Journey to Croatia + Montenegro - with the Truffle Days Festival
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Montenegro Old and New: History, Politics, Culture, and the People
60 ZuZana Poláčková; Pieter van Duin Montenegro Old and New: History, Politics, Culture, and the People The authors are focusing on how Montenegro today is coming to terms with the task of becoming a modern European nation, which implies recognition not only of democracy, the rule of law, and so forth, but also of a degree of ‘multiculturalism’, that is recognition of the existence of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities in a society that is dominated by a Slavic Orthodox majority. In his context they are analyzing the history of the struggle of the Montenegrin people against a host of foreign invaders – after they had ceased to be invaders themselves – and especially their apparently consistent refusal to accept Ottoman sovereignty over their homeland seemed to make them the most remarkable freedom fighters imaginable and led to the creation of a special Montenegrin image in Europe. This im- age of heroic stubbornness and unique martial bravery was even consciously cultivated in Western and Central Europe from the early nineteenth century onwards, as the Greeks, the Serbs, the Montenegrins and other Balkan peoples began to resist the Ottoman Empire in a more effective way and the force of Romantic nationalism began to influence the whole of Europe, from German historians to British politi- cians, and also including Montenegrin and Serbian poets themselves. And what about the present situa- tion? The authors of this essay carried out an improvised piece of investigation into current conditions, attitudes, and feelings on both the Albanian and the Slavic-Montenegrin side (in September 2012). key words: Montenegro; history; multiculturalism; identity; nationalism; Muslim; Orthodox Montenegro (Crna Gora, Tsrna Gora, Tsernagora) is a small country in the Western Balkans region with some 625,000 inhabitants,1 which became an independent nation in 2006 and a can- didate-member of the EU in 2010. -
Montenegro's Tribal Legacy
WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Montenegro's Tribal Legacy by Major Steven C. Calhoun, US Army Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article appeared in Military Review July-August 2000 The mentality of our people is still very patriarchal. Here the knife, revenge and a tribal (plemenski) system exist as nowhere else.1 The whole country is interconnected and almost everyone knows everyone else. Montenegro is nothing but a large family—all of this augurs nothing good. —Mihajlo Dedejic2 When the military receives an order to deploy into a particular area, planners focus on the terrain so the military can use the ground to its advantage. Montenegro provides an abundance of terrain to study, and it is apparent from the rugged karst topography how this tiny republic received its moniker—the Black Mountain. The territory of Montenegro borders Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Serbia and Albania and is about the size of Connecticut. Together with the much larger republic of Serbia, Montenegro makes up the current Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). But the jagged terrain of Montenegro is only part of the military equation. Montenegro has a complex, multilayered society in which tribe and clan can still influence attitudes and loyalties. Misunderstanding tribal dynamics can lead a mission to failure. Russian misunderstanding of tribal and clan influence led to unsuccessful interventions in Afghanistan and Chechnya.3 In Afghanistan, the rural population's tribal organization facilitated their initial resistance to the Soviets. -
10 Years After Bucharest Why NATO Should Double-Down on Georgian
C - 0; M - 95; Y - 100; K - 2; PANTONE 485 CP C - 0; M - 98; Y - 91; K - 30; PANTONE 7621 CP C - 0; M - 97; Y - 87; K - 60; PANTONE 7624 CP POLICY BRIEF EUROPE IN THE WORLD PROGRAMME 3 JULY 2018 10 years after Bucharest Why NATO should Amanda Paul Senior Policy Analyst, EPC double-down on Ana Andguladze Georgian membership Policy Researcher, ISPED 2018 is a momentous year for Georgia: it marks the interest to strengthen ties with Tbilisi. As a reliable 100th anniversary of the first Democratic Republic of partner that shares common interests and values, the Georgia. It is also the 10th anniversary of the war with country offers the West a strategic foothold in the South Russia (August 2008) and of the Bucharest Summit, Caucasus. The Alliance must reaffirm its membership when Tbilisi was promised a seat at NATO’s table. commitment and reiterate that no third country has a veto on its enlargement. It should further deepen A decade on, NATO-Georgia cooperation has practical cooperation and bolster Georgia’s ability substantially deepened. The country now meets to defend itself. Reaffirming NATO’s support would NATO standards in many areas: it has modernised its reassure Georgian society, boost reform efforts and move armed forces and interoperability between Georgian the country ever closer to the Alliance. troops and the armies of NATO countries has increased. Georgia has contributed more to international NATO missions than many existing members and also meets the Alliance’s defence spending target. Tbilisi has also undertaken reforms to strengthen democracy, eradicate Georgia has contributed more to corruption and ensure civilian control of the military. -
Deloitte Legal Perspectives: International Dismissal Survey
Deloitte Legal Perspectives International Dismissal Survey February 2018 Brochure / report title goes here | Section title goes here Contents Introduction 5 Cost projection 6 Main conclusions 13 Dismissal Calculator 20 Country reports 25 This is a survey conducted in December 2017 and consequently reflects the legislation of the different countries at that particular time. The figures used in the cost projection date from December 2017 and therefore do not take into account any changes in legislation of a later date. Although this survey has been performed with the greatest care, the material in this guide is only for information purposes on general practices. The authors may not be held responsible in any way for any possible error that might occur or for any use or interpretation that could be made of this information. It is not intended to be used as advice in any event. 3 International Dismissal Survey Countries across all Introduction regions (America, This 4th edition of the International Dismissal Survey is more than a refresh. Firstly, the number of participating countries has increased by 15. In addition to more European countries (Cyprus, Servia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, etc.), the survey for the first Europe and APAC) time also includes countries from Latin America (e.g. Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador) and the Asia- Pacific region (e.g. China, Singapore, Japan etc.). In total, this survey comprises the legislation of 46 countries: share many similar Austria, Albania, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Myanmar, employment termination Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Vietnam. -
CROATIA, MONTENEGRO and SERBIA Early Childhood
CROATIA, MONTENEGRO AND SERBIA Early childhood education for children with disabilities; system strengthening and innovation; – Harnessing technology to promote communication, education and social inclusion for young children with developmental delays and disabilities in Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia. Every child has the right to learn – In the case of Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia, affordable Assistive Technology for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) is being introduced to support young children with complex communication needs who may otherwise may be left out of early childhood education services. This innovation promotes interaction and helps vulnerable children to develop language, steering them towards an education and active social life right from the early years. Problem Initiative Many young children with communication-related In Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia, preschool teachers, speech and disabilities are not identified or referred for necessary language therapists, psychologists, and special educators are being attention in a timely fashion, resulting in their exclusion trained to identify and support young children with speech, language, from critical early learning opportunities. This is due to a and communication-related difficulties who could benefit from assistive lack of: 1) capacity among professionals to identify technology. An open license AAC tablet-based communicator – developmental delays early on; 2) familiarity with using Cboard, which has been customized for languages in the pilot assistive technology with young children; and 3) access countries – is being tested for effectiveness. UNICEF’s Innovation to affordable and appropriate assistive technological Fund supported the development of Cboard to improve the availability solutions that can be operated in local languages. of affordable AAC solutions that can be scaled up sustainably. -
Truffle Guide 2016 the FOUR ITALIAN TRUFFLES
ITALFOODS Truffle guide 2016 THE FOUR ITALIAN TRUFFLES WHITE TRUFFLES (Tuber Magnatum Pico) The white truffle is the most rare and precious of all truffles. It is picked only between the months of September and December in the town of Alba in the Piemonte region. The smooth, yellow surface of the truffle hides an interior that varies from brown to pale hazelnut with thin, light veins. Its unmistakable aroma is extremely intense, yet delicate. The key to its use is to use it raw. The classic combination would be egg paparadelle tossed with butter, the best grated Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, and then at the end the White Truffle thinly shaved on top. Preferably at tableside for dramatic effect. BLACK WINTER TRUFFLES (Tuber Melanosporum Vitt) This “black diamond” can be found as far as 20 inches under the ground, near oak trees, hornbeams, and hazelnut trees. It is picked in the Umbrian region of Italy between December and March. Its surface is black and wrinkled, with minute warts and its pulp is a purplish black with numerous, thin veins. Best tossed with warm olive oil and seasoning to taste. BIANCHETTO TRUFFLES (Tuber Albidum Pico) The season for picking the Bianchetto truffles, which is the smallest of the truffles, is between the months of January and April. They are whitish in color, while the pulp is a pale hazelnut with white veins. Their taste is sharp, but added to butter or olive oil, they tend to taste very similar to the precious white truffles. BLACK SUMMER TRUFFLES (Tuber Aestivum Vitt) The easy availability of these truffles makes them the most widely used. -
The Covid-19 Crisis in Montenegro
THE COVID-19 CRISIS IN MONTENEGRO 31 January 2021 COVID-19 health situation – December 2020/January 2021 • After having successfully achieved zero cases at the end of May, Montenegro began experiencing a second wave of infections throughout the summer and autumn, reaching new peak levels in November. The number of daily new cases decreased and stabilised in December and January, however, 10 048 total cases per 100 000 inhabitants, Montenegro continues to record one of the highest number of cases in Europe. On 28 January, the total number of cases reached 60 288, with 790 deaths since the outbreak. Evolution of active cases in Montenegro Source: Worldometers.info • Wearing protective masks indoors and outdoors remains mandatory, including for children older than five years. Strict controls will continue to check whether people wear masks, while private business owners are in charge of assuring that on-site customers respect sanitary measures. Policy reactions – December 2020/January 2021 Measures to slow the spread of the virus and support the health system • Mobility and event restrictions: The National Coordination Body introduced uniform economy-wide measures on 14 November, which will remain in place until at least 10 February. A countrywide curfew THE COVID-19 CRISIS IN MONTENEGRO © OECD 2021 | 2 remains in place until at least 10 February, whereby leaving the place of residence is prohibited from 22:00 to 5:00. Walking in groups larger than four remains prohibited and only registered cultural events of up to 25 people and lasting no longer than 60 minutes are allowed. Religious and private gatherings are forbidden, while religious ceremonies can be performed without visitors. -
Corylus Avellana
Annals of Microbiology (2019) 69:553–565 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-019-1445-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chinese white truffles shape the ectomycorrhizal microbial communities of Corylus avellana Mei Yang1 & Jie Zou2,3 & Chengyi Liu1 & Yujun Xiao1 & Xiaoping Zhang2,3 & Lijuan Yan4 & Lei Ye2 & Ping Tang1 & Xiaolin Li2 Received: 29 October 2018 /Accepted: 30 January 2019 /Published online: 14 February 2019 # Università degli studi di Milano 2019 Abstract Here, we investigated the influence of Chinese white truffle (Tuber panzhihuanense) symbioses on the microbial communities associated with Corylus avellana during the early development stage of symbiosis. The microbial communities associated with ectomycorrhizae, and associated with roots without T. panzhihuanense colonization, were determined via high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS genes. Microbial community diversity was higher in the communities associated with the ectomycorrhizae than in the control treatment. Further, bacterial and fungal community structures were different in samples containing T. panzhihuanense in association with C. avellana compared to the control samples. In particular, the bacterial genera Rhizobium, Pedomicrobium,andHerbiconiux were more abundant in the ectomycorrhizae, in addition to the fungal genus Monographella. Moreover, there were clear differences in some physicochemical properties among the rhizosphere soils of the two treatments. Statistical analyses indicated that soil properties including exchangeable magnesium and exchange- able calcium prominently influenced microbial community structure. Lastly, inference of bacterial metabolic functions indicated that sugar and protein metabolism functions were significantly more enriched in the communities associated with the ectomycorrhizae from C. avellana mycorrhized with T. panzhihuanense compared to communities from roots of cultivated C. -
Montenegro Guidebook
MONTENEGRO PREFACE Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro, lies in a broad plain crossed by five rivers and surrounded by mountains, just 20 kilometers from the Albanian border. The city has a population of around 180,000 people. Bombed into rubble during World War II, Podgorica was rebuilt into a modern urban center, with high-rise apartment buildings and new office and shopping developments. While the latest Balkan war had a low impact on the physical structures, the economic sanctions had a devastating effect on employment and infrastructure. With the help of foreign investment, urban renewal is evident throughout the city, but much of it may still appear run down. Podgorica has a European-style town center with a pedestrian- only walking street (mall) and an assortment of restaurants, cafes, and boutiques. To many, its principal attraction is as a base for the exploration of Montenegro’s natural beauty, with mountains and wild countryside all around and the stunning Adriatic coastline less than an hour away. This is a mountainous region with barren moorlands and virgin forests, with fast-flowing rivers and picturesque lakes; Skadar Lake in particular is of ecological significance. The coastline is known for its sandy beaches and dramatic coves: for example, Kotor – the city that is protected by UNESCO and the wonderful Cathedral of Saint Typhoon; the unique baroque Perast; Saint George and Our Lady of the Rock islands – all locations that tell a story of a lasting civilization and the wealth of the most wonderful bay in the world. The area around the city of Kotor is a UNESCO World Heritage site for its natural beauty and historic significance. -
Montenegro Media Sector Inquiry with Recommendations for Harmonisation with the Council of Europe and European Union Standards
Montenegro Media Sector Inquiry with Recommendations for Harmonisation with the Council of Europe and European Union standards Report by Tanja Kerševan Smokvina (ed.) Jean-François Furnémont Marc Janssen Dunja Mijatović Jelena Surčulija Milojević Snežana Trpevska 29 December 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................5 PROJECT BACKGROUND 5 FINDINGS AND PROPOSALS 6 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 13 PURPOSE 13 SCOPE 13 ORGANISATION 14 STRUCTURE 14 METHODOLOGY 16 CH. I: MARKET OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT ................................................................................... 17 CONTEXT AND ENVIRONMENT 17 ACCESS AND OFFER 18 ECONOMIC HEALTH AND DYNAMICS 20 LEGAL AND REGULATORY INTERVENTIONS 22 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC 23 POLICY BRIEF 24 CH. II: LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................. 26 HARMONISATION: A STEP FORWARD, TWO BACK 26 LEGISLATION: OVERVIEW AND SUGGESTIONS 26 INSTITUTIONS: GAPS, OVERLAPS AND CAPTURE 35 THE NATIONAL REGULATORY AUTHORITY 40 POLICY BRIEF 42 CH. III: PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA ......................................................................................................... 44 PUBLICLY FUNDED MEDIA IN MONTENEGRO 44 ORGANISATION AND GOVERNANCE 44 FUNDING 46 AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE 47 CONTENT: UNIVERSALITY AND -
Truffles and False Truffles: a Primer by Britt A
Two views of Tuber canaliculatum. Photos: John Plschke III. Truffles and False Truffles: A Primer by Britt A. Bunyard; photos by John Plischke III Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. —Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900–1979) Truffles have been the stuff of legend and culinary delight for genus of the most highly prized species of truffles.) As with every- centuries, even millennia. Historically, all mushrooms have been thing in nature, though, there is a reason. regarded with mystery or suspicion due mostly to their habit of materializing overnight (completely unlike other “plants”) and Form follows function: the convoluted hymenium often in rings (which was clearly the work of dancing fairies). Truffles are curiouser still in that they develop entirely under- Although it may not be obvious upon first inspection, species of ground. Theophrastus (372–287 B.C.) is credited with the earli- truffle are most closely related to members of the order Pezizales, est authorship of the group; he considered them the strangest of which includes Peziza, the eyelash fungus (Scutellinia scutellata), all plants (you will recall that, until fairly recently, fungi were and the beautiful scarlet cup (Sarcoscypha coccinea). But how did classified as plants) because they lack any plantlike features, in- members of the genus Tuber and their relatives go from a flattened cluding roots. morphology and epigeous (above ground) growth habit to highly When we think of truffles, we hardly get an image of the convoluted and hypogeous (subterranean)? In his terrific book typical fungus fruitbody, much less that of a mushroom. Not The Fifth Kingdom, Bryce Kendrick illustrates the evolutionary classified with true mushrooms (the Basidiomycetes), the truffles sequence from a flattened, above-ground cup like Peziza that likely possess sac-like spore producing structures (the ascus; plural gave rise to fungi that were increasingly convoluted like Genea. -
What Is a Truffle? Why Do Truffles Smell?
Truffle Q & A by Alana McGee- Often called diamonds of the culinary world, truffles are edible fungi that grow underground, and are considered to be a delicacy because of their intense and unique characteristics and aromas. Truffles are often shaved on top of food prior to serving, but they also are used to infuse flavors into dishes. Along with caviar, saffron, and matsutake mushrooms, truffles are considered one of the most highly sought after, rare, and expensive foods in the world. What is a truffle? Truffles are the fruiting bodies (spore-bearing mechanisms) of underground mushrooms. The actual fungus from which the truffles grow are formed by an underground network of mycelium in a symbiotic relationship with a host plant. This mutually beneficial arrangement occurs when the fungal mycelium and the root cells of the plant grow together to create mycorrhizae. The plant provides sugars to the fungus through photosynthesis, and the fungus provides the plant with minerals, water, and other nutrients from the soil that it could not get by itself. Why do truffles smell? Unlike mushrooms above ground, truffles rely entirely on animals to eat them as a means of spore dispersal. That is how truffle fungi spread and reproduce. And how do they do that exactly? Well, by smelling good of course! As truffles mature they develop odors and send off gasses and pheromones that signal to the surrounding wildlife that there is something tasty hidden under the soil. We like to eat them for the same reasons a chipmunk might. Are there many types of truffles? Yes.