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A Review of Botany, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Effects of Dysphania Ambrosioides

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Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 02 | Number 02 | September (2020) http://journal.i3l.ac.id/ojs/index.php/IJLS/ REVIEW ARTICLE A Review of Botany, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Effects of Dysphania ambrosioides Lavisiony Gracius Hewis1, Giovanni Batista Christian Daeli1, Kenjiro Tanoto1, Carlos1, Agnes Anania Triavika Sahamastuti1* 1Pharmacy study program, Indonesia International Institute for Life-sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia *corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Traditional medicine is widely used worldwide due to its benefits and healthier components that these natural herbs provide. Natural products are substances produced or retrieved from living organisms found in nature and often can exert biological or pharmacological activity, thus making them a potential alternative for synthetic drugs. Natural products, especially plant-derived products, have been known to possess many beneficial effects and are widely used for the treatment of various diseases and conditions. Dysphania ambrosioides is classified as an annual or short-lived perennial herb commonly found in Central and South America with a strong aroma and a hairy characteristic. Major components in this herb are ascaridole, p-cymene, α-terpinene, terpinolene, carvacrol, and trans-isoascaridole. Active compounds isolated from this herb are found to exert various pharmacological effects including schistosomicidal, nematicidal, antimalarial, antileishmanial, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibiotic modulatory activity. This review summarizes the phytochemical compounds found in the Dysphania ambrosioides, together with their pharmacological and toxicological effects. Keywords: Dysphania ambrosioides; phytochemicals; pharmacological effect; secondary metabolites; toxicity INTRODUCTION pharmacologically-active compound, morphine, Natural products have been used by a wide was isolated from plants by Serturner spectrum of populations to alleviate and treat (Krishnamurti & Rao, 2016). Afterward, diseases. They can be retrieved from plants, numerous active compounds have been animals, microorganisms, or marine organisms. identified and isolated from abundant plants Natural products such as Traditional Chinese available in nature. Traditional medicines Medicine (TCM), Ayurveda, Kampo, Traditional nowadays still play a key role in many countries Korean Medicine (TKM), and Unani are used in as complementary, alternative, or ethnic alternative medicines (Yuan, Ma, Ye & Piao, medicine. They could provide anticancer, 2016). Those traditional medicines have been antihypertensive, antimigraine, widely practiced globally for hundreds or even hepatoprotective effects, and much more. thousands of years. In 1805, the first Nevertheless, the adverse effects generated 70 Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 02 | Number 02 | September (2020) http://journal.i3l.ac.id/ojs/index.php/IJLS/ from them shall be reduced to ensure their safety (Yuan, Ma, Ye & Piao, 2016). Dysphania ambrosioides, also known as Chenopodium ambrosioides, is commonly known as Indian wormseed, sweet pigweed, or Mexican tea. It is a hairy, strongly aromatic, annual, or short-lived perennial herb that usually grows wild in Central and South America Figure 1. Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & (Soares et al., 2017). The stem of the plant is Clemants Mexican tea (Mohlenbrock, 1992). equipped with glandular trichomes that secrete essential oils (Fatokun et al., 2019). According Botanical Description to Soares et al. (2017), it is traditionally used as a flavoring agent in various kinds of dishes due Domain : Eukaryote to its pungent flavor. It is cultivated in sub- Kingdom : Plantae tropical and sub-temperate regions, mostly Division : Spermatophyta used for consumption in the form of leafy Subphylum : Angiospermae vegetables or herbs. The same report also Class : Dicotyledonae stated that in Brazil, D. ambrosioides is known Order : Caryophyllales as 'erva de Santa Maria', which the infusion of Family : Chenopodiaceae the leaves can be used as a vermifuge. The Genus : Dysphania study mentioned that this plant's essential oil is Species :Dysphania ambrosioides used for pharmacological purposes because of Plant Morphology its high ascaridole content. Besides ascaridole, D. ambrosioides i i y r nc e er based on the chemotypes, D. ambrosioides t t c n re c p t meter i essential oil contains other monoterpenes, such er e, ti , t , 8 t e e as p-cymene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, are alternate, elongated, with acute apex, terpinolene, carvacrol, and trans-isoascaridole jagged edges, hairy, with different sizes, where (Barros et al.,2019) as the major compounds as the smaller ones are on the top of the plant and well as other compounds, such as o-cymene, are sessile; the larger ones are at the bottom trans-beta-terpinyl butanoate, and D-limonene with a short petiole (Blanckaert et al., 2011). (Soares et al., 2017). This review paper Moreover, it has a strong and characteristic discusses the bioactive constituents of D. smell. D. ambrosioides has a racemose type of ambrosioides, along with its pharmacological inflorescence, presented as green colored small and toxicological properties and suggested flowers (Sá et al., 2016). Each cluster of flowers mechanisms of actions. usually has 3-5 sepals, partially or united, with 3-5 stamens, free or with adnate filaments, on each sepal. It also has numerous, spherical, black colored seeds that are surrounded by a persistent calyx that is less than 0.8 mm long (Fatokun et al., 2019). 71 Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 02 | Number 02 | September (2020) http://journal.i3l.ac.id/ojs/index.php/IJLS/ Plant Distribution orange-yellow liquid, with a peculiar, Native to Central and South America, D. unpleasant smell and a bitter, burning taste ambrosioides is originated from Mexico. (Shah & Khan, 2017). Usually, its growth is spontaneous mainly in America and Africa due to its subtropical and Extract tropical regions, and also in temperature zones According to Ferreira et al. (2019), ranging from the Mediterranean to Central flavonoids, as rutin equivalent, are abundantly Europe. The distribution of D. ambrosioides is found in the aerial parts of D. ambrosioides extensive in Brazil, which occurs in almost all rather than other phenolic compounds. This territory (Sá et al., 2016). study has been done through spectrophotometric analytical methods. While SECONDARY METABOLITES OF D. another study by Shah and Khan (2017) AMBROSIOIDES extracted some compounds from D. Thirumurugan et al. (2018) said that plants ambrosioides using methanol, followed by synthesize their secondary metabolites for self- further fractionation using several solvents. The protection and self-regulation. The same report re t were: ti m ter , β-sitosterol, and stated that the plant metabolites have relevant octadecanoic acid from ethyl acetate biological and organoleptic properties, which subfraction; scopoletin from dichloromethane can play important roles in human health and subfraction; and 1-piperoylpiperidine from n- general well-being. Studies have discovered butanol subfraction. A study done by Zohra et that D. ambrosioides contains ascaridole, al. (2018) showed that extraction using tannins, flavonoids, kaempferol, cardiotonic, methanol was the best way to extract the anthraquinone, alkaloids, rutin, ethyl acetate, n- phytochemical contents of D. ambrosioides. heptacosane, n-hentriacontane, n-butanol, n- docosane, aritasone, camphor, p-cymene, p- BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL cim , β-pinene, pin c r ne, β-caryophyllene, EFFECTS OF D. AMBROSIOIDES er ni , γ- rj nene, γ-terpine , α-terpineol, The EO of D. ambrosioides obtained from the α-terpinene, spinasterol, safrole, thymol, whole plant, including the fruit or the aerial terpinyl-salicylate, terpinyl-acetate, triacontyl- parts of the plants, has been traditionally used alcohol, quercetin, and chrysin among others in many ways. In Cameroon, it is commonly (Pedro et al., 2019; Jesus et al , 8 used to repel and kill insects due to the er e, ti , t , 8 presence of monoterpene peroxide ascaridole and aromatic p-cymene (Pavela et al., 2017). Essential Oils (EO) Moreover, it has been observed to possess The EO of D. ambrosioides was reported to antibacterial, antiviral (Zefzoufi et al., 2019), contain δ-3-c rene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, antileishmanial, cytotoxicity, anticancer (Zohra im nene, γ-terpinene, p-cymen-8-ol, et al., 2018), antiprotozoal towards Plasmodium ascaridole, cis-piperitone oxide, trans- falciparum, antiparasitic (Pizzorno, Murray, & piperitone oxide, trans-ascaridolyglycol, thymol, Joiner-Bey, 2016), and anthelmintics activity c r cr , i c ri e, n β-ionone based on (Ortner & Buikstra, 2019). The EO of D. GC-MS analysis (Zefzoufi et al., 2019). The EO of ambrosioides was also reported to have D. ambrosioides was found to be pale yellow to antibiotic modulatory (Almeida et al., 2019) and 72 Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 02 | Number 02 | September (2020) http://journal.i3l.ac.id/ojs/index.php/IJLS/ antioxidant activity (Brahim et al., 2015). μ /mL c e m re t n 9 % ec n ‐ t e Furthermore, some studies stated that this juveniles (J2) mortality of Meloidogyne plant might show schistosomicidal (Soares et incognita, with LC50 and LC95 values of 307 al., 2017) and nematicidal effects (Faria et al., μ /mL n 58 μ /mL, re pecti e y The study 2016). found that significant reduction of J2 hatching and toxicity toward M. incognita eggs were Schistosomicidal
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  • Thesis Style Document

    Thesis Style Document

    Application of Membrane Technologies in Water Purification Junjie Shen Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Heriot-Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Institute of Chemical Sciences Edinburgh, United Kingdom May 2016 The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author. Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information. Abstract The world is facing a serious water crisis due to rapid population growth, industrialization and climate change. Water purification using membrane technologies provides a promising solution to address this problem. This thesis investigated the feasibility of membrane technologies in a wide range of applications covering drinking water purification and wastewater treatment. Target contaminants included fluoride, natural organic matter (NOM), emerging contaminants bisphenol A (BPA) and cimetidine, and the waterborne parasite Cryptosporidium. The first part of the thesis explored the solute- solute interactions of fluoride and humic substances (HS) in order to understand the behaviour of fluoride in natural water and during membrane filtration processes. It is shown that, at low pH and high ionic strength, fluoride ions are temporarily trapped inside the structure of HS aggregates. The second part of the thesis examined the feasibility of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) in treating challenging natural waters in Tanzania containing high fluoride and NOM concentrations, with the aim to increase the availability of drinking water sources. Fluoride retention was found to be dependent on ionic strength and recovery, which was predominantly due to a solution-diffusion mechanism.