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Home , Caryophyllaceae, Claytonia caroliniana, Drosera intermedia, Dysphania (plant), Froelichia floridana, Gypsophila paniculata

Succulents & Carnivores & Weeds The caryophyllid group is a strange mixture of including cacti, Diversity of carnations, and some carnivorous families. Specialists of deserts, salt Caryophyllids environments, nutrient poor sites, and weedy areas – often with interesting . . . carnations, cacti, chenopods . . . physiological adaptations.

[Tues lab – you will finish mayapples, poppies, lotus lily, sycamores in lab]

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Caryophyllaceae - pink - pink family Huge family, widespread but characteristic of temperate and warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Many of the are introduced (either by Native Americans or Europeans or later) In Wisconsin we have 18 genera and 63 species • either naturalized – Caryophyllaceae includes the pinks, catchflies, and carnations of garden well-established, often fame widespread that is not originally in our flora

• or adventive – only casually established, not persistent.

Gypsophila paniculata deltoides Baby’s-breath invasive on Maiden pink Lake Michigan dunes

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1 Caryophyllaceae - pink family The dichasium is terminated (i.e., determinate) by the oldest and flanked by two • Herbs, simple, opposite, entire ; nodes usually swollen lateral younger . • Inflorescence a dichasium - determinate inflorescence - or cyme (compound dichasium)

compound Note 3 way split, middle branch is oldest flower

Dichasium Cyme

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Caryophyllaceae - pink family

CA 5, (5) CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-5)

• Some fused , others not

• often differentiate into a limb and claw, the apex is often notched

Free central = free standing placental column in single locular pistil on which are attached, or axile, or both at same time!

Capsule opens by valves or teeth

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2 Caryophyllaceae - pink family Caryophyllaceae - pink family

Cerastium michauxii (= stricta) mouse-ear chickweed sand rockwort 5- styles!

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Caryophyllaceae - pink family Caryophyllaceae - pink family

Silene latifolia - white campion

Silene vulgaris - bladder campion with vespid wasp pollinator longifolia Stellaria meadia long leaved stitchwort 3 styles! common stitchwort Silene – also called “catch-fly”

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3 Caryophyllaceae - pink family Caryophyllaceae - pink family

(1) Male phase & (2) female phase

European species becoming invasive Dichogamy Why does it change color?

Saponaria officinalis - bouncing bet, soapwort officinalis - bouncing bet, soapwort

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Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family

Family that is chiefly tropical and • simplest inflorescence subtropical in distribution type is indeterminate

In Wisconsin we have 2 species of • oldest flowers at the Phytolacca - one native base with alternative simple leaves • younger flowers progressively closer to Inflorescence typically an indeterminate raceme the apical meristem of the shoot

= a raceme Raceme Phytolacca americana - pokeweed

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4 Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family

CA 5 CO 0 A 10 G (∞) Alice Tanksley Brown's Poke Salet • No petals Alice Tanksley Brown grew up in • 2x as many as sepals Mississippi, a state rich in pokeweed. She • fused carpels but only 1 per carpel remembers Dr. Pruett telling her mother, • fruited, bird dispersed, and a source of dye “Widow, if you give your children a mess of poke in the spring and some sassafras tea, you’ll save yourself doctor bills for a year.” The good doc was probably referring to pokeweed's leaves purgative powers as they contain toxic alkaloids that should not be eaten in large amounts. Most recipes call for the green to be parboiled, at least once and sometimes twice, and for the water to be discarded. The is poisonous, containing a dense array of chemicals used in a variety of medicinal treatments. Phytolacca americana - pokeweed

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Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family

CA 5 CO 0 A 10 G ∞ CA 5 CO 0 A 10 G ∞

our non-native species – ! our non-native species – achenes!

Phytolacca acinosa – Indian pokeweed Phytolacca acinosa – Indian pokeweed

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5 - purslane family Portulacaceae - purslane family

Family comprises small succulent herbs with small flowers except for cultivated species.

Portulaca oleracea – little hogweed, purslane

Prostrate herb, leaves succulent; has been oleracea cultivated as a [‘oleracea’ = edible] Common purslane Flowers are small, yellow, 5-merous Rock rose (Argentina) opens via a cap or lid 21 22

Montiaceae – spring beauty family

CA 2 CO 5 A 5+ G (3)

• 2 sepals, 5 showy petals, 5 stamens

• 3 fused carpels (note the 3 )

• placentation

• is a capsule “with a lid” “herbal minute with Brigitte Mars” @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9bFtKMSnXs

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6 – spring beauty family Montiaceae – spring beauty family

Claytonia virginica - spring virginica - - beauty spring beauty spring beauty

Lower elevation E NAm Higher elevation E NAm Claytonia caroliniana - S of Tension Zone Great Lakes N of Tension Zone Great Lakes spring beauty 25 26

Cactaceae - family Cactaceae - cactus family

A New World family; xeromorphic , stem succulents and • sometimes epiphytic P ∞ A ∞ G (4) • is inferior and consist of 4 fused In Wisconsin we have 1 genus, Opuntia, with 2 recognized species carpels with parietal placentation

• Fruit a berry (jam, wine!)

Opuntia macrorhiza – Opuntia fragilis – Opuntia macrorhiza - plains prickly-pear plains prickly-pear brittle prickly-pear

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7 - family Amaranthaceae - amaranth family

• large family (now includes Chenopodiaceae) • large family (now includes Chenopodiaceae) • abundant in desert and semi-desert regions & weeds here! • abundant in desert and semi-desert regions & weeds here! • halophytic - salt-loving; • halophytic - salt-loving; tumbleweeds • many species exhibit xerophytic adaptations (succulence, C4 or CAM )

Bassia scoparia - summer cypress Salicornia virginica - glasswort album - lamb’s quarter

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Amaranthaceae - amaranth family Amaranthaceae - amaranth family Flowers very small, greenish, perfect or imperfect (both monoecious and dioecious); congested ; wind pollinated _ CA (2-5) CO 0 A 2-5 G (2-3)

• Sepals only – persist in fruit

• Pistil with 1 and 1 ovule –

C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Chenopodium album - lamb’s quarter 31 32

8 Amaranthaceae - amaranth family Amaranthaceae - amaranth family

Chenopodium – big & messy!

Chenopodium floridana - cottonweed ambrosioides

Dysphania ambrosioides Amaranthus retroflexus - rough amaranth, pigweed, redroot 33 34

Polygonaceae - smartweed family - smartweed family

Large, difficult family especially common in northern temperate regions – lots of generic changes!

In Wisconsin we have many (smartweeds), (bindweeds, giant knotweeds), (knotweeds), (, docks)

Herbs, with swollen nodes; Ocrea is a good character for the - water smartweed - water pepper leaves typically alternate and family – membranous sheath (connate simple ) 35 36

9 Polygonaceae - smartweed family Polygonaceae - smartweed family

CA 5-6 CO 0 A 5-8 G (3)

• Flowers usually bisexual,

• Flowers are small often white to red • 5 or 6 sepals (tepals) that often become large and - sheep or red membranous in fruit

• No petals Ubiquitous weed around the world, especially in pastures; distinctive • Fruit is a triangular one- bases (sagittate or hastate); acetic acid seeded achene (derivation of taste (sour = ‘sorrel’) family name)

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Polygonaceae - smartweed family Polygonaceae - smartweed family Curly dock rhabarbarum Garden - locally adventive

Polygonella articulata jointweed

Rumex brittanica (R. orbicularis) Water dock

One-seeded with 3 persistant sepals or wings

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10 - sundew family Insectivorous family including snap traps (Venus fly trap) and sticky fly papers (sundews). In Wisconsin we have 4 species of (sundews) in nutrient poor soils or peat.

Drosera rotundifolia - round leaved sundew

The sticky tentacles are modified leaves with gland tipped hairs that capture the insects. Digestion and then absorption of amino acids follows. “sundew time lapse” @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frmyzIhD29Q

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Droseraceae - sundew family Droseraceae - sundew family

Unusual origin of Different species vary in leaf shape D. rotundifolia • all Drosera are 2n = 20 Flowers are small in a terminal • D. anglica is 2n = 40 raceme • D. anglica is of D. rotundifolia and D. linearis Drosera anglica - English X • D. anglica is allopolyploid (tetraploid) sundew (threatened in WI)

D. linearis

Drosera intermedia - narrow- leaved sundew (threatened in WI)

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11 Droseraceae - sundew family Droseraceae - sundew family Family shows divergence in insect Family shows divergence in insect capture capture Drosera – Drosera – Sundews: Sundews: sticky flypaper sticky flypaper

Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) – Dionaea– Dionaea– Venus fly-trap: steel trap Venus fly-trap: steel trap Asian pitcher plants: Pitfall trap

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Droseraceae - sundew family Family shows convergence in insect capture Drosera – Sundews: sticky flypaper

Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) – Butterwort: sticky flypaper

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