Deep Tendon Reflexes
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Of 100 1. the Golgi Tendon Organ Is an Essential Component of Static
1. The Golgi tendon organ is an essential component of static stretching because it A. increases muscle spindle activity in a tight muscle. Rationale A. Golgi tendon organs decrease muscle spindle activity. B. prevents muscles from stretching too far or too fast. Rationale B. Muscle spindles prevent muscles from stretching too far or too fast. C. increases contraction rate in muscle fibers. Rationale C. Holding a stretch creates tension in the muscle, which stimulates the Golgi tendon organ, causes relaxation of an overactive muscle, and allows optimal lengthening of tissue. D. prevents muscle from being placed under excessive tension.(correct) Rationale D. The Golgi tendon organ prevents muscles from being placed under excessive tension (autogenic inhibition). Question Name 1-1 Certification Thinking Skills Foundational Thinking Current Forms 2011 Practice A Primary Reference Chapter 7, Task 1A1 Page 1 of 100 2. Which of the following is the correct force-couple relationship that allows for the upward rotation of the scapula? A. Longus capitus and brachialis Rationale A. The longus capitus concentrically accelerates cervical flexion and lateral flexion, while the brachialis concentrically accelerates elbow flexion. B. Rhomboid minor and anterior scalenes Rationale B. The rhomboid minor concentrically accelerates scapular retraction and downward rotation, while the anterior scalenes concentrically accelerates cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion. C. Sternocleidomastoid and longus coli Rationale C. The sternocleidomastoid concentrically accelerates cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion while the longus coli concentrically accelerate cervical flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation. D. Upper trapezius and lower portions of the serratus anterior (correct) Rationale D. The upper trapezius and the lower portion of the serratus anterior are muscle groups that move together to produce upward rotation of the scapula. -
VIEW Open Access Muscle Spindle Function in Healthy and Diseased Muscle Stephan Kröger* and Bridgette Watkins
Kröger and Watkins Skeletal Muscle (2021) 11:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-020-00258-x REVIEW Open Access Muscle spindle function in healthy and diseased muscle Stephan Kröger* and Bridgette Watkins Abstract Almost every muscle contains muscle spindles. These delicate sensory receptors inform the central nervous system (CNS) about changes in the length of individual muscles and the speed of stretching. With this information, the CNS computes the position and movement of our extremities in space, which is a requirement for motor control, for maintaining posture and for a stable gait. Many neuromuscular diseases affect muscle spindle function contributing, among others, to an unstable gait, frequent falls and ataxic behavior in the affected patients. Nevertheless, muscle spindles are usually ignored during examination and analysis of muscle function and when designing therapeutic strategies for neuromuscular diseases. This review summarizes the development and function of muscle spindles and the changes observed under pathological conditions, in particular in the various forms of muscular dystrophies. Keywords: Mechanotransduction, Sensory physiology, Proprioception, Neuromuscular diseases, Intrafusal fibers, Muscular dystrophy In its original sense, the term proprioception refers to development of head control and walking, an early im- sensory information arising in our own musculoskeletal pairment of fine motor skills, sensory ataxia with un- system itself [1–4]. Proprioceptive information informs steady gait, increased stride-to-stride variability in force us about the contractile state and movement of muscles, and step length, an inability to maintain balance with about muscle force, heaviness, stiffness, viscosity and ef- eyes closed (Romberg’s sign), a severely reduced ability fort and, thus, is required for any coordinated move- to identify the direction of joint movements, and an ab- ment, normal gait and for the maintenance of a stable sence of tendon reflexes [6–12]. -
Focusing on the Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries
33 Focusing on The Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries Resiliency Through Reconnections - Reflex Integration Following Brain Injury Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Scottsdale, Arizona Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP September 19, 2019 Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP © 2019 Sensory Focus No Pictures or Videos of Patients The contents of this presentation are the property of Sensory Focus / The VISION Development Team and may not be reproduced or shared in any format without express written permission. Disclosure: BINOVI The patients shown today have given us permission to use their pictures and videos for educational purposes only. They would not want their images/videos distributed or shared. We are not receiving any financial compensation for mentioning any other device, equipment, or services that are mentioned during this presentation. Objectives – Advanced Course Objectives Detail what primitive reflexes (PR) are Learn how to effectively screen for the presence of PRs Why they re-emerge following a brain injury Learn how to reintegrate these reflexes to improve patient How they affect sensory-motor integration outcomes How integration techniques can be used in the treatment Current research regarding PR integration and brain of brain injuries injuries will be highlighted Cases will be presented Pioneers to Present Day Leaders Getting Back to Life After Brain Injury (BI) Descartes (1596-1650) What is Vision? Neuro-Optometric Testing Vision writes spatial equations -
Correlation of Electrodiagnostic and Clinical Findings in Unilateral S1 Radiculopathy
Neurol. Croat. Vol. 65, 1-4, 2016 Correlation of electrodiagnostic and clinical findings in unilateral S1 radiculopathy Seyed Mansoor Rayegani, Navid Rahimi, Elham Loni, Shahram Rahimi Dehgolan, Leyla Sedighipour ABSTRACT – Objectives: Lumbosacral radiculopathy is a challenging diagnosis and electrodiagnostic study (EDX) is a good complementary test to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Physical examination, MRI and electrodiagnosis have different diagnostic value in this regard. MRI can provide anatomical evidence and is 3 useful in choosing the treatment procedure, but it may also yield false-positive results. In this study, we as- 1-4, 2016 Number sessed the correlation of clinical and EDX findings in patients with L5-S1 disc herniation on MRI.Methods: EDX was performed in 87 patients referred for clinical and MRI diagnosis of S1 radiculopathy. The consist- ency of EDX results with MRI and clinical findings was evaluated by Pearson 2χ -test and odds ratio. Results: Disc protrusion was present in 58% and disc extrusion in 42% of patients. Physical examination revealed absent Achilles reflex in 83% and decreased S1 dermatome sensation in 65% of patients. In this study, EDX sensitivity was about 92%. The highest consistency between EDX parameters and physical examination find- ings was recorded between absent H-reflex and decreased Achilles reflex (OR=6.20; p=0.014), but there was no significant consistency between H-reflex and either muscular weakness or straight leg raising test result (p>0.05). There was no relationship between the type of disc herniation on MRI and H-reflex either. There was correlation between H-reflex abnormalities and absent ankle reflex in patients with unilateral L5-S1 disc herniation on MRI. -
Improvement and Neuroplasticity After Combined Rehabilitation to Forced Grasping
Hindawi Case Reports in Neurological Medicine Volume 2017, Article ID 1028390, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1028390 Case Report Improvement and Neuroplasticity after Combined Rehabilitation to Forced Grasping Michiko Arima, Atsuko Ogata, Kazumi Kawahira, and Megumi Shimodozono Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Michiko Arima; [email protected] Received 20 September 2016; Revised 31 December 2016; Accepted 9 January 2017; Published 6 February 2017 Academic Editor: Pablo Mir Copyright © 2017 Michiko Arima et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The grasp reflex is a distressing symptom but the need to treat or suppress it has rarely been discussed in the literature. We report the case of a 17-year-old man who had suffered cerebral infarction of the right putamen and temporal lobe 10 years previously. Forced grasping of the hemiparetic left upper limb was improved after a unique combined treatment. Botulinum toxin typeA (BTX-A) was first injected into the left biceps, wrist flexor muscles, and finger flexor muscles. Forced grasping was reduced along with spasticity of the upper limb. In addition, repetitive facilitative exercise and object-related training were performed under low-amplitude continuous neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Since this 2-week treatment improved upper limb function, we compared brain activities, as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy during finger pinching, before and after the combined treatment. -
Theoretical Part Recruitment and Summation in Skeletal Muscle
name number study group Theoretical part Recruitment and summation in skeletal muscle Myography and electromyography Myography is a method for recording skeletal muscle contractions. On the contrary, electromyography (EMG) is a method registering the electric activity produced by skeletal muscle. Muscle fibre Each individual skeletal muscle cell (or myocyte or fiber) contains a dense parallel array of smaller, cylindrical elements called myofibrils that have the diameter of a Z disk (Figure 1). Each of these myofibrils comprises repeating units, or sarcomeres, that consist of smaller interdigitating filaments called myofilaments. These myofilaments come in two types, thick filaments composed primarily of myosin and thin filaments composed primarily of actin. The sarcomere extends from one Z disk to another. Sarcomeres stacked end to end make up a myofibril. The repeating sarcomeres are most highly organized within skeletal and cardiac muscle and impart a striped appearance. Thin filaments are 5 to 8 nm in diameter and, in striated muscle, 1 μm in length. In striated muscle, the thin filaments are tethered together at one end, where they project from a dense disk known as the Z disk. The Z disk is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the muscle fibre; thin filaments project from both its faces. Not only do Z disks tether the thin filaments of a single myofibril together, but connections between the Z disks also tether each myofibril to its neighbours. These interconnections align the sarcomeres and give skeletal and, to a lesser extent, cardiac muscle its striated appearance. The thick filaments are 10 nm in diameter and, in striated muscle, 1.6 μm in length. -
Neural Control of Movement: Motor Neuron Subtypes, Proprioception and Recurrent Inhibition
List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I Enjin A, Rabe N, Nakanishi ST, Vallstedt A, Gezelius H, Mem- ic F, Lind M, Hjalt T, Tourtellotte WG, Bruder C, Eichele G, Whelan PJ, Kullander K (2010) Identification of novel spinal cholinergic genetic subtypes disclose Chodl and Pitx2 as mark- ers for fast motor neurons and partition cells. J Comp Neurol 518:2284-2304. II Wootz H, Enjin A, Wallen-Mackenzie Å, Lindholm D, Kul- lander K (2010) Reduced VGLUT2 expression increases motor neuron viability in Sod1G93A mice. Neurobiol Dis 37:58-66 III Enjin A, Leao KE, Mikulovic S, Le Merre P, Tourtellotte WG, Kullander K. 5-ht1d marks gamma motor neurons and regulates development of sensorimotor connections Manuscript IV Enjin A, Leao KE, Eriksson A, Larhammar M, Gezelius H, Lamotte d’Incamps B, Nagaraja C, Kullander K. Development of spinal motor circuits in the absence of VIAAT-mediated Renshaw cell signaling Manuscript Reprints were made with permission from the respective publishers. Cover illustration Carousel by Sasha Svensson Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................9 Background...................................................................................................11 Neural control of movement.....................................................................11 The motor neuron.....................................................................................12 Organization -
Interpretation of Sensory Information from Skeletal Muscle Receptors for External Control Milan Djilas
Interpretation of Sensory Information From Skeletal Muscle Receptors For External Control Milan Djilas To cite this version: Milan Djilas. Interpretation of Sensory Information From Skeletal Muscle Receptors For External Control. Automatic. Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. English. tel-00333530 HAL Id: tel-00333530 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333530 Submitted on 23 Oct 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC T H E S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Formation doctorale: SYSTEMES AUTOMATIQUES ET MICROELECTRONIQUES Ecole Doctorale: INFORMATION, STRUCTURES ET SYSTEMES présentée et soutenue publiquement par Milan DJILAS le 13 octobre 2008 Titre: INTERPRETATION DES INFORMATIONS SENSORIELLES DES RECEPTEURS DU MUSCLE SQUELETTIQUE POUR LE CONTROLE EXTERNE INTERPRETATION OF SENSORY INFORMATION FROM SKELETAL MUSCLE RECEPTORS FOR EXTERNAL CONTROL JURY Jacques LEVY VEHEL Directeur de Recherches, INRIA Rapporteur -
VTPP 423 Syllabus General
VTPP 423 BIOMEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY I COURSE INFORMATION Description: Biomedical Physiology I. (3-2). Credit 4. Physiological principles, review of cellular physiology, and development of an understanding of the nervous system and muscle, cardiovascular, and respiratory physiology; clinical applications related to organ systems. Prerequisites: VIBS 305; junior or senior classification. Discussions: MWF: 9:10 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. (Room 309, VICI) Lab Sessions: 501: Tuesdays : 12:40 - 2:30 p.m. (Room 320, VICI) 504: Fridays : 12:40 - 2:30 p.m. (Room 320, VICI) Instructor: J.D. Herman Office Hours: MWF 10:00 – 11:00 or by appointment Office Room # 316 VIDI Phone: 979/862-7765 [email protected] Teaching TBA Assistant: Required Lauralee Sherwood: Human Physiology: from cells to systems, 8th edition, Brooks/Cole Cengage Resources: Learning, ISBN: 978-1-111-57743-8 iClicker 2 Web-sites: htt p://ecampus.tamu.edu/ Course Goal: To understand the physiological significance of cells, organs and organ systems in maintaining homeostasis of the mammalian organism. (To develop critical thinking, problem solving and self- learning skills in preparation for a career in medicine/science.) Learning Outcomes: By the end of the course, the student will: • investigate and solve mathematical calculations commonly used in physiology • articulate an understanding of homeostatic control mechanisms of the: ▪ central nervous system ▪ muscular system ▪ cardiovascular system ▪ respiratory system ▪ renal system • collect and analyze physiologic data related to the ▪ central nervous system ▪ muscular system ▪ cardiovascular system ▪ respiratory system ▪ renal system • evaluate the relationship between physiology and disease ▪ including insight into critical thinking in the clinical setting ▪ including goals and mechanisms of some pharmacologic agents Course Grading: A total of 400 points are possible in the course. -
Retained Neonatal Reflexes | the Chiropractic Office of Dr
Retained Neonatal Reflexes | The Chiropractic Office of Dr. Bob Apol 12/24/16, 1:56 PM Temper tantrums Hypersensitive to touch, sound, change in visual field Moro Reflex The Moro Reflex is present at 9-12 weeks after conception and is normally fully developed at birth. It is the baby’s “danger signal”. The baby is ill-equipped to determine whether a signal is threatening or not, and will undergo instantaneous arousal. This may be due to sudden unexpected occurrences such as change in head position, noise, sudden movement or change of light or even pain or temperature change. This activates the stress response system of “fight or flight”. If the Moro Reflex is present after 6 months of age, the following signs may be present: Reaction to foods Poor regulation of blood sugar Fatigues easily, if adrenalin stores have been depleted Anxiety Mood swings, tense muscles and tone, inability to accept criticism Hyperactivity Low self-esteem and insecurity Juvenile Suck Reflex This is active together with the “Rooting Reflex” which allows the baby to feed and suck. If this reflex is not sufficiently integrated, the baby will continue to thrust their tongue forward, pushing on the upper jaw and causing an overbite. This by nature affects the jaw and bite position. This may affect: Chewing Difficulties with solid foods Dribbling Rooting Reflex Light touch around the mouth and cheek causes the baby’s head to turn to the stimulation, the mouth to open and tongue extended in preparation for feeding. It is present from birth usually to 4 months. -
The Corneomandibular Reflex1
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.34.3.236 on 1 June 1971. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1971, 34, 236-242 The corneomandibular reflex1 ROBERT M. GORDON2 AND MORRIS B. BENDER From the Department of Neurology, the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, U.S.A. SUMMARY Seven patients are presented in whom a prominent corneomandibular reflex was observed. These patients all had severe cerebral and/or brain-stem disease with altered states of consciousness. Two additional patients with less prominent and inconstant corneomandibular reflexes were seen; one had bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and one had no evidence of brain disease. The corneomandibular reflex, when found to be prominent, reflects an exaggeration of the normal. Therefore one may consider the corneomandibular hyper-reflexia as possibly due to disease of the corticobulbar system. The corneomandibular reflex consists of an involun- weak bilateral response on a few occasions. This tary contralateral deviation and protrusion of the was a woman with bulbar and spinal amyotrophic lower jaw during corneal stimulation. It is not a lateral sclerosis. The other seven patients hadProtected by copyright. common phenomenon and has been rediscovered prominent and consistently elicited corneo- several times since its initial description by Von mandibular reflexes. The clinical features common to Solder in 1902. It is found mostly in patients with these patients were (1) the presence of bilateral brain-stem or bilateral cerebral lesions who are in corneomandibular reflexes, in some cases more coma or semicomatose. prominent on one side; (2) a depressed state of con- There have been differing opinions as to the sciousness, usually coma; and (3) the presence of incidence, anatomical basis, and clinical significance severe neurological abnormalities, usually motor, of this reflex. -
What's the Connection?
WHAT’S THE CONNECTION? Sharon Winter Lake Washington High School Directions for Teachers 12033 NE 80th Street Kirkland, WA 98033 SYNOPSIS Students elicit and observe reflex responses and distinguish between types STUDENT PRIOR KNOWL- of reflexes. They then design and conduct experiments to learn more about EDGE reflexes and their control by the nervous system. Before participating in this LEVEL activity students should be able to: Exploration, Concept/Term Introduction Phases ■ Describe the parts of a Application Phase neuron and explain their functions. ■ Distinguish between sensory and motor neurons. Getting Ready ■ Describe briefly the See sidebars for additional information regarding preparation of this lab. organization of the nervous system. Directions for Setting Up the Lab General: INTEGRATION Into the Biology Curriculum ■ Make an “X” on the chalkboard for the teacher-led introduction. ■ Health ■ Photocopy the Directions for Students pages. ■ Biology I, II ■ Human Anatomy and Teacher Background Physiology A reflex is an involuntary neural response to a specific sensory stimulus ■ AP Biology that threatens the survival or homeostatic state of an organism. Reflexes Across the Curriculum exist in the most primitive of species, usually with a protective function for ■ Mathematics animals when they encounter external and internal stimuli. A primitive ■ Physics ■ example of this protective reflex is the gill withdrawal reflex of the sea slug Psychology Aplysia. In humans and other vertebrates, protective reflexes have been OBJECTIVES maintained and expanded in number. Examples are the gag reflex that At the end of this activity, occurs when objects touch the sides students will be able to: or the back of the throat, and the carotid sinus reflex that restores blood ■ Identify common reflexes pressure to normal when baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure.