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The Social-Construct of Race and Ethnicity: One’S Self-Identity After a DNA Test

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The Social-Construct of Race and Ethnicity: One’S Self-Identity After a DNA Test Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-2019 The Social-Construct of Race and Ethnicity: One’s Self-Identity after a DNA Test Kathryn Ann Wilson Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons Recommended Citation Wilson, Kathryn Ann, "The Social-Construct of Race and Ethnicity: One’s Self-Identity after a DNA Test" (2019). Dissertations. 3405. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3405 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SOCIAL-CONSTRUCT OF RACE AND ETHNICITY: ONES’ SELF-IDENTITY AFTER A DNA TEST by Kathryn Wilson A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Educational Leadership, Research and Technology Western Michigan University April 2019 Doctoral Committee: Gary Miron, Ph.D., Chair D. Eric Archer, Ph.D. June Gothberg, Ph.D. Copyright by Kathryn Wilson 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Gary Miron, for his continued belief that I would find my passion and complete this dissertation. Also, I would like to thank my dissertation advisory committee chair Professor Gary Miron, Ph.D., and committee members Assistant Professor D. Eric Archer, Ph.D., and Assistant Professor June Gothberg, Ph.D. for their advice and support. I would also like to thank those who were gracious enough to take the survey and who participated in the verbal survey, without your input this study could not have occurred. Thank you for the acceptance and participation of the many DNA, and genealogy social groups, and to Blaine Bettinger, Ph.D. whose research on genealogy and DNA was extremely helpful. I did not expect such participation and positive comments but was genuinely touched by the responses. These individuals will never know how much their support and words encouraged me to the completion of this study. Lastly, but by no means least, my family! Without the support of my husband Jim, and all chores he did, while I had my face buried in reading materials and typing were very helpful. The encouragement from him as well as my children Cheryl Wirth, Evan Wirth, and Maria Wilson and grandchildren Rachael and Tristan Wirth, were encouraging otherwise this dissertation might never have been completed. Hearing my children tell me I wasn’t too old to follow my dream of completing my Ph.D., and they were proud of me pushed me forward. Kathryn Wilson ii THE SOCIAL-CONSTRUCT OF RACE AND ETHNICITY: ONE’S SELF-IDENTITY AFTER A DNA TEST Kathryn Wilson, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2019 Self-identity—specific to race and ethnicity—is shaped by a myriad of factors, including genealogical evidence, family lore, learned behaviors and lived experiences. How these various factors affect self-identity varies greatly from individual to individual. Even those raised within the same household may hold different views of who they are. This study examines how individuals’ self-identity is affected by results from DNA testing. This study is filtered through the lens of Social Constructivism theory and looks at many components which may have impacted how we see ourselves and develop our personal self-identification. The study used mixed methods and sources of data. Quantitative and qualitative data was gathered from a survey of 692 persons, and from 25 in-depth interviews of individuals who reported changes in self-identity after DNA testing. An extensive literature review was conducted that examines the process of immigration into the United States and the purpose of implementing the U.S. Census, along with changes and trends it intended to capture. Other topics addressed in the review of literature include: How social fluidity and the transient actions within the U.S. impacted the identity of races, ethnicities, and biracial individuals; and the influences through subjectivity, social class, stratification, hierarchy, and discriminatory actions influence self-identity. The review of literature informed the development of the conceptual framework. The new topic of DNA is being added to Social Identity Theory (SIT) and Self- Categorization Theory (SCT) to observe how individuals now interpret their self-identity of race and ethnicity after interpreting DNA results. With this new information, clarification was obtained on what has happened to the construct of race and ethnicity. Key findings include the following: (1) There appears to be considerable confusion about the constructs of race and ethnicity among participants even prior to taking the DNA tests. (2) Thirty-seven percent of the participants reported shifts in the way they interpret their self-identification after taking the DNA test. (3) Women between ages 18-44 and 55- 65 are more likely to have reported changes in self-identity after the DNA testing. (4) Women under 54 years of age are more likely to change their reporting of race. (5) Individuals under 54 are more likely to change their reporting of ethnicity. (6) Men are over two times less likely to accurately know their race prior to a DNA test. (7) The constructs of race and ethnicity are becoming increasingly confounded and are likely to be less useful as predictor variables in social science research. This study is laying the groundwork for how DNA results will impact the earlier theories of SIT and SCT and the self-identity of our population in the U.S. as well as in other countries. The conceptual framework and methods used are likely to inform further research into this relatively new and growing topic of inquiry. Inexpensive DNA tests are available with over 15-million tests performed; how these results impact the views of self- identity is important for longitudinal investigation into these changing constructs. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ x LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. xii LIST OF KEY WORDS .................................................................................................... xiv LIST FOR DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND THEORIES ................................................... 1 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 3 Focus of Study ...................................................................................................................... 8 Key Concepts that Frame the Study .............................................................................. 8 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................ 9 Purpose Statement ............................................................................................................... 10 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................... 10 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 11 The Significance of the Study ............................................................................................. 11 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 12 Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................................... 12 Social Identity and Self-Categorization Theories ............................................................... 14 iii Table of Contents - continued CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................... 17 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 17 Social-Constructs ................................................................................................................ 17 The Process of Immigration in Colonial America .............................................................. 17 U.S. Census Records ........................................................................................................... 23 Social Fluidity ..................................................................................................................... 27 Transient Actions of the U.S. .............................................................................................. 28 Problems of Self-Identity ...................................................................................................
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