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The Role of Money in Wartime 1 THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME Second Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania Tirana, 20 September 2018 II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania - THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME 2 Published by: © Bank of Albania Address: Sheshi “Skënderbej”, Nr.1, Tirana, Albania Tel.: + 355 4 2419301/2/3; + 355 4 2419401/2/3 Fax: + 355 4 2419408 E-mail: [email protected] Printed in: 300 copies ISBN 978-9928-262-28-8 Data from this publication may be used, provided the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in the presentations to BoA’s conference on “The role of money in wartime” are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Bank of Albania. THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME - II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania 3 CONTENTS WELCOME ADDRESS 5 Gent Sejko, Governor of the Bank of Albania OPENING REMARKS 9 Elisabeta Gjoni, First Deputy Governor of the Bank of Albania MINTING OF ILLYRIAN COINS IN WARTIME 13 Special guest: Prof. Olivier Picard, Former Director of the French Archaeological school at Athens, Professor at the Sorbonne University, Member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (Institute of France) SESSION I: ANTIQUITY Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Shpresa Gjongecaj, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanological Studies COINAGE AND WAR IN THE TERRITORY OF SOUTH ILLYRIA (IV-I CENTURY BC) 25 Dr. Albana Meta, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanological Studies COINAGE IN ANCIENT WARRIOR EXCHANGE SYSTEMS BETWEEN GREEKS AND NON-GREEKS 39 Dr. Aliénor Rufin Solas, Sorbonne Université, Paris SESSION II: MIDDLE AGES AND POST-MIDDLE AGES Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Gëzim Hoxha, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanological Studies BYZANTINE COINS IN BERAT DURING THE BYZANTINE-ANJEVIN CONFLICT (1258-1281) 49 Prof. Asoc. Dr. Konstantinos Giakoumis, POLIS University, Tirana DATA ON MONETARY CIRCULATION IN DRISHT 77 Paulin Pushimaj, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanological Studies II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania - THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME 4 ALBANIAN CAPTIVES, PIRATES AND PRIVATEERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. CAPTIVITY AND REDEMPTION OF CAPTIVES AS AN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY DURING THE 16TH-17TH CENTURIES. 93 Dr. Ardian Muhaj, Institute of History, Academy of Albanian Studies SESSION III: CENTURY XX Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Nevila Nika, European University of Tirana ECONOMIC AND MONETARY POLICY IN ALBANIA DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD 107 Special guest: Prof. Dr. Petraq Milo, Department of Finance, Faculty of Economics, University of Tirana, Albania; Member of The Supervisory Council of the Bank of Albania THE NATIONAL BANK OF ROMANIA AND MONEY ISSUES DURING WORLD WAR ONE 127 Ruxandra Onofrei, Sabina Mariţiu, Museum of the National Bank of Romania THE NATIONAL BANK OF ALBANIA, RELATIONS WITH CENTRAL AUTHORITIES, SEPTEMBER 1943 - OCTOBER 1944 141 Besa Prela, Bank of Albania, Prof. Dr. Nevila Nika, European University of Tirana WESTERN EUROPE OR CHINA? AN ECONOMIC INTEREST ASSESSMENT WHY WAS WESTERN EUROPE SAVED FROM COMMUNISM BY GEORGE MARSHALL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR, 1945-1949, WHEREAS CHIANG Kai-shek’s nationalists WERE ABANDONED AND LEFT IN THE HANDS OF MAO Zedong’s communists? 155 Dr. Gjon Boriçi, Institute of History, Academy of Albanian Studies THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME - II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania 5 WELCOME ADDRESS Gent Sejko* Distinguished professors, Dear participants, t gives me a great pleasure to welcome you to the Second IConference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania, via this recorded message. I wish I were present to attend in person the proceedings of the Conference, but, regrettably, due to the rather tight agenda I will not be able to. Nevertheless, I will have the possibility to read all the presentations, discussions, and input in the Conference book that will be compiled subsequent to the Conference. As I have already emphasised, the Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania is one of the most prominent events, providing us with the opportunity to enrich and further the studies on the exposed collections, and serves as a platform for Albanian experts to discuss and share their research findings. We are pleased to see that the Museum of the Bank of Albania brings for the second time together representatives from renowned research institutions, such as: the Albanian Institute of Archaeology and History, European Universities and central banks to present their studies. * Gent Sejko, Governor of the Bank of Albania. II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania - THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME 6 As the title suggests, this Conference will address the role of money in wartime. In periods of wars and conflicts - history shows that, albeit relatively small, Albania has experienced many wars and conflicts - people have turned to the currency and precious metals. Hence, about 100 years ago, at the beginning of the World War I, Europe dived into one of the worst financial crises of the past century and many people and businesses rushed to convert their bank accounts and assets into cash and gold coins. Meanwhile, in Albania, these events triggered a chaotic monetary circulation. In the absence of a national currency and due to the political- military and economic developments during the War, diverse foreign currencies circulated across the country, mainly those of European and neighbouring countries, as well as American and Turkish ones. You may see this conglomerate of denominations in the showcases of the Museum dedicated to the period of Independence and the World War I. Also, the showcases on the monetary circulation in Albania during World War II, in addition to the ones of Antiquity and Medieval periods, exhibit denominations that speak of the important and complicated relationships between money and war. I am sure these important moments to the economic and monetary history of Albania, and beyond, will be discussed at length during the Conference. Dear participants, The Conference is not the only activity the Museum has organised about numismatics, economic, monetary and financial history. We have also organised for the general public a cycle of lectures called “Museum nights”, with lectures delivered by experts in the field of numismatics, history and economy. Also, in cooperation with the Institute of Archaeology, a one-week seminar was organised on Ancient coins, attended by the students of history, archaeology and cultural heritage. This year commemorates the pan-national Year of Skanderbeg, our National Hero. The Museum has organised temporary exhibitions, displayed both inside and outside the Museum, on the figure of Skanderbeg, featured in the Albanian currency. THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME - II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania 7 Financial education has been given an important focus in the work of the Museum. Throughout the year, many students and young people have been involved in educational activities and projects, actively participating during the Money Week events, attending the lectures held at the Museum, and using our educational publications and products. The Museum will continue to work in these two aspects by supporting: i) the scientific, economic, and monetary history of the country; and ii) the financial education of the new generations, with the support and cooperation with the most distinguished actors in these fields. As an institution that keeps and promotes an important part of the cultural heritage of the country, such as the currency, we are privileged and obliged to collaborate in order for the Museum of the Bank of Albania not to be just an exposition of the rare collections, but a place where the public may find adequate and specialised literature and expertise to learn about the economic and monetary history, and become more financially educated. Concluding, I would like to thank all the researchers, the speakers, the audience and our collaborators, who responded positively to our call for participation. With these words, I wish you all fruitful deliberations, I wish the conference all success and I wish all the guests an enjoyable stay in Tirana. Thank you! II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania - THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME 8 THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME - II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania 9 OPENING REMARKS Elisabeta Gjoni* Dear guests, participants, researchers, academics, numismatists, collectors, students, Welcome to the Bank of Albania! t is a special pleasure for me to open the proceedings of the Second IConference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania on “Role of money in wartime”. The rich collection of coins and banknotes and other items exhibited in our Museum becomes more meaningful when supported by the historic background of the period of the country of issue. The organisation of this Conference, an annual one, contributes to the both the historic and educational role of the Museum. This conference is also an excellent opportunity to share experiences with representatives of the main institutions of culture in Albania and museums of central banks and other prominent foreign institutions in this field. I am happy to see in this room both old and new collaborators, whom we wish to be “permanent consultants” of the Bank of Albania. We aim to create and cultivate a solid and productive relationship with the best experts in numismatics, museology, cultural heritage and research. * Elisabeta Gjoni, First Deputy Governor of the Bank of Albania. II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania - THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME 10 Dear participants, Today’s presentations will address the mutual, complicated and multi- dimensional relation between money and war. Wars have had an impact on the economy and development of human kind from the birth of civilisations to modern times.
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