Phylogeny of Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Eudicots (or Tricolpates) “Basal eudicots”

Asterids Buxales Rosids Caryophyllales RanunculalesProteales

After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Phylogeny of Caryophyllales

Caryophyllineae Polygonineae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae Polygonacee Plumbaginaceae Portulacaceae Caryophyllaceae Amaranthaceae Simmondsiaceae Nyctaginaceae Petiveriaceae Phytolaccaceae Aizoaceae Cactaceae

P-type plastids Curved embryo Perisperm Free central to basal placentation Betalain Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family)

Textbook DVD KRR

Dianthus ‘Parfait Raspberry’ Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family)

Photo: V. Soza

Note the simple, linear, opposite leaves and the swollen node

Textbook DVD WSJ Silene pratensis Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family)

Textbook DVD KRR

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Note superior ovary with 2-5 fused carpels Dianthus ‘Parfait Raspberry’ Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family)

Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD CSC Silene sp. Silene nivea Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family)

Caryophyllaceae - 70 genera/2,200 species.

Herbs; Leaves simple, entire, linear, opposite; Stem with swollen nodes; Flowers actinomorphic; Floral parts in 5s and polypetalous, Petals often with well developed claw (long thin basal portion) and blade (expanded apical portion), (4-) 10 stamens, Ovary superior, 2-5 fused carpels. No BETALAINS in this family; Cactaceae (Cactus family)

Textbook DVD WSJ Consolea moniliformis

Textbook DVD WSJ Carnegia gigantea Cactaceae (Cactus family)

Textbook DVD WSJ

Cylindropuntia caribaea; Textbook DVD JRA Note the areoles and spines Opuntia humifusa; Note the fleshy stem with ephemeral photosynthetic leaves Cactaceae (Cactus family)

Textbook KRR&DLN Ferocactus sp.; Note the areoles, spines, and glochids Cactaceae (Cactus family)

Textbook DVD KRR Textbook DVD WSJ

Schlumbergera bridgesii; Opuntia humifusa; Note tepals numerous, stamen Note tepals numerous, stamen numerous, ovary inferior, numerous, ovary inferior, hypanthium hypanthium, and berry-like fruit Cactaceae (Cactus family)

Cactaceae - 100 genera/1400 species.

Succulent stems, variously shaped (cylindrical, fattened); Leaves are ephemeral (quickly falling) or reduced; Axillary buds specialized into cushion-like areas, called areoles (=short shoots), bearing spine clusters (modified axillary shoot leaves) and sometimes spine-like hairs (glochids). Flowers with many tepals usually united at the base into a hypanthium, many stamens arising from the hypanthium, inferior ovary of 3-numerous f used carpels with parietal placentation. Fruit berry. BETALAINS present; Quizaceae (Quiz family)

In a beautiful evening, when you are walking your dog and passing by your neighbor’s yard, there is a gorgeous plant with many reddish zygomorphic flowers draws your attention. When you take a closer look, each flower has three sepals, three petals, three stamens, three stigma lobes and an inferior ovary, which of the following families does this plant belong to: A. Liliaceae B. Orchidaceae C. Iridaceae D. Magnoliaceae E. Ranunculaceae Relationship between Cactaceae and “Portulacaceae”

“Portulacaceae” is not monophyletic

Applequist and Wallace, 2001, Syst. Bot. 26:406-419 “Portulacaceae” (Purslane family)

Portulacaceae - 20 genera/450 species. PNW flora include Montia (miner’s lettuce, Claytonia (spring beauty), and Lewisia (bitterroot).

Herbs, often somewhat succulent; Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, often fleshy (almost succulent); Flowers actinomorphic, polypetalous, 2 sepals and 5 petals, stamens 5-many and often opposite to petals, ovary superior with 2-3 fused carpels. note: Lewisia is an important exception with numerous (2-9) sepals and petals as well as stamens. Fruit capsule. BETALAINS present; “Portulacaceae” (Purslane family)

Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD SZ

Portulaca oleracea Claytonia perfoliata

Note the simple and more or less fleshy leaves “Portulacaceae” (Purslane family)

Textbook DVD KRR Portulaca cv. Sundial

Note the 2 sepal and 5 petal Claytonia virginica arrangement Note the stamens opposite to petals “Portulacaceae” (Purslane family)

Photo: V. Soza Photo: V. Soza

Lewisii sp.

Note this exceptional genus with numerous sepals, petals, and stamens. Polygonaceae (Knotweed family)

Fagopyrum esculentum; Buckwheat, seeds used to produce flour

Textbook DVD KRR Polygonaceae (Knotweed family)

Textbook DVD WSJ Polygonum persicaria

Note the ocrea (sheathing stipules)

Textbook DVD KRR+DLN

Polygonum pensylvanicum Polygonaceae (Knotweed family)

Textbook DVD KRR+DLN Muehlenbeckia complexa

Textbook DVD WSJ Note the 6 tepals Eriogonum tomentosum Polygonaceae (Knotweed family)

Polygonaceae - 43 genera/1100 species. In PNW, many species of Eriogonum (no ocrea---) and polygonum (weedy).

Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines; Leaves simple, alternate; stipules present and connate into an often thin sheath (ocrea) around the stem. Flowers 3-parted, Tepals usually 6 (sometimes 5 due to fusion of 2 tepals), stamens 6-9, ovary superior with 2-3 fused carpels. Fruit nutlet or achene. BETALAINS present; Guest Lecture Next Monday