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1. The Golgi tendon organ is an essential component of static stretching because it

A. increases muscle spindle activity in a tight muscle. Rationale A. Golgi tendon organs decrease muscle spindle activity. B. prevents muscles from stretching too far or too fast. Rationale B. Muscle spindles prevent muscles from stretching too far or too fast. C. increases contraction rate in muscle fibers. Rationale C. Holding a stretch creates tension in the muscle, which stimulates the Golgi tendon organ, causes relaxation of an overactive muscle, and allows optimal lengthening of tissue.

D. prevents muscle from being placed under excessive tension.(correct) Rationale D. The Golgi tendon organ prevents muscles from being placed under excessive tension (autogenic inhibition).

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1-1 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A Chapter 7, 1A1

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2. Which of the following is the correct force-couple relationship that allows for the upward rotation of the scapula?

A. Longus capitus and brachialis Rationale A. The longus capitus concentrically accelerates cervical flexion and lateral flexion, while the brachialis concentrically accelerates elbow flexion.

B. Rhomboid minor and anterior scalenes Rationale B. The rhomboid minor concentrically accelerates scapular retraction and downward rotation, while the anterior scalenes concentrically accelerates cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion.

C. Sternocleidomastoid and longus coli Rationale C. The sternocleidomastoid concentrically accelerates cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion while the longus coli concentrically accelerate cervical flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation.

D. Upper trapezius and lower portions of the serratus anterior (correct) Rationale D. The upper trapezius and the lower portion of the serratus anterior are muscle groups that move together to produce upward rotation of the scapula.

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1-12 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A New, CPT 4 Table 5.3 1C2a

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3. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs through which of the following vessels?

A. Aortic valve Rationale A. The aortic valve allows blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta. B. Aortic arch Rationale B. Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle and moves through the aortic arch to be pumped to the entire body.

C. Pulmonary arteries (correct) Rationale C. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. D. Pulmonary veins Rationale D. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins.

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1-17 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 Chapter 3 1A4

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4. Dynamic stretching improves soft tissue extensibility by using which of the following?

A. Davis’s law Rationale A. Davis’s law states that soft tissue models along the lines of stress. B. Wolff’s law

Rationale B. Wolff's law states that bone density changes in response to changes in the functional forces on the bone.

C. Reciprocal inhibition (correct) Rationale C. Dynamic stretching uses the concept of reciprocal inhibition to improve soft tissue extensibility. Reciprocal inhibition is the simultaneous relaxation of one muscle and the contraction of its antagonist to allow movement to take place.

D. Autogenic inhibition Rationale D. Autogenic inhibition is the process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles.

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1-21 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 ch 7, 1C2c

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5. The oxidative system is primarily used when a client

A. jogs for 30 minutes. (correct) Rationale A. The oxidative system is the slowest producing energy system used primarily during long-duration aerobic events.

B. executes a 1RM clean and jerk. Rationale B. ATP-PC pathway is used when high-intensity exercises are executed that last up to 10 seconds. C. performs a 1RM squat. Rationale C. ATP-PC pathway is used when high-intensity exercises are executed that last up to 10 seconds. D. sprints 40 yards. Rationale D. ATP-PC pathway is used when high-intensity exercises are executed that last up to 10 seconds.

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1-23 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chapter 4 1B6

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6. Which of the following would aid the primary respiratory muscles in breathing after a set of maximum effort sprints?

A. Scalenes (correct) Rationale A. The scalenes are secondary respiratory muscles. B. Lower trapezius Rationale B. The lower trapezius is not a secondary respiratory muscle. C. Serratus anterior Rationale C. The serratus anterior is not a secondary respiratory muscle. D. Deltoids Rationale D. The deltoids are not secondary respiratory muscles.

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1-26 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 Chapter 3, 1B5

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7. When an exercise is high intensity and lasts about 10 seconds, which of the following energy pathways is predominantly in use?

A. ATP-PC (correct) Rationale A. The ATP-PC system provides energy for primarily high-intensity, short-duration bouts of exercise or activity.

B. Glycolysis Rationale B. The glycolytic system provides energy for about 30 to 50 seconds. Most fitness workouts will place a greater stress on this system than the other systems because a typical repetition range of 8 to 12 repetitions fall within this time frame.

C. Oxidative Rationale C. Aerobic metabolism has the capability to produce energy, at least for exercise, for an indefinite period of time.

D. ADP Rationale D. ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate. ADP is a high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which ATP is formed.

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1-28 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chpt 4 1B6

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8. A client who is practicing repeated squat exercises in order to create permanent changes in her technique is exhibiting

A. synergistic dominance. Rationale A. Synergistic dominance is the neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when inappropriate muscles take over the function of a weak prime mover.

B. autogenic inhibition. Rationale B. Autogenic inhibition is the process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract.

C. motor learning. (correct) Rationale C. Motor learning occurs through repeated practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change to produce skilled movement.

D. relative flexibility. Rationale D. Relative flexibility is the tendency of the body to seek the path of least resistance during functional movement patterns.

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1-29 Critical Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chapter 5 1C3a

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9. Which of the following stimulates muscle fibers to go through a series of steps that initiate muscle contractions?

A. Sarcolemma Rationale A. The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle cell. B. Perimysium Rationale B. The permysium is the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles. C. Myosin Rationale C. Myosin are thick contractile myofilaments in a myofibril. D. Acetylcholine (correct) Rationale D. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine crosses the synapse between the neuron and muscle fiber, transporting electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

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1-36 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chapter 2 1B1

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10. Which of the following exercises uses a ball-and-socket joint as the primary mover?

A. Cable hamstring curl Rationale A. This exercise uses the knee as the primary mover. The knee is a condyloid joint. B. Cable pushdown Rationale B. The elbow must extend and flex in order for a cable pushdown to occur. The elbow is a hinge joint. C. Seated hammer curl Rationale C. The elbow must flex and extend in order for a biceps curl to occur. The elbow is a hinge joint. D. Seated dumbbell lateral raise(correct) Rationale D. This shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint and is a primary mover during the seated dumbbell lateral raise.

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1-4 Critical Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 ch 2, Appendix A 1A3

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11. The body's ability to differentiate between walking on concrete and walking on sand is an example of which of the following functions of the nervous system?

A. Arthrokinematic Rationale A. Arthrokinematics refers to joint motion. B. Motor Rationale B. Motor function is the response to sensory information. C. Integrative Rationale C. Integrative function is the ability to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making.

D. Sensory (correct) Rationale D. Sensory function allows the body to sense changes in the internal and external environments.

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1-5 Critical Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chapter 2 1A1

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12. If a client exhibits increased force output of his hamstrings and adductor magnus to compensate for a weakened gluteus maximus during hip extension, this is an example of which of the following?

A. Arthrokinetic dysfunction Rationale A. Arthrokinetic dysfunction refers to a dysfunction of the motion of the joints. B. Synergistic dominance (correct) Rationale B. Synergistic dominance is the neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover.

C. Reciprocal inhibition Rationale C. Reciprocal inhibition is the simultaneous relaxation of one muscle and the contraction of its antagonist to allow movement to take place.

D. Pattern overload Rationale D. Pattern overload is consistently repeating the same pattern of motion, which may place stresses on the body.

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1-62 Critical Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chapter 7 1C2d

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13. If a client squats with his feet excessively externally rotated, it is evidence of which of the following?

A. Altered reciprocal inhibition Rationale A. Altered reciprocal inhibition involves inhibition of a muscle caused by a tight agonist that decreases performance of its functional antagonist.

B. Altered arthrokinematics (correct) Rationale B. Altered arthrokinematics leads to altered joint motion. C. Excessive dorsiflexion Rationale C. Excessive dorsiflexion does not affect external rotation during the squat. D. Limited plantarflexion Rationale D. Limited plantarflexion does not affect external rotation during the squat.

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1-67 Critical Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 Chapter 7 1B3

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14. Which of the following is considered the functional unit of muscle?

A. Epimysium Rationale A. Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle. B. Perimysium Rationale B. Perimysium is connective tissue that surrounds the fascicles. C. Muscle spindle Rationale C. Muscle spindles are microscopic intrafusal fibers that are sensitive to change in muscular length and rate of length change.

D. Sarcomere (correct) Rationale D. A sarcomere is the functional unit of muscle and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.

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1-68 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chapter 2 1B2

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15. Which structure of the skeletal muscle contains a combination of glycogen, fats, minerals, and oxygen-binding myoglobin?

A. Sarcoplasm (correct) Rationale A. Sarcoplasm is a plasma membrane that encases multiple muscle fibers. B. Fascia Rationale B. Fascia is connective tissue. There is an outer layer of fascia that wraps around the actual muscle. C. Endomysium Rationale C. Endomysium is connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers. D. Troponin Rationale D. Troponin is a protein structure within a single muscle fiber.

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1-7 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chapter 2 1A2

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16. Which of the following is the appropriate method to estimate the maximum heart rate for a client?

A. Divide the client's resting heart rate by 220.

Rationale A. Dividing the client's resting heart rate by 220 does not provide information about the client’s

maximum heart rate. B. Divide 220 by the client's age. Rationale B. Dividing 220 by the client's age does not provide information about the client's maximum heart rate. C. Subtract the client's resting heart rate from 220. Rationale C. Subtracting the client's resting heart rate from 220 does not provide the client's personal heart rate information.

D. Subtract the client's age from 220. (correct) Rationale D. Subtracting the client's age from 220 gives the client's estimated maximum heart rate.

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2-10 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 ch 6 2B1a

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17. After performing a 3-minute step test, it is determined that a client falls in the “Below Average” category for cardiovascular fitness. What is the appropriate starting zone for the client?

A. Zone two intervals Rationale A. Zone two is too advanced for this client. B. Zone three Rationale B. Zone three is too advanced for this client. C. Zone one (correct) Rationale C. Zone one is the appropriate starting program for this client. D. Zone three intervals Rationale D. Zone three intervals are too advanced for this client.

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2-16 Critical Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 Chapter 6 2B1c

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18. During a single-leg squat assessment, the client’s standing leg caves inward. Which of the following

muscles is probably underactive?

A. Gluteus medius (correct) Rationale A. This is a probable underactive muscle for the compensation of knees moving inward. B. Vastus lateralis Rationale B. This is a probable overactive muscle. C. Tensor fascia latae (TFL) Rationale C. This is a probable overactive muscle. D. Adductor complex Rationale D. This is a probable overactive muscle.

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2-17 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chpt 6 2D3

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19. A trainer is working with a senior client. The trainer should be aware of which of the following physiological characteristics?

A. Decreased blood pressure Rationale A. Blood pressure usually increases with age. B. Decreased lean body mass (correct) Rationale B. Lean body mass will decrease with increasing age. C. Increased connective tissue elasticity Rationale C. Elasticity is decreased with age. D. Decreased risk of arteriosclerosis Rationale D. The risk of arteriosclerosis increases with age.

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2-2 Foundational Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 chpt 16 2A2 2011

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20. A client's head protrudes during a pulling assessment. Which of the following muscles should be stretched?

A. Longus coli Rationale A. Longus coli is an underactive muscle that requires strengthening. B. Longus capitis Rationale B. Longus capitis is an underactive muscle that requires strengthening. C. Sternocleidomastoid(correct) Rationale C. Sternocleidomastoid is an overactive muscle that requires stretching. D. Supraspinatus Rationale D. Supraspinatus is a shoulder (rotator cuff) muscle and does not require stretching in this instance.

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2-21 Critical Thinking 2011 Practice A CPT 4 Chapter 6 2C4

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  • Calcium Imaging of Developing Proprioceptive Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

    Calcium Imaging of Developing Proprioceptive Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

    CALCIUM IMAGING OF DEVELOPING PROPRIOCEPTIVE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By KAITLYN LOUISE PARKES B.A., University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2014 2019 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL April 24, 2019 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Kaitlyn Louise Parkes ENTITLED Calcium Imaging of Developing Proprioceptive Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science. David R. Ladle, Ph.D. Thesis Director Eric S. Bennett, Ph.D Department Chair Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology Committee on Final Examination David R. Ladle, Ph.D. Patrick M. Sonner, Ph.D. Gary L. Nieder, Ph.D. Barry Milligan, Ph.D. Interim Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Parkes, Kaitlyn Louise. M.S. Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, 2019. Calcium Imaging in Developing Proprioceptive Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Proprioception is an important sensation capable due to proprioceptive sensory neuron afferents found in muscles in the periphery being processed by the central nervous system. The nervous system is a complex system that continues to develop and mature as an animal ages. Much is not known of proprioceptive neurons and how they develop with time. Calcium is an important molecule in maintaining action potentials and homeostasis in neurons which can be studied to understand a variety of things about a neuron. This study uses genetically encoded calcium indicators to tag parvalbumin positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in order to image the calcium handling in these cells.
  • Deep Tendon Reflexes

    Deep Tendon Reflexes

    Reflex Physiology Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi © 2009 Ebneshahidi Reflex Physiology . Reflexes are automatic, subconscious response to changes within or outside the body. a. Reflexes maintain homeostasis (autonomic reflexes) – heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and digestion. b. Reflexes also carry out the automatic action of swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting. c. Reflexes maintain balance & posture. ex. Spinal reflexes – control trunk and limb muscles. d. Brain reflexes – involve reflex center in brain stem. ex. Reflexes for eye movement. © 2009 Ebneshahidi Reflex Arc The reflex arc governs the operation of reflexes. Nerve impulses follow nerve pathways as they travel through the nervous system. The simplest of these pathways, including a few neurons, constitutes a reflex arc. Reflexes whose arc pass through the spinal cord are called spinal reflexes. © 2009 Ebneshahidi Parts of Reflex Arc . 1. Receptor – detects the stimulus. a) Description: the receptor end of a particular dendrite or a specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ. b) function: sensitive to a specific type of internal or external change. 2. sensory neuron – conveys the sensory info. to brain or spinal cord. a. Description: Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a sensory neuron. b. Function: transmit nerve impulses from the receptor into the brain or spinal cord. © 2009 Ebneshahidi Reflex Arc . 3. Interneuron: relay neurons. a. Description: dendrite, cell body, and axon of a neuron within the brain or spinal cord. b. function: serves as processing center, conducts nerve impulses from the sensory neuron to a motor neuron. 4. Motor neuron: conduct motor output to the periphery. a. Description: Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a motor neuron.
  • Variation in Limb Loading Magnitude and Timing in Tetrapods Michael C

    Variation in Limb Loading Magnitude and Timing in Tetrapods Michael C

    © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2020) 223, jeb201525. doi:10.1242/jeb.201525 RESEARCH ARTICLE Variation in limb loading magnitude and timing in tetrapods Michael C. Granatosky1,*, Eric J. McElroy2, Pierre Lemelin3, Stephen M. Reilly4, John A. Nyakatura5, Emanuel Andrada6, Brandon M. Kilbourne7, Vivian R. Allen8, Michael T. Butcher9, Richard W. Blob10 and Callum F. Ross11 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Comparative analyses of locomotion in tetrapods reveal two patterns of Comparative analyses of cyclical locomotion and chewing in stride cycle variability. Tachymetabolic tetrapods (birds and mammals) tetrapods reveal two patterns of variation in cycle duration (Gintof have lower inter-cycle variation in stride duration than bradymetabolic et al., 2010; Ross et al., 2007, 2010, 2013). Tachymetabolic tetrapods, including birds and mammals, have relatively low levels tetrapods (amphibians, lizards, turtles and crocodilians). This pattern – – has been linked to the fact that birds and mammals share enlarged of variation in stride duration between cycles high rhythmicity cerebella, relatively enlarged and heavily myelinated Ia afferents, and compared with bradymetabolic tetrapod lineages such as γ-motoneurons to their muscle spindles. Both tachymetabolic tetrapod amphibians, lizards, turtles and crocodilians (Ross et al., 2007, lineages also possess an encapsulated Golgi tendon morphology, 2010, 2013). This higher rhythmicity in birds and mammals, which thought to provide more spatially precise information on muscle tension. share a high metabolic rate (Nagy, 1987, 2005; Nagy et al., 1999), is The functional consequence of this derived Golgi tendon morphology argued to be advantageous because it is more energetically efficient, postponing or minimizing fatigue in these highly active animals has never been tested.