From the history of ancient Rhizon/Risinium: Why Illyrian king Agron and queen Teuta came to a bad end and who was Ballaios? Piotr Dyczek*1* Center for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe University of Warsaw In 2001 the Center for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe of the University of Warsaw opened a new archaeological excavation project in the Republic of Montenegro. The site lies in the territory of modern Risan, on the coast of the northern branch of Kotor Bay [Fig. 1]. The name of the town appears in different written sources in variants corresponding to the period: Rhizon, Rhizinium, Risinium, but always echo- ing in the modern name of Risan. Consequently, the identification of the location did not raise any doubts already in the 19th century, but the name itself is of unclear origin. It may have been derived either from the Greek rhizon, that is, root or from rhizotom, a grass or to be more precise, a medicinal herb which still grows in proliferation around the locality (cf. Ivčević 1999: 101, Dyczek 2008: 155–156). Arthur Evans was the first to explore the area in the 1870s (Evans 1884: 42ff.) and he concluded that the plateau Fig. 1. General location of Risan * This paper was prepared with support from the Lanckoroński Foundation. Classica Orientalia 157 Piotr Dyczek situated at the foot of the Građine hill which rises to an altitude of 207 m, was the site of intensive settlement in antiquity. Risan is a small locality today, but it was once the most important center in the whole bay and a significant player in the history of Illyria and its relations with the Roman Republic. Events with far-reaching consequences were played out here — during the first Illyrian war, for example. Ancient Rhizon with its safe and convenient harbor situated at the crossroads of one important trade route hugging the coast and another one branching off into the interior toward the Danube was an important economic and political center probably already from the 6th century BC and in the 3rd century BC in particular. Thus, it is hardly surprising that the name of the town is present in different contexts in many ancient sources. Suffice it here to mention only the most important ones, like the oldest one which is Pseudo-Skylax’s Periplus of Europe, Asia and Libya (Gołębiowski 1977: 47; for the translation from Greek, see Meuller 1882: vol. I, 15–36). The author is presumed to be Skylax of Karyanda in Caria writing in the second half of the 4th century BC, but his work describes the situation from the 6th century BC: an emporion lying on “Rhisan lake” and the river Arion (fragments 24 and 25) (Pająkowski 1981: 44). This interchangeable use of the name of Rhizon for the river and the bay, which is typical of ancient sources, is justified topographically because from the sea the bay could have given the impression of a very broad delta of the river Špila. This is re- flected most fully by a fragment from the 3rd century BC Song of the Argonauts. In it Apollonius Rhodius speaks of a “deep Illyrian river” (Pušić 1964: 267) and recalls a leg- end that was current throughout antiquity that Rhizon was established by Harmony and the Phoenician Kadmos. The legend was reflected also in the name of a small tribe, the Enchelei, that is, the people of the eels/serpents whose territory surrounded Rhizon. According to the legend, the heroes were changed into eels/serpents after their death (Apollodorus of Athens, Bibliotheke III, 39). Indeed, to this day the region of Risan and the river Špila in particular are full of these fish. Polybius contributed more information in his Histories (II.11.16). He seems to have followed Pseudo-Skylax in his description of the town’s location, but added an impor- tant note on the urban form: “Rhizon a well fortified town (polismation), which lies at some distance from the sea just on the river Rhizon”. The wall defenses were also mentioned in an inscription of the 2nd century AD (CIL VIII 2581; Garašanin 1966: 28) dedicated in the North African Lambaesis by a native of Rhizon/Risinium, one M. Lucceius Torquatus Bassianus, legate of the legion III Augusta (Zaninović 2001: 12) and later senator in the reign of Commodus (CIL VIII 2581). One can only conclude that the ancient fortifications of Risan remained impressive for ages, continuously testi- fying to the economic importance and prosperity of the town. The history of Risan that can be traced through surviving written and epigraphic sources is full of gaps and ambiguity. It is not clear how the town was established and what its status really was. “Center of commercial exchange” is hardly determinative of 158 Classica Orientalia From the history of ancient Rhizon/Risinium... its political structure. Archaeological data from the area date the origin of human oc- cupation in the area to the so-called Adriatic Neolithic, that is, the sixth millennium BC (Brajković 1972: 51–56; Marković 1985: 11). Should there be a kernel of truth in the legend quoted above, the roots of the locality could go back to the Bronze Age. The archaeological evidence is there: remains of fortifications on the acropolis which could stand in confirmation, but there is no proof that a Greek colony was established on the spot of the Bronze and early Iron Age settlement. Corinthian pottery and a hoard of drachmae could suggest that the colony was established by Corinth which had pio- neered intensive settlement in the region in the 8th century BC. It should be kept in mind that Greek colonization at the beginning was characterized by two organizational forms which were not colonies in the Roman or modern sense. The first was the apoikia or overseas settlement, the second an emporion which could have been established by Greeks from different centers united in a common economic enterprise. The emporia soon changed into apoikia as a rule and the process is known to have taken place in Buthae (modern Budva) near Rhizon. There is no reason to think that Rhizon did not undergo a similar evolution. It cannot be excluded, however, that it was part of Syracusan colonization of the 4th century BC. More importantly, the lower town was fortified with a kilometer long line of polygonal wall defenses already in the early 4th century BC. In the 3rd century BC Rhizon acted as capital of Illyria and maintained close contacts with the Greeks. After the first Illyrian war the Illyrian kings were subordinated to Rome. Fictitious independence ended in 168/167 BC (Garašanin 1966: 28; Gelcich 1880: 8; Papazoglu 1967: 144) when the last king, Gentius, was captured along with his entire family following his defeat in the third Illyrian war with Rome. The situation in the 1st century BC was described by Pliny the Elder in his Historia Naturalis (III.22.14), where the old Rhizon, now Risinum, is mentioned as an oppidum civium Romanorum. Pliny emphasizes the Roman citizenship of the inhabitants of this locality. It is not clear whether it had the status of a Roman municipium at first (Alföldy 1965: 141–142; cf. CIL III 2766 b = 8369 = 1278). Like the other Romanized Illyrian towns, it could have first been a municipium before becoming a Roman colony. Excavations by Arthur Evans and subsequently by Heinrich Richlý in the 19th cen- tury proved the commercial nature of Rhizon. Evans discovered Greek coins struck by Corinth, Dyrrhachion, Apollonia and a coin of king Liceos and the town of Damastion (Horvat 1934: 27). Richlý in turn was the first to note a section of the cyclopean walls in the waters of the river (Richlý 1898: 145–152). Incidental research in the 1930s, 1960s ad 1980s uncovered small fragments of ancient town architecture, traced the remains of ancient fortifications on the acropolis, located Roman buildings adorned with mosaic floors, but no regular archaeological excavation preceded the work currently being done by the Polish team. Risan’s stormy past has proved to be reflected in the archaeological record and the ten seasons of fieldwork have led to a verification of information provided by some of the written sources and the epigraphical data. Investigations have covered three sec- Classica Orientalia 159 Piotr Dyczek Fig. 2. Plan of the lower town of Rhizon (Plan P. Dyczek, T. Słowik, R. Karpiński) Fig. 3. Fortifications of the lower town (Photo J. Recław) 160 Classica Orientalia From the history of ancient Rhizon/Risinium... tors of the lower town and the slopes and summit of Građine hill. Archaeologists were naturally looking for architectural remains which could be tied in with the end of King Agron’s and Queen Teuta’s rule. Of equal interest was King Ballaios, a mysterious figure that has attracted scholarly interest since the 19th century. Regular exploration of the wall defenses of Risan started in 2004. Scattered stones of large size had been observed at the mouth of the Špila already in the 1980s (Faber 1992: 32; Drobnjaković 2002: 45–46). They were interpreted at the time as remains of an ancient harbor (Faber 1992: 107). Upon excavation, they turned out to be part of cyclopean walls still standing to a height of a few meters. Mapping of the architectural remains in 2005–2007 gave an idea of the line of the fortifications stretching for ap- proximately 300 m along the course of the Špila river, on its right bank from where it springs in the hills to the seashore. Since antiquity the river has moved northward, sub- merging and destroying part of the defenses, hence in many places the cyclopean walls, including a gate leading from the south, can be observed in the steep river bank or at the bottom of the river.