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Cortex Brainstem Spinal Cord Thalamus Cerebellum Basal Ganglia
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology HST.131: Introduction to Neuroscience Course Director: Dr. David Corey Motor Systems I 1 Emad Eskandar, MD Motor Systems I - Muscles & Spinal Cord Introduction Normal motor function requires the coordination of multiple inter-elated areas of the CNS. Understanding the contributions of these areas to generating movements and the disturbances that arise from their pathology are important challenges for the clinician and the scientist. Despite the importance of diseases that cause disorders of movement, the precise function of many of these areas is not completely clear. The main constituents of the motor system are the cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. Cortex Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Thalamus Brainstem Spinal Cord In very broad terms, cortical motor areas initiate voluntary movements. The cortex projects to the spinal cord directly, through the corticospinal tract - also known as the pyramidal tract, or indirectly through relay areas in the brain stem. The cortical output is modified by two parallel but separate re entrant side loops. One loop involves the basal ganglia while the other loop involves the cerebellum. The final outputs for the entire system are the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord, also called the Lower Motor Neurons. Cortex: Planning and initiation of voluntary movements and integration of inputs from other brain areas. Basal Ganglia: Enforcement of desired movements and suppression of undesired movements. Cerebellum: Timing and precision of fine movements, adjusting ongoing movements, motor learning of skilled tasks Brain Stem: Control of balance and posture, coordination of head, neck and eye movements, motor outflow of cranial nerves Spinal Cord: Spontaneous reflexes, rhythmic movements, motor outflow to body. -
Prenatal Origin of Behavior Hibited When Its Development Is Complete
Tne Prenatal Origin of Behavior The Prenatal Origin of Beliavior ty Davenport Hooker, Pli.D., Sc.D. Professor of Anatomy and Chairman of the Department University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Porter Lectures, Series 18 University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1952 COPYRIGHT, 1952, BY THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PRESS Physiological and morphological studies on human prenatal de• velopment, publication no. 20. These studies have been aided by- grants from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical So• ciety, from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, from the University of Pittsburgh, and from the Sarah Mellon Scaiie Foundation. Preface o BE INVITED to fill the Porter Lectureship in Medi• cine is indeed an honor and one for which this lec• T turer is most grateful. Quite aside from my personal gratification at being invited to lecture on this foundation, I am especially pleased because of my long friendship with Dr. George Ellett Coghill, the founder in America of work on embryonic movements, who served the University of Kansas School of Medicine from 1913 to 1925. It has also been my privilege to know for a long time both Dr. Henry Carroll Tracy, his successor as Chairman of the Depart• ment at Kansas, and the present Chairman, Dr. Paul Gib• bons Roofe. I am indebted for many things to many people too numerous to name here, but it would be falling short of both justice and courtesy were I to omit expressing my debt to many colleagues, past and present, including Dr. Tryphena Humphrey, Dr. Ira D. Hogg, and the staff of the Elizabeth Steel Magee Hospital. -
Development of the Flexion Withdrawal Reflex
Spinal sensory processing in the human infant: Development of the flexion withdrawal reflex Laura Louise Cornelissen Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University College London 2011 1 Declaration The work in this thesis was conducted in the Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology at University College London, and in the Elizabeth Anderson and Obstetrics Wing at University College Hospital. I, Laura Louise Cornelissen, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where other information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Laura Louise Cornelissen March 2011 2 Abstract Immature spinal sensory reflexes have lower mechanical thresholds and are poorly coordinated and exaggerated compared to adult reflexes. However, little quantitative data is available on how these spinal sensory circuits develop in the human infant. This thesis investigates the development of cutaneous flexion withdrawal reflexes in preterm and full- term human infants following noxious and non-noxious stimulation of the heel, and tests whether flexion withdrawal reflex activity is modulated by the commonly administered analgesic, oral sucrose, in a randomised controlled trial. The studies were undertaken in infants aged 28-45 weeks gestation (GA), in-patients at University College Hospital, London. The noxious stimulus was a clinically required heel lance; non-noxious stimulation was either a light touch of the heel or application of calibrated von Frey hairs to the heel. Flexion withdrawal reflex activity was recorded with surface EMG electrodes placed over the biceps femoris muscle. Video recordings of facial expression were recorded for clinical pain assessment. -
The Phenomenon of Multiple Stretch Reflexes
Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal Volume 34 Number 1 Article 6 3-1986 The Phenomenon of Multiple Stretch Reflexes Robert D. Teasdall Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Medical Specialties Commons, and the Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Teasdall, Robert D. (1986) "The Phenomenon of Multiple Stretch Reflexes," Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal : Vol. 34 : No. 1 , 31-36. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal/vol34/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal by an authorized editor of Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. The Phenomenon of Multiple Stretch Reflexes Robert D. Teasdall, MD* Multiple stretch reflexes occur in muscles adjacent to or remote from the tap. The response may be ipsilateral or bilateral. These reflexes are encountered not only in normal subjects with brisk stretch reflexes but particularly in patients with lesions of the upper motor neuron. The concussion obtained by the blow is conducted along bone to muscle. Muscle spindles are stimulated, and in this manner independent stretch reflexes are produced in these muscles. This mechanism is responsible for the phenomenon of multiple stretch reflexes. The thorax and pelvis play important roles in the contralateral responses by transmitting these mechanical events across the midline. (Henry FordHosp Med J 1986;34:31-6) ontraction of muscles remote from the site of f)ercussion is Head and neck Cencountered in patients with brisk stretch reflexes. -
The Plantar Reflex
THE PLANTAR REFLEX a historical, clinical and electromyographic study From the Department of Neurology, Academic Hospital 'Dijkzigt', Rotterdam, The Netherlands THE PLANTAR REFLEX A HISTORICAL, CLINICAL AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE GENEESKUNDE AAN DE ERASMUS UNIVERSITEIT TE ROTTERDAM OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. DR. B. LEIJNSE EN VOLGENS BESLU!T VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN. DE OPENBARE VERDED!GING ZAL PLAATS VINDEN OP WOENSDAG 16 NOVEMBER 1977 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4.15 UUR PREC!ES DOOR JAN VAN GIJN GEBOREN TE GELDERMALSEN 1977 KRIPS REPRO - MEPPEL PROMOTOR: DR. H. VAN CREVEL CO-PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. A. STAAL CO-REFERENTEN: PROF. DR. H. G. ]. M. KUYPERS PROF. DR. P. E. VOORHOEVE Aan mijn ouders Aan Carien, Maarten en Willem CONTENTS page GENERAL INTRODUCTION 15 CHAPTER I HISTORY OF THE PLANTAR REFLEX AS A CLINICAL SIGN DISCOVERY - the plantar reflex before Babinski 19 - the toe phenomenon . 21 - Joseph Babinski and his work 24 ACCEPTANCE - the pyramidal syndrome before the toe reflex 26 - confirmation . 26 - a curious eponym in Holland 28 - false positive findings? 29 - false negative findings 29 FLEXION AND EXTENSION SYNERGIES - the Babinski sign as part of a flexion synergy . 31 - opposition from Babinski and others . 33 - ipsilateral limb extension with downgoing toes versus the normal plantar response . 36 - crossed toe responses . 36 - tonic plantar flexion of the toes in hemiplegia 37 RIVAL SIGNS - confusion . 39 - different sites of excitation 39 - stretch reflexes of the toe muscles 41 - spontaneous or associated dorsiflexion of the great toe 42 - effects other than in the toes after plantar stimulation 42 THE PLANTAR RESPONSE IN INFANTS - contradictory findings 43 - the grasp reflex of the foot . -
Proquest Dissertations
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CUTANEOUS FLEXION REFLEX IN HUMAN INFANTS: THE EFFECTS OF NOXIOUS STIMULI AND TISSUE DAMAGE IN THE NEWBORN. This thesis is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in Neuroscience. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London. KATHARINE ANN ANDREWS May 1997 SUPERVISOR Professor Maria Fitzgerald ProQuest Number: 10106776 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10106776 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Owr lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter^* Dr Martin Luther King Jr. ABSTRACT OF THESIS The aim was to investigate the development of spinal sensory processing in the human neonate using the cutaneous flexion reflex, and to measure changes in the reflex resulting from repeated tissue damage. A further aim was to quantify flexion reflex responses elicited by different intensities of mechanical and electrical stimuli using EMG recordings. Experiments were performed with ethical approval and informed parental consent on a group o f preterm and full-term infants aged between 27 and 42 weeks postconceptional age. -
A Dictionary of Neurological Signs.Pdf
A DICTIONARY OF NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS THIRD EDITION A DICTIONARY OF NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS THIRD EDITION A.J. LARNER MA, MD, MRCP (UK), DHMSA Consultant Neurologist Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool Honorary Lecturer in Neuroscience, University of Liverpool Society of Apothecaries’ Honorary Lecturer in the History of Medicine, University of Liverpool Liverpool, U.K. 123 Andrew J. Larner MA MD MRCP (UK) DHMSA Walton Centre for Neurology & Neurosurgery Lower Lane L9 7LJ Liverpool, UK ISBN 978-1-4419-7094-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7095-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7095-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937226 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2001, 2006, 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. -
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
12 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes Lecture Presentation by Lori Garrett © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Functional Organization of the Spinal Cord Learning Outcomes 12.1 Describe how the spinal cord can function without input from the brain. 12.2 Discuss the anatomical features of the spinal cord. 12.3 Describe the three meningeal layers that surround the spinal cord. 12.4 Explain the roles of gray matter and white matter in processing and relaying sensory information and motor commands. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Functional Organization of the Spinal Cord Learning Outcomes (continued) 12.5 Describe the major components of a spinal nerve. 12.6 Describe the rami associated with spinal nerves. 12.7 Relate the distribution pattern of spinal nerves to the region they innervate. 12.8 Describe the cervical plexus. 12.9 Relate the distribution pattern of the brachial plexus to its function. 12.10 Relate the distribution patterns of the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus to their functions. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 12.1: The spinal cord can function independently from the brain © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 12.1: The brain and spinal cord Both the brain and the spinal cord: . Receive sensory input from receptors . Contain reflex centers . Send motor output to effectors Reflex . Rapid, automatic response triggered by specific stimuli Spinal reflexes . Controlled in the spinal cord . Function without input from the brain © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 12.1: Review A. Describe the direction of sensory input and motor commands relative to the spinal cord. B. -
The Five-Minute Neurological Examination
THE FIVE-MINUTE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION Ralph F. Józefowicz, MD Introduction The neurologic examination is considered by many to be daunting. It may seem tedious, time consuming, overly detailed, idiosyncratic, and even capricious. Every neurologist has his/her own version of the examination, and may appear to use “magical thinking” to come up with a diagnosis at the end. In reality, the examination is quite simple. When performing the neurological examination, it is important to keep the purpose of the examination in mind, namely to localize the lesion. A basic knowledge of neuroanatomy is necessary to interpret the examination. The key to performing an efficient neurological examination is observation. More than half of the neurological examination is performed by simply observing the patient – how he/she speaks, thinks, walks, moves, and simply interacts with the examiner. A skillful observer will already localize a lesion, based on simple observations. Formalized testing merely refines the diagnosis, and may only require several additional steps. Performing an overly detailed neurological examination without a purpose in mind is a waste of time, and often yields incidental findings that cloud the picture. The following three pages contain an outline of the components of the five-minute neurological examination, followed by a suggested order for performing this examination. I have also included a detailed handout describing the components of a comprehensive neurological examination, as well as the significance of abnormal findings. Numerous tables are included in this handout to aid in neurological diagnosis. Finally, a series of short cases are included, which illustrate how an efficient and focused neurological examination allows one to make an accurate neurological diagnosis. -
Neurological Examination Made Easy
NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION MADE EASY Content Strategist: Jeremy Bowes Content Development Specialist: Sheila Black Project Manager: Sruthi Viswam Designer: Christian Bilbow Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose Illustrator: Richard Tibbitts 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION MADE EASY GERAINT FULLER MD FRCP Consultant Neurologist Gloucester Royal Hospital Gloucester UK FIFTH EDITION Edinburgh London New Yo rk Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2013 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). First edition 1993 Second edition 1999 Third edition 2004 Fourth edition 2008 ISBN 978-0-7020-5177-7 International ISBN 978-0-7020-5178-4 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. -
University of Groningen Neurological Development in Infancy Touwen, B.C L
University of Groningen Neurological development in infancy Touwen, B.C L IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 1975 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Touwen, B. C. L. (1975). Neurological development in infancy. [S.l.]: [S.n.]. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 12-11-2019 BERT TOUWEN NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY ERRATA Page 73 footnote: am grateful ...• read: I am grateful ... Page 26 Group IV: A group of Items which did not show .. read: A group of Items which did show . Page 34 Fifth line from above, table XI and XIII; read: table XII and XIV Page 35 Third line from below, table XI and XIII; read: table XII and XIV Page 37 Nlneth line from below, 4 read 3 Page 38 First line above, 2 read 7 Seventh and eighth line from above, table X and XII; read: table XI and XIII Page 44 Sixth line from above, 2 and 4, read 7 and 3 Page 49 and 51 Exchange figures 70 and 7 7 Page 49 Seventh line from above, 10, 31 and 21, read 70, 34 and 24 Page 6 7 Heading: Recording: 2. -
Deep Tendon Reflexes
Reflex Physiology Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi © 2009 Ebneshahidi Reflex Physiology . Reflexes are automatic, subconscious response to changes within or outside the body. a. Reflexes maintain homeostasis (autonomic reflexes) – heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and digestion. b. Reflexes also carry out the automatic action of swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting. c. Reflexes maintain balance & posture. ex. Spinal reflexes – control trunk and limb muscles. d. Brain reflexes – involve reflex center in brain stem. ex. Reflexes for eye movement. © 2009 Ebneshahidi Reflex Arc The reflex arc governs the operation of reflexes. Nerve impulses follow nerve pathways as they travel through the nervous system. The simplest of these pathways, including a few neurons, constitutes a reflex arc. Reflexes whose arc pass through the spinal cord are called spinal reflexes. © 2009 Ebneshahidi Parts of Reflex Arc . 1. Receptor – detects the stimulus. a) Description: the receptor end of a particular dendrite or a specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ. b) function: sensitive to a specific type of internal or external change. 2. sensory neuron – conveys the sensory info. to brain or spinal cord. a. Description: Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a sensory neuron. b. Function: transmit nerve impulses from the receptor into the brain or spinal cord. © 2009 Ebneshahidi Reflex Arc . 3. Interneuron: relay neurons. a. Description: dendrite, cell body, and axon of a neuron within the brain or spinal cord. b. function: serves as processing center, conducts nerve impulses from the sensory neuron to a motor neuron. 4. Motor neuron: conduct motor output to the periphery. a. Description: Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a motor neuron.