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Home , Agrostemma, Agrostemma githago, Arenaria (plant), Arenaria congesta, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Caryophyllaceae

AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE OF ALBERTA

Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw & Lorna Allen

April 2019

© Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et al. (1998), and the Flora Associaton (2008). follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). The main references are listed at the end of the key. Please let us know if there are ways in which the key can be improved. The 2015 S-ranks of rare (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). CARYOPHYLLACEAE Pink Family Key to Genera 01a Stipules present, egg- to spatula-shaped, triangular, or bristle-like, mostly thin and translucent ...... 02 01b Stipules absent ...... 04 02a 1-seeded, not splitting open (utricles); absent; attached above the , on the rim of the fower base (hypanthium), 2-3 mm long, obscurely hooded and tipped with a short bristle; forming tufts or mats on dry hills and ridges, s AB ... sessilifora 02b Fruits 3- to 150+-seeded capsules; petals present (rarely absent); sepals usually arising 1a from the ovary base (sometimes from the rim of fower base/hypanthium)...... 03 03a paired but appearing whorled, in clusters of 8-15, with 2 clusters per joint/node; capsules tipped with 5 styles, splitting into 5 3a parts ...... arvensis X 03b Leaves paired, often with clusters in their axils; capsules tipped with 3 styles and splitting into 3 parts ...... 04a Sepals fused for (1/4)1/2+ their length, forming a cup or tube (→); petals white to pink, red, or 2a purple (rarely absent); sepals/petals/ attached below the ovary ...... 05 → 04b Sepals separate (rarely fused at the base); 4a petals usually white (sometimes yellowish, pink, brown or absent); sepals/petals/stamens attached below the ovary or on the rim of the fower base ...... 11 05a with 2-6 sheathing (→) at the base; exotic weeds ...... 05b Flowers without sheathing bracts ...... 06 3b → 06a Styles 3 or 5 (rarely 4); capsules splitting into 5a 3 or 5 segments or opening via 6 or 10 teeth; fowers with both male and female parts or some species with male or female fowers on separate ...... 07 06b Styles 2(3); capsules splitting into 4 parts 5b (usually); fowers with both male and female parts ...... 09

7a 07a Sepals with long, leaf-like lobes (→), 25-62 mm long; styles 3, opposite the petals; petals dark purple ...... githago X 07b Sepals without leafy lobes, <20(25) mm long; styles alternating with petals; petals variously 6a colored ...... 08

3 08a Flowers on 1-5 mm long stalks, in compact, head-like clusters; sepals 13-17 mm long, reddish to purplish, 10-veined; petals pink, rose or lavender, with a slender, stalk-like base 6-8 mm long tipped with a broad, spreading lobe 4-7 mm long; plants mostly hairless and glandless, with a pale waxy coating (sometimes with a few short hairs and/or glands on upper parts), annual, exotic .... armeria X ...... [ armeria] 8b 08b Flowers and plants not as above .... Silene 8a 09a Flowers usually <1 cm long; sepals 1-5 mm long, forming a cone or cup with thin, translucent sections/joints between the sepals ...... 09b Flowers usually >2 cm long; sepals 7-25 mm, forming a cylindric/tube, without conspicuous joints between the sepals ...... 10 10a Plants perennial; fower clusters crowded or open; fower stalks 1-6 mm long; calyx tubes cylindrical; petals with 2 slender appendages at the base of the blade/at the top of the stalk- 9a like base ...... offcinalis X 10a 10b Plants annual; fower clusters open; fower stalks (5)10-30(55) mm; calyx tubes with 5 prominent, often winged ridges; without appendages ...... hispanica X 11a Fruits 1-seeded, not splitting open (utricles); fowers inconspicuous, green, in leafy clusters, ± stalkless, without petals; plants annual, mat- forming, exotic weed . annuus X 10b 11a 11b Fruits several- to many-seeded capsules, splitting open at maturity; fowers mostly conspicuous, stalked, usually with petals . .12 12a Petals tipped with 2 lobes or deeply cut into 2 segments (sometimes nearly to the base) .13 12b Petals rounded, slightly notched or jagged . 14 13a Capsules cylindrical, often curved, opening by 12a 10 teeth ...... (in part) 13b Capsules ovoid to globose, splitting into segments ...... 14a segments = # of styles ...... 15 14a 14b Capsule segments or teeth = 2 times # of styles ...... 17 15a Styles/capsule segments 4-5; sepals 4-5 ...... 15b Styles/capsule segments 3(4); sepals 5 ...16 13a; 17a 13b 16a 16a Sepals oblong, with rounded/blunt tips ...... Cherleria [, in part] 16b Sepals lance- to egg-shaped, tapered to pointed tips ...... Sabulina 17a Capsules cylindrical, opening by 10 teeth ...... Cerastium (in part) 17b Capsules egg-shaped to urn-shaped or spherical, opening by 6 segments/teeth ...18 15a 16b

4 18a Leaf blades thread-like to awl-shaped or 18a narrowly linear, usually crowded at/near the base of the fowering stem and tipped with a sharp point/spine (rarely blunt) . . 18b Leaf blades egg- to lance-shaped (sometimes narrowly so), not crowded at/near the base of 19b the stem, tips blunt to pointed ...... 19 19a Leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 6-30(35) x 5-10 mm, blunt or rounded at the tip, separate from the opposite leaf; with a feshy white appendage (strophiole) ...... laterifora 19b Leaves elliptic to broadly egg-shaped (round), 19a 2-6(7) x 1-4 mm, pointed at the tip, joined to the opposite leaf at the base (at least slightly); seeds without a feshy appendage .

------ARENARIA Sandwort 01a Plants perennial, from spreading rootstocks, native, alpine; stems 2-4 cm long; fowers solitary ..... Arenaria longipedunculata S2 01b Plants annual, exotic, weedy, from a slender taproot; stems (3)5-40 cm long; fowers 3-50+ ...... X

CERASTIUM Chickweed 1a 1b 01a Plants annual, all shoots producing fowering stems; petals ≈ sepals or slightly longer; ------capsules 2-3 times as long as sepals .....02 01b Plants biennial or perennial, often with non- fowering offshoots; petals usually much longer than sepals (sometimes ≤ to sepals); capsules 1-2 times as long as sepals ...... 03 02a Capsules longer than their stalks, the stalks often bent sharply back/down at the base ...... Cerastium brachypodum 02b Capsules shorter than their stalks, the stalks 2b sharply bent back/down at the tip ...... 2a ...... Cerastium nutans 03a Leaves linear to narrowly Iance-shaped, with clusters of small leaves in upper leaf axils; stems erect or ascending; petals 2 times as 4a long as sepals ...... 3a 03b Leaves oblong to elliptic or spatula-shaped, without small leaves in upper leaf axils; stems often spreading or sprawling; petals 1-1.5 (rarely 2) times as long as sepals ...... 04 04a Bracts at the base of fower clusters broad and leaf-like; petals usually (1)1.5(2) times as long as sepals; alpine, native ...... Cerastium beeringianum 04b Bracts at the base of fower clusters small and slender, not leaf-like; petals 1(1.5) times as 4b long as sepals; widespread weed, exotic .... X [Cerastium vulgatum]

5 CHERLERIA Stitchwort [Minuartia, in part] 01a Leaves 3-sided, 3-veined; sepals 3-6.5 mm long; petals egg- or spatula-shaped, 1.2-2X as long as sepals; fowers in clusters of 2-3 .... Cherleria obtusiloba [] 1a 1b 01b Leaves fat, obscurely 1-veined; sepals 3.5-4.5 ------mm long; petals narrowly oblong, 1.4-1.7X as long as sepals; fowers in clusters of 3-5 ...... Cherleria bifora [Minuartia bifora] DIANTHUS Pink 01a Flowers in clusters of 3-15+ (rarely solitary); fower stalks 0.1-2(3) mm; fower bracts ≥ calyx in length ...... 02 01b Flowers usually solitary (sometimes 2-4); 2a 2b fower stalks 4-25(30) mm; fower bracts absent ...... 03 02a clusters open, fat-topped (cymes), with (1)3-6 fowers; sepals hairy; leaves narrowly oblong to linear ...... X 02b Flower clusters forming dense heads, 4- to 3a 4a 20+-fowered; sepals hairless (sometimes with hairs along the edges); leaves lance-elliptic ...... X 4b 03a Stems and sepals hairy X 03b Stems and sepals hairless ...... 04 04a Petal tips irregularly cut into narrow segments ≈ 1/3-1/2 the blade length ...... X ------04b Petal tips toothed, cut ≤1/4 of the blade length ...... X EREMOGONE Sandwort [Arenaria, in part]

01a Flowering stems glandular-hairy above; fowers 1-12(18), in open, forked clusters (cymes); sepals 3-4 mm long ...... 1a 1b Eremogone capillaris [Arenaria capillaris] 01b Flowering stems hairless; fowers 3-50+, in ------head-like clusters; sepals 4-5 mm long ..... Eremogone congesta []

GYPSOPHILA Baby’s-breath 01a Plants annual; petals (6)8-10(15) mm long...... X 01b Plants perennial; petals 1-6 mm long .....02

1a 02a Leaf bases clasping the stem; fower clusters glandular hairy; calyx teeth 3-4 mm long; petals 4-6 mm long, purplish pink (at least tinged) ...... Gypsophila scorzonerifolia X 2a 02b Leaf bases not clasping; fower clusters hairless; calyx teeth 1.5-2 mm long; petals 1-4 mm long, white (rarely light purplish pink) ... XX 2b ......

6 SABULINA Stitchwort [Minuartia, in part] 01a Flowering stems hairless ...... 02 3a 01b Flowering stems glandular-hairy ...... 04 02a Flowers 7-15, in open, branched clusters (cymes) ...... Sabulina dawsonensis ...... [Minuartia dawsonensis] 02b Flowers solitary ...... 03 03a Sepals weakly 3-nerved, linear to lance- shaped, usually purple; petals 0.8-1 times as long as the sepals, rarely absent ...... Sabulina elegans [; ...... Arenaria rossii (in part)] 03b Sepals strongly 3-nerved, egg- to lance- 2a 3b shaped, usually green ; petals usually absent, if present then much shorter than the sepals ...... Sabulina austromontana ...... [Minuartia rossii (in part); ...... Minuartia austromontana] 04a Leaves prominently 1-veined, (5)8-10(20) mm x 0.5-1.5 mm, often curved; sepals 3-6(7) mm long, 1- to 3-nerved, nerves often obscure ...... Sabulina nuttallii [] 4a 04b Leavesprominently 3-veined, 1.5-7(10) x 0.3- 1.3 mm, not curved; sepals 2.5-3.5 mm long, 4b prominently 3-nerved .....Sabulina rubella ...... [] ------SAGINA Pearlwort 01a Petals 3-5 mm long, ≈ twice as long as the sepals; upper stem leaves usually with clusters of tiny, succulent leaves in their axils ...... S2 2a 01b Petals <2.5 mm long, ≤ to slightly > than the sepals in length; upper stem leaves without clusters of tiny, succulent leaves, but 1a sometimes with a few normal-sized leaves in their axils...... 02 02a Plants annual, usually without rosettes of leaves; stems very slender, thread-like; upper stem leaves awl-shaped, gradually shorter upwards on the stem; sandy sites; Hand Hills (1879) but no further AB records ...... H 02b Plants perennial, usually with basal rosettes; stems not thread-like; upper stem leaves linear, sometimes awl-shaped on densely tufted plants ...... 03

3a 03a Plants densely tufted, forming cushions; stems leaves awl-shaped; edges purple; petals and sepals in 4s (sometimes in 5s in a few of the fowers) ...... Sagina nivalis S1 03b Plants with ascending to sprawling stems, 3b or forming mats (sometimes tufted in alpine sites); stem leaves linear; sepal edges white; petals and sepals in 5s . .

7 SILENE Campion, Catchfly 01a Stigmas 5 (rarely 4); capsules with 5 or 10 teeth (rarely 4 or 8) ...... 02 01b Stigmas 3 (rarely 4-5); capsules with 3 or 6 teeth (rarely 4, 5, 8 or 10) ...... 07 02a Flowers ♀ or ♂ ( on separate plants), 25-35 mm across, fragrant, with white petals, open from evening to mid-morning; ♀ calyx 20-veined; ♂ calyx 10-veined; plants weedy, 3a exotic ...... XX ...... [ alba; Silene pratensis] 2a 02b Flowers with both ♀ and ♂ parts, 5-15 mm across; calyces 10-veined; plants native (except S. chalcedonica) ...... 03 03a Plants coarse, bristly hairy, 50-100 cm tall, exotic, weedy; fowers in dense, head-like 5a clusters of (3-)5-50, scarlet (rarely white or pink), stalkless or with stalks shorter than the calyx ...... X ...... [Lychnis chalcedonia] 03b Plants slender, hairless to glandular hairy, (2)5-50 cm tall; fowers mostly 1-3 (sometimes more in S. drummondii), white to pink or reddish purple, with stalks longer than the calyx ...... 04 04a Flowers nodding (erect in ); calyces 4a infated, thin and papery; petals dusky purple- red; seeds 1.5-2.5 mm, broadly winged ...... 04b Flowers erect; calyces neither infated nor very 6a thin; petals white or pink (rarely dingy reddish purple); seeds 0.5-1.5 mm, wing often narrow, sometimes absent...... 05 05a Seeds not winged, edged with tiny bumps (papillae), 0.7-1 mm long; calyces tubular to narrowly elliptic ...... Silene drummondii 05b Seeds winged, without papillae; calyces elliptic to bell-shaped ...... 06 06a Stems 2-10(12) cm tall, with 1 fower (rarely 2-3); seeds (0.5)0.8-1(1.3) mm, the wing <1/4 the seed diameter; calyces elliptic, 7-10(12) mm long ...... Silene hitchguirei S1 06b Stems 10-45 cm with 1-3 fowers; seeds 1-1.5 6b mm, the wing up to 1/2 the diameter; 7a calyces bell-shaped, 8-20 mm long ...... ...... [Lychnis affnis; Silene furcata] 07a Plants <8 cm tall, cushion-forming; petals bright pink (rarely white) ..... 07b Plants >8 cm tall, not cushion-forming; petals white (except S. conoidea) ...... 08 08a Calyces with 20-30 parallel veins ...... 09 08b Calyces with ≤10 veins or veins obscure . .10

8 09a Calyces hairless, with ≈20 obscure veins; petals white, deeply 2-lobed at the tip and with appendages 0.5 mm long ...... Silene csereii X (in part) 09b Calyces hairy and usually glandular, with 25- 30 prominent veins; petals deep pink, rounded or slightly notched at the tip and appendages with 2-4 mm long ...... X 9a 9b 10a Calyces herbaceous (leaf-like), with obscure veins ...... 11 10b Calyces with pale segments/seams between prominent parallel veins ...... 13 11a Calyces hairy ...... 11b Calyces hairless ...... 12

11a 12a Calyces only slightly infated, 7-10 mm long in fower, in fruit 9-13 mm long, egg-shaped, narrowed at the mouth to ≈1/2 the diameter; stamens ≈2x the calyx length; flaments purple ...... Silene csereii X (in part) 12b Calyces infated, 9-12 mm long in fower, in fruit 12-18 mm long, bell-shaped, not strongly narrowed at the mouth; stamens ≈1-1.3x the calyx length; flaments usually white ...... X [Silene cucubalus] 13a Plants annual or biennial, with slender 12b taproots ...... 14 13b Plants perennial, with thick, creeping 12a rootstocks or stout, often woody taproots and branched bases ...... 15 14a Calyces mostly 5-9 mm long, bell- to egg- shaped, not contracted around the short ( <1 mm) inner capsule stalk (carpophore); upper stem leaves usually with broad sticky bands; dry sites in the Canadian Shield region, ne AB ...... S1 14b Calyces 15-24(30) mm long, elliptic, narrowed at both ends, contracted around the inner 1-3 mm long capsule stalk (carpophore); upper 14a 14b stem leaves without broad sticky bands; weedy and widespread .. Silene noctifora X 15a Leaves 6-20(25) cm long; stem leaves in (1- 2)3-12 pairs, not much reduced upwards; fowers 2-20, in congested whorls at 1-12 joints/nodes; fower stalks shorter than the calyces, bending back/out at the tip ...... SU [Lychnis elata] 15b Leaves 3-8 cm long; stem leaves in 2-3(4) pairs, progressively smaller upwards; fowers (1)2-7, 1-3 at few joints/nodes; fower stalks usually longer than the calyces, ascending ......

15a 15b

9 SPERGULARIA Sandspurry 01a Capsules spherical, 2.5-2.8 mm long; seeds black, 0.4-0.5 mm long, pear-shaped, somewhat fattened, smooth; leaves 6-23 x 0.5-1 mm...... Spergularia diandra X 01b Capsules egg-shaped, 2.8-6.4 mm long; seeds 1b brown, 0.5-0.7(0.9) mm long, egg-shaped, more or less plump, covered in tiny bumps (papillae); leaves (8)15-40 x 0.6-1.5 mm .... 1a ..Spergularia salina []

------STELLARIA Starwort 01a Plants more or less sticky glandular-hairy, low perennial forming loose mats of leafy, 10-20 cm long stems; leaves egg-shaped, 8-20 x 2-13 mm, stalkless, blunt-tipped; Waterton NP ...... Stellaria americana S1 01b Plants not glandular-sticky; stems, leaves and distribution not as above ...... 02 1a 02a Mid-stem to lower leaves distinctly stalked, egg-shaped to broadly elliptic ...... 03 3a 02b Mid-stem to lower leaves stalkless or very short-stalked, elliptic to narrowly lance- shaped ...... 04 03a Flowers single in axils of mid- to upper- 3b stem leaves; plants perennial, native, in the Waterton region .. (in part) 03b Flowers several, in leafy, branched clusters; plants annual, exotic, widespread weed ...... X 04a Flower-cluster bracts (at least the outermost), thin and translucent, whitish ...... 05 04b Flower-cluster bracts green and leaf-like . .08

5a 05a Capsules ≤ sepals in length; plants annual, from thread-like taproots; dry, open sites in s BC and w US, probably in sw AB ...... SU 05b Capsules > sepals in length; plants perennial, from creeping rootstocks () .....06 06a Petals absent; fower clusters fat-topped, 6a somewhat umbrella-shaped; leaves oblong- lance-shaped, bending sharply back/down with age; rare in the s AB cordillera ...... S1 06b Petals present; leaves and fowers various 07 07a Leaves linear-lance-shaped, mostly widest at 7a the base, erect, frm, often with a pale blue hue, 4-26(40) mm long; fower stalks erect- ascending ...... Stellaria longipes (in part) ...... [includes Stellaria arenicola] 07b Leaves linear, tapered at both ends, spreading 7b or loosely ascending, soft, green (not tinged pale blue), (8)20-40 mm long; fower stalks widely spreading ......

10 08a Leaves linear or elliptic-lance-shaped, usually much >4 times as long as wide ...... 09 08a Leaves ovate-lance-shaped, <4 times as long as wide ...... 13 10b 09a Petals shorter than the sepals or absent . .10 10a 09b Petals ≈ or longer than the sepals ...... 11 10a Capsules broadly egg-shaped to spherical, ≤1.5 times as long as wide; styles <1 mm long; sepals of open fowers <2.5 mm long, without veins (rarely 1 obscure vein); leaves 5-25 mm long ...... 10b Capsules egg-shaped, >1.5 times as long as wide; styles >1 mm long; sepals of open fowers >2.5 mm long, with 1-3 prominent veins; leaves 10-60 mm .. 11a ...... [Stellaria calycantha, in part] 11a Leaves frm/leathery, keeled, often with a pale bluish hue; stems few, short, erect to ascending ...... Stellaria longipes (in part) ...... [includes Stellaria arenicola] 12a 11b Leaves soft, slightly feshy, green; plants freely branching, often forming tangled mats ....12 12a Sepals narrowly triangular-lance-shaped; stems weak and creeping, usually <5 cm tall, 3-30 cm long ...... Stellaria crassifolia 12b Sepals triangular-egg-shaped; stems sprawling or ascending, >5 cm tall, (5)25-50 cm long ...... Stellaria borealis 13a ...... [Stellaria calycantha, in part] 12b 13a Sepals with pointed tips and thin, translucent edges, and 3 prominent veins; styles ≈1 mm long, straight; capsules egg-shaped to almost elliptical, 3.5-6 mm long .... 13b Sepals with blunt tips, green edges and ± 13b obscure veins; styles <0.5 mm long, curled; capsules broadly egg-shaped to round, 2.3- 3.5 mm long ...... Stellaria obtusa S1

11 References

Alberta Conservaton Informaton Management System (ACIMS). 2015. List of all Vascular Taxa Confrmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS database - October 15 2015. ACIMS, Government of Albert, Edmonton, Alberta.

Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet. 2015. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. htp://data. canadensys.net/vascan/

Cullen, James, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey. 2011. European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identfcaton of Plants Cultvated in , Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. Volume 3. Angiospermae – . Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England.

Douglas, George W., Del Meidinger and Jim Pojar. 1998. Illustrated Flora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 2. Dicotyledons (Balsaminaceae through Cuscuta- ceae). Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.

Douglas, George W., Del Meidinger and Jim Pojar. 2002. Illustrated Flora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 8. General Summary, Maps and Keys. Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.

Flora North America Associaton. 2016. Flora North America Website. Online data accessed December 2015 to June 2016. htp://www.eforas.org

Looman, J. and K.F. Best. 1979 Budd’s Flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publicaton 1662. Canadian Govern- ment Publishing Centre, Hull, PQ.

Moss, E.H. 1983. The Flora of Alberta. Second Editon, Revised by John G. Packer. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.

Province of Alberta. 2016. Weed Control Act, Ofce Consolidaton. Alberta Regulaton 19/2010 with amendments up to and including Alberta Regulaton 125/2016. Alberta Queen’s Printer, Edmonton, AB.

12 List of Species and Illustration Sources Scientfc Name Illus. Source Scientfc Name Illus. Source H&C Silene conoidea H&C Arenaria longipedunculata BC of Prov. Silene csereii Prov. of BC Arenaria serpyllifolia H&C Silene cserei (close-up) H&C 1973 Atocion armeria H&C Silene drummondii H&C Cerastium arvense H&C Silene hitchguirei H&C Cerastium beeringianum H&C Silene involucrata B&B Cerastium brachypodum B&B Silene latifolia H&C Cerastium fontanum H&C Silene menziesii H&C Cerastium nutans H&C Silene noctifora H&C Dianthus armeria H&C Silene parryi H&C Dianthus barbatus H&C Silene scouleri H&C Dianthus deltoides H&C Silene uralensis H&C Dianthus plumarius LK Silene vulgaris H&C Dianthus seguieri LK H&C Eremogone capillaris H&C Spergularia diandra H&C Eremogone congesta H&C Spergularia salina H&C Gypsophila elegans LK Stellaria americana H&C Gypsophila paniculata H&C Stellaria borealis LK Gypsophila wscorzonerifolia LK Stellaria calycantha H&C Minuartia bifora B&B H&C Minuartia obtusiloba H&C Stellaria crispa H&C Moehringia laterifora H&C Stellaria longifolia H&C Paronychia sessilifora H&C Stellaria longipes H&C Sabulina austromontana H&C Stellaria media H&C Sabulina dawsonensis Prov. of BC Stellaria nitens H&C Sabulina elegans H&C Stellaria obtusa H&C Sabulina nuttallii H&C Stellaria umbellata H&C Sabulina rubella H&C Vaccaria hispanica H&C Sagina decumbens B&B Sagina nivalis LK Sagina nodosa B&B Sagina saginoides H&C Saponaria ofcinalis H&C H&C Silene acaulis JM Silene antirrhina H&C Silene chalcedonica B&B

13 Key to Illustration Sources

B&B = Britton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated fora of the northern and Canada. reprinted by Dover Publications in 1970 edition. Dover Publications, Inc., , New York.

H&C = Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955-69. Vascular plants of the Pacifc Northwest. Volume 5. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.

H&C 1973 = Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist 1973. Flora of the Pacifc Northwest: An illustrated Manual. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington

Kershaw = Linda Kershaw.

Maywood = John Maywood.

Prov. of BC = illustrations from the Illustrated Flora of British Columbia (Douglas et. al. 1998), provided courtesy of the Province of British Columbia.

.

14 Index obtusiloba. See Cherleria obtusiloba Agrostemma rossii. See Sabulina austromontana githago 3 rubella. See Sabulina rubella Arenaria 5. See also Eremogone Moehringia capillaris. See Eremegone capillaris laterifora 5 congesta. See Eremogone congesta Paronychia longipedunculata 5 sessilifora 3 rossii. See Sabulina elegans Sabulina 4, 7 serpyllifolia 5 austromontana 7 Atocion dawsonensis 7 armeria 4 elegans 7 Caryophyllaceae 3 nuttallii 7 Cerastium 4, 5 rubella 7 arvense 5 Sagina 4, 7 beeringianum 5 decumbens 7 brachypodum 5 nivalis 7 fontanum 5 nodosa 7 nutans 5 saginoides 7 vulgatum. See Cerastium fontanum Saponaria Cherleria 4, 6 ofcinalis 4 bifora 6 Scleranthus obtusiloba 6 annuus 4 Dianthus 3, 6 Silene 4, 8 armeria 6 acaulis 8 barbatus 6 antirrhina 9 deltoides 6 armeria. See Atocion armeria plumarius 6 chalcedonica 8 seguieri 6 conoidea 9 Eremogone 5, 6 csereii 9 capillaris 6 cucubalus. See Silene vulgaris congesta 6 drummondii 8 Gypsophila 4, 6 furcata. See Silene involucrata elegans 6 hitchguirei 8 paniculata 6 involucrata 8 scorzonerifolia 6 latifolia 8 Lychnis menziesii 9 afnis. See Silene involucrata noctifora 9 alba. See Silene latifolia parryi 9 chalcedonia. See Silene chalcedonia pratensis. See Silene latifolia elata. See Silene scouleri scouleri 9 Minuartia. See Cherleria; See Sabulina uralensis 8 austromontana. See Sabulina austro- vulgaris 9 montana Spergula bifora. See Cherleria bifora arvensis 3 dawsonensis. See Sabulina dawsonensis Spergularia 3, 10 elegans. See Sabulina elegans diandra 10 nuttallii. See Sabulina nuttallii marina. See Spergularia salina 15 salina 10 Stellaria 4, 10 americana 10 arenicola. See Stellaria longipes borealis 11 calycantha 11. See also Stellaria borea- lis crassifolia 11 crispa 11 longifolia 10 longipes 10, 11 media 10 nitens 10 obtusa 10, 11 umbellata 10 Vaccaria hispanica 4

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