. Selami, Pulaha, Henri. Pirenne, eds. Repishti, Sami and Arshi, Pipa, Paolo. Petta, Nicol, Donald. Donald. Nicol, ed. , ———. ———. “Space and History as Exemp as History and “Space ———. Pauly, Michel, andMartin Scheutz,eds. In Venezia.” e Scutari tra statuti, “Gli Gherardo. Ortalli, In Statutario.” testo “Il ———. In l’edizioni.” e statuti degli codice “Il Lucia. Nadin, ———. “Das venezianische ———. Südosteur “Das venezianische Schmitt, Jens. Oliver Ermanno.Orlando, ———. Spaces: andtheir Usein Concepts Europe Studime Historike Arban Arbër, ethnonym the of extension and presence [The Bizant Press,1948. University 2014. Böhlau, 15–28. Cologne: Arban- Alban in the Balkans].” Arban- Albaninthe Ballkan [The Extension of the Medieval Dwelling- Places on the 1968. 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Vienna:Böhlau, The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479:A The Despotate C Epiros of Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival ofTrade theRevival Originsand Their Cities: Medieval Migrazioni mediterranee: Migranti, aVenezia minoranzeematrimoni nel Lufta Shqiptaro-Turke ne shekullin XV: burime Osmane [The Albanian- Osmane burime Shqiptaro-TurkeXV: shekullin ne Lufta Das venezianische Albanien:(1392-1479) . Bologna: Il Mulino, 2014. 2014. . Bologna: IlMulino, 1–2 (2009): 7–26. 1–2(2009): . Cambridge:Cambridge. Press, University 1984. , edited by Lucia Nadin, 47–62. Rome: Viella, 2002. 2002. Viella, Rome: 47–62. Lucia Nadin, , editedby Statuti di Scutari, della prima metà del secolo XIV con le o e Venezia fra XIII e XVIII secoXIII eXVIII e Veneziafra o opa als Kommunikationsraum (ca lified by Urban History Researc History Urban by lified Studime Historike Studime Studies on Kosova on Studies Cities and Their Spaces: Concepts and their Use in in Use and their Concepts Spaces: Their Cities and so degli Albanesi a Venezia (1479-1552) aVeneziaso degli Albanesi 47 47 , edited by Lucia Nadin, 77–80. Rome: Viella, 77–80. LuciaNadin, , editedby , edited by Michel Pauly and Martin Scheutz, , edited by Lucia Nadin, 9–24. Rome: Rome: 9–24. Nadin, Lucia by edited , Statuti di Scutari, della primametà Statuti di della del Scutari, 3–4 (2005): 7–30. (2005):7–30. 3–4 ontribution to the ontribution to Statuti di Scutari, della prima metà metà della prima Statuti diScutari, , edited by Gherardo Ortalli and and Ortalli Gherardo by edited , . Boulder, CO: East European European East CO: Boulder, . . Tirana: Universiteti Shteteror Shteteror Universiteti Tirana: . . Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, OldenbourgVerlag, . Munich: . Lecce: Argo, 1996. Argo, . Lecce: nonimit Arbër, Arbanon në në Arbanon Arbër, nonimit tnonimit Arban-Alban në në Arban-Alban tnonimit lo / Der westliche Balkan, / DerwestlicheBalkan, lo Basis Basis of the Ethnonym h.” In h.” . Princeton: Princeton Princeton Princeton: . . 1 400-ca. In 1600).” on in Byzantium].” Byzantium].” in on History of History of Greece r Wissenschaften, Wissenschaften, r Cities and their their Cities and Rome: . . CEU eTD Collection ———. “Le Commerce Vénitien dans l’Albanie vénitienne: Mécanisme AlbanerMittelalter.”imdie“‘Die———.Monade Balkans’- des I ———. “Sources vénitiennes pour l’histoire des cités Albanaises ———. “Die Kirchenzustände im vortürkischen Albanien. Die orthod Die Albanien. vortürkischen im Kirchenzustände “Die ———. In Albanien.” mittelalterliche “Das von. Milan Šufflay, e Jireček, Konstantin and Thallóczy, von Ludwig Milan, Šufflay, Albanaise ville la de économique vie la dans “Recherches ———. Spiro. Shkurti, Schreiner, Schreiner, Peter. Invektiven “Ethnische in der spätbyzantinisch In medievale.” dell’Albania monumento “Un ———. Tadić, Jorjo, ed. ———. Valentini, Josephus, ed. Valentini, Josephus, In XV.” sec. nel scutarina zona nella vlah “L’elemento ———. Giuseppe. Valentini, Tomić Đurić, Marka. “The Isles of Great Silence: Monastic Life Frantz, 61–80. Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009. Verlag,Oldenbourg 2009. Munich: Frantz, 61–80. derStand undPerspektiven Forschung espace économique au XV siècle.” siècle.” XV au économique espace

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Μεσαιωνα Der Mythos Wandervolk vom derAlbaner: Pisma i uputstva Dubrovacke Republike. , edited by Peter Bartl and Horst Glassl, 269–74. Munich: Trofe Munich: HorstPeter 269–74. and Glassl, edited Bartl , by . Florence: Olschki, 1969. . Florence: Olschki, 1969. La leggeLa montagne delle albanesi: nelle relazionivolante della missione eie b Caaabs aprs 372. tes Ενκ Ιδρυμα Εθνικο Athens: 307–23. Gasparis, Charalambos by edited , Acta Albaniae Veneta saeculorum XIV et XV et XIV saeculorum Veneta Albaniae Acta Balcanica Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen Illyrisch-Albanische . Vienna: Böhlau, 1997. Böhlau, . Vienna: . 2 vols. Vienna: A. Holzhausen, 1913. 1913. A. Holzhausen, 2 vols. Vienna: . Anuario de EstudiosAnuario de Medievales 43 (2012). 48 48 2, no. 50 (2013): 763–78. 2,no.50 , edited by Oliver Jens Schmitt and Eva Anne Anne Eva and Schmitt Jens Oliver by edited , , edited by Lucia Nadin, 25–45. Rome: Viella, 25–45. LuciaNadin, , editedby Georg Stadtmüller zum 65. Geburtstag 65.Geburtstag Stadtmüller zum Georg chte und Kultur der südosteuropäischen südosteuropäischen und Kultur der chte Statuti di Scutari, della prima metà del Litterae et commissiones Ragusinae Litteraeetcommissiones Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen Landwirtschaft in den albanischen Landwirtschaft inden albanischen en Händlerwelt zum anonymen anonymen zum Händlerwelt en au 15e siècle.” In on Lake Scutari under the the under Scutari Lake on ds. n Südosteuropa unter dem . vols. 25 Typis Palermo: du Moyen Age.” Age.” Moyen du Albanische Geschichte. Geschichte. Albanische , , edited by Ludwig von Acta res etdiplomata oxe Durchbruchszone Durchbruchszone oxe s et conjonctures d’un kraljevska akademij, 33, no. 2 (2003): (2003): 2 no. 33, . Jahrhunderts.” Jahrhunderts.” . blot, 1916. 1916. blot, nik, 1975. nik, 1975. . Kaiserliche Kaiserliche . . Vienna: 3. Οι

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