Abaoji, 220–221, 223 Abbas I (Shah), 60 Abbasid, 196 Abkhazia, 17

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01652-1 - The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions Edited by Charles W. Hartley, G. Bike Yazıcıoğlu and Adam T. Smith Index More information

Index

Abaoji, 220–221, 223 Arabian Peninsula, 289 Abbas I (shah), 60 Arabic (language), 51 Abbasid, 196 Aragats, Mount, 165, 171 Abkhazia, 17, 31 ArAGATS (project), 158, 165, 171, 310, Achaemenid dynasty, see under Persia 339 Afghanistan, 22, 78, 118, 330 Aragatsiberd (site), 311 Afrasiab, 118 Araks River, 60 Aghtamar (Church of the Holy Cross), 63 Aral Sea, 92 Agili-Tepe (site), 334 Ararat Plain, 60, 311 agro-pastoralism (agro-pastoralist), 126, Araxes River, 147 133, 141 archaeology, political use of, 6, 17, 33 Ai Khanuoum, 100, 120 Argishti I (king), 57, 68, 72 Ajaria, 280 Aria, 116 Akaev, Askar, 19, 20 Ariaramnes, 80 Akmolinsk uezd, 277 Arich, 164 Akner, 62 Arkaim (site), 27, 34 Alania, 31 Armavir, 62 Albania (Albanian, Caucasian), 32, 156 Armenia (Armenian), 12, 32, 71, 75, 144, Alexander the Great, 78 149, 151, 152, 158, 163, 165, 293, Alexandropol, Treaty of, 62 303, 327 alien class element, 274 Armenian Empire, 70 Almaty (Kazakhstan), 30, 122, 276 Armenian Genocide, 62, 73 Altai Mountains, 132, 245 proto-Armenian (language), 152 Althusser, 12 Soviet Armenia, 62 Altyn-Depe, 19 Arsaces I (king), 121 Amu Darya River, 84, 92, 117 Arsaces II (king), 121 “analogic kinship,” 207, 214 Artashat, 60, 72 Anatolia, 86, 149 Artashes I (king), 59, 70 Anau, 19 Artaxerxes I (king), 81, 82 Andronovo (culture), 154 Artaxerxes III (king), 82 Ani, 62–67 Artik, 163 Anyang (site), 175, 177, 181, 187 Aryan myth, 17 Aparan II, 164 Aryans, 22–24, 27–29, 34, 35, 142, 147, Appadurai, Arjun, 264 156

461

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01652-1 - The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions Edited by Charles W. Hartley, G. Bike Yazıcıoğlu and Adam T. Smith Index More information

462 Index

Asia (continent of ), 251, 259 Early (EBA), 59, 288, 352–356 Inner Asia, 219 Middle (MBA), 144, 154, 158, 161, 163, South Asia, see India 164, 170, 171, 286, 352–359 Southwest Asia, 289 Late (LBA), 144, 154, 158, 161, 163, western Asia (Middle East/Near East), 164, 165, 168, 170, 171, 303, 352 132, 155 Budapest (Hungary), 352 see also Central Asia Buddha, 221 Assyria (Assyrian), 57, 120, 121, 367–368 Buddhism, 41, 52 Astana, 275, 279, 282 budnye detali, 267, 269 Astrakhan, 189 built environment, 138 Attila the Hun, 205 Buryatia (Buryat), 133 August Capital, 218, 221 Butentau-kala 1 (site), 117 authority, 11, 13, 32 Buyids, 196, 204 Avar, 32 Byzantium, 188, 203 Avesta (Avestan) (civilization), 22 Byzantine, 189, 204 Ayaz-kala, 118, 119 Aymyrlyg, 145, 240, 242, 248, 251, 256 caliph (see also Islamic Caliphate), 204 Azerbaijan (Azeri), 32, 33, 75, 147, 327 Çan Sarcophagus, 86 Carmania (Carmanian), 80 Babylonia (Babylonian), 88 Carpathian Basin, 349, 358 Babylon, 367 Caspian Sea (region), 81, 147, 149, 327, Bactria (Bactrian), 78, 82, 85 332 Bagratid dynasty, 60 Northwestern Caspian, 144, 188, 189, Baifu (site), 184, 185, 186, 187 197, 205, 208, 209, 210 Balkars, 31 Caucasus, 3, 11, 121, 150, 155, 188, 264, Balkash, Lake, 49 286, 288 Baltik region, 196 Eastern Caucasus, 32, 189, 194, 210, 323 Baode (site), 183, 185, 187 northeastern Caucasus, 292–299, 326 barbarians, 34, 225 South Caucasus (Transcaucasia), 61, Bazar-kala (site), 117, 118 158, 161, 163, 169, 283, 304, 331, Begram, 118 337–338, 347 Behistun, 80 cenotaphs, 160, 167 beifang, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184–185 Central Asia (Central Asian), 11, 12, 34, 78, Beijing (China), 184 107, 111, 113, 154, 188, 196 Bes Shatyr, 137 Central Plain (China), see Chinese Plain Beshbaliq (Jimsar), 41 Chaganmulun River, 225 Bitu (site), 227 chaîne opératoire, 349, 361 Bitubei (site), 225, 228, 231, 237 Chang’an, 221 Black Lands, 189, 191, 193, 209, 215 Chechnya (Chechen), 31, 189 Black Sea, 149 Childe, V. Gordon, 265 Bohai Sea, 219, 223 China, People’s Republic of (PRC; Bolsheviks, 267 Chinese), 4, 37, 41, 124, 144, 145, Bolshevik Revolution, 74, 263 175, 177, 219, 245 Bolshevism (Bolshevist), 273 and archaeological research, history of, 5 Bosnia (Bosniak), 149 imperial China, 141 Bourdieu, Pierre, 268–269 northeast China, 223 Brest-Livotsk, Treaty of, 279 Chinese (language), 51, 219, 223, 228, 238 Bronze Age, 152, 155, 283 Chinese Communist Party, 38

Index 463

Chinese Plain (region) Eneolithic, 287 Central Plain, 175, 179, 181, 183, 184, Erebuni (Arin-Berd), 57, 68, 71 186, 187, 223 Eres-kala, 118 northern Chinese Plain, 217 ethnicity, 15, 152 northeastern Chinese Plain, 217 ethnic conflict, 11 Chorasmia (Chorasmian), 12, 78, 82 ethnic groups, 82, 190, 193, 217, 223 Christianity (Christian), 152, 154, 257, ethnic hierarchy, 16 272, 277 ethnic homeland, 123 Russian Orthodox morality, 277 ethnic nationalists, 34 city, 220, 223, 227, 229, 238 ethnogenesis, 15, 20, 22, 52 Commonwealth of Independent States Eurasia (defined), 3, 143, 175, 207, 209, (CIS), 28 210, 216, 238, 240 community, 11 Eurasian (Russian) steppe, 3, 88, 123, 131, Confucius (Kongzi), 221 141, 144, 153, 177 conical clan, 194 Europe (continent of ), 147, 188 Cossacks (ethnic group), 275 Central Europe, 156 Croatia (Croats), 149 European, 251, 259 cromlechs, 163, 169 Southeast Europe, 287 Cucuteni-Tripolye (culture), 22 Tumulus phase of, 352 cultural province, 264 excarnation, 160–161, 167 Cyrus (king), 80 fatherland, 148 Dacian, 156 Fatimid Caliphate, 204 Daghestan (Dagestani), 32, 189, 208, 286, Feng Prefecture (China), 224 326 Ferghana Valley, 134 Danube River, 352 Finland (Finns), 151 Daoism (Daoist), 221 Foucault, Michel, 268 Darius (king), 78 Frada from Margiana, 81 Debed River, 62 frontier, 177, 184, 219 Deng, Xiaoping, 39 Fuhao, Tomb of, 181, 185, 186 Dilberd’zhin, 118 Füzesabony (culture), 358 Dingil’dzhe, 92 Dintin, 245 Galazov, Aksarbek, 31 Djavakheti, 151, 152 Gandhara, 112, 121 Dmanisi, 29 Gaohong (site), 175, 183, 185 Durkheim, Emile, 270 Garni, 65 Dvin, 60 Gefletepelerisi (site), 333 Dzhanbas-kala, 118, 119 Gegham Mountains, 59 Geghard (site), 63, 67 Ecbatana, 81 Gegharot (site), 293, 311, 338–347 egalitarianism (equality), 125, 127, 140 gender, 210 Egypt (Egyptian), 86–88 Genghis Khan, 154 Elam (Elamite), 82–86 geo-ethnic constructs, 264 Elar, 164 Georgia (Georgian), 29, 31, 152 embodied gesture, 267 Germany, 149 embodied scale, 269 Gianguny (ethnic group), 246 empire, 129, 131, 220 globalization, 153 Encrusted Pottery Culture, 353, 358–361 Golestan, Treaty of, 61

464 Index

Gonur Depe (site), 118 Huns (ethnic group), 243, 245, 364 Great Caucasus Mountains, 294 Hussein, Saddam, 367 Great Hungarian Plain, 354 Greece (Greek), 88, 156, 365 Ichan-kala (Khiva) (site), 117 Greek (language), 51 identity, 54, 144 Gyaur-kala Sultanuiz-dag, 118, 119, 121 ideology, 95, 106, 157, 161, 216 Gyulavarsánd, 354 of equality, 130 Ili River, 124, 126, 136 habitus, 351 Ilkhanid dynasty, 60 Hajiabad, 120 Ilyrians, 156 Hakaniya (language), 51 imagined communities, 76 Hammurabi, 367 imperial authority, 228 Han (ethnic group), 38, 45, 53, 92, 221 imperial heartland, 218, 238 Han dynasty, 42, 49, 52, 116, 125, 127, 245 imperial ideology, 238 Han Mountain, 218 inalienable possessions, 207 Harappan Civilization, 22 incorporeal dead, 160 harmonious society, 40 India (South Asia), 118, 147, 289 Hatra, 121 Indo-European, 31, 152, 154 Haussmanization, 276 Indo-Germanen, 147, 150, 156 heartland (see also imperial heartland), 228, inequality, 128 229 Ingushetia (Ingush), 31 hegemony, 263, 267, 268, 273 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 45, hegemonic powers, 268 53, 175, 179, 182 Heihe Prefecture (China), 224 Institute für Ur- und Frügeschichte, 147 Henan Province, 175 invisible community, 144, 190, 192, 197 Hiberno-Norse, 257 Iran (Iranian), 20, 22, 23, 29, 78, 80, 86, hierarchy, 16, 111, 114, 124, 125, 127, 133, 106, 188, 189, 195, 203, 205, 327, 137, 140 330, 366 historicity, 86 northwestern Iran, 368 Hitler, Adolf, 156 Iraq (Iraqi), northern, 368 Hnaberd (site), 165, 171, 317 Ireland, 257 Holy Land, 149 Iron Age, 13, 125, 133, 140, 152, 156, homeland, 143, 145, 150, 154, 160, 216, 163 218 Ishym River, 276 Heimat, 149 Islam, 41, 52, 195, 212, 214 Prarodina, 147 Islamic Caliphate, 188, 195, 196 Urheimat (ancestral homeland), 147, 149 Israel (Israeli), 150 homme total, 294, 350, 355, 357 West Bank, 150 Horom (site), 163 Israel, Eretz, 149 Houjiazhuang (site), 181 Issyk River valley, 122, 133, 137 household, 229, 231, 237 Issykul Lake, 49 Hu, Jintao, 40 Izba, 277, 279 Hui (ethnic group), 42 Huihu (ethnic group), 50 Jaddism (Jaddist), 267 Huihu (language), 51 Jadid, 274 Hungary, 263, 265, 352, 358 Jerusalem (Israel), 149 Hunno-Sarmatian period, 145, 242, 243, Jixian County, 183 259 Jurchen (ethnic group), 217, 225

Index 465

Kalaly-gyr (site), 92, 117, 118, 119 Kursk (Prestizh), 276 Kalmuk (ethnic group), 133 Kurumcha, 31 Kalmykia, 189, 191, 209 Kushan, 92, 120 Kama River, 188 Kwakiutl (ethnic group), 205 Kamyshla raion, 295 Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), 19, 24, 132, 134 Kangiui period, 95, 119 Kyzyl-kum Desert, 92 Karachai, 31 Karakorum Mountains, 49 labor, 178 Kara-kum Desert, 92 landscape, 8, 143, 145, 216, 220 Karashamb, 163 political landscape, 145 Karimov, Islam, 21 and politics, 143 Karlstadt, Andreas, 270 Latin (language), 51 Karmir Berd (site), 164 Lchashen (site), 164 Karmirberd (culture), 164 Lchashen-Metsamor (culture), 161 Karmir-Blur (Teishebaini), 59 Lebensraum, 147 Kazakhstan (Kazakh; Kazakhstani), 19, 29, Lenin, Vladimir, 270, 272, 279 34, 36, 42, 122, 133, 142, 267, 275, Levant, 118, 327 277, 278, 279, 281–282 Lezghin (ethnic group), 17, 32 and nationalism, 125 Liao (ethnic group), 217, 223, 225, 227, southeastern Kazakhstan, 124, 133, 138 230, 237 Soviet Kazakhstan, 263 Liao Empire, 145, 216, 217, 223, 224, 225, Kazakly-yaktan (site), 13, 91–115, 116, 238 117, 118 Liao River, 225 Keti, 164 lines of power, 133, 139 Khakha (ethnic group), 133 Ling River, 225 Khalchayan, 111, 120 Liulihe (site), 175 khaqan, 204 Luther, Martin, 270 Kharosthi (language), 51 Lutheran Reformation, 263 Khazar (ethnic group), 191, 195, 196, 198, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 214 Maikop (culture), 31 Khazar Empire, 144, 188, 193, 194 Manchu (language), 51 Khazar heartland, 144 Manchuria (Manchurian), 219, 225 Khazar period, 191 Mangyr-kala (site), 117 Khitan (ethnic group), 145, 217, 218, 219, Manichaeism (religion), 41 220, 223, 224, 226, 238 Maori (ethnic group), 205 Khitan Empire, 225 Margiana, 19, 22, 81, 118 Khotan (language), 51 Marx, Karl, 270 kinship, 193, 194, 198, 200, 214 Marxism (Marxist), 281 Kisapostag (ethnic group), 353 Massagatae, 22, 81, 116 Kiuzely-gyr (site), 92, 101, 117, 119 Mastara, 164 Kizilvank (site), 164 materiality, 8, 12, 75, 141, 264 Koi-Krylgan-kala, 115, 116, 117, 118 Mathura, 120 Kopet-Dag Mountains, 19 Mauss, Marcel, 265 Korea, 39, 245 Mazda, 189, 195, 213 Kosovo (Kosovar), 149 Media (Mede), 82–84 Kulcs period, 352 medieval period, 203, 216 Kunlun Mountains, 49 Mediterranean Sea, 149 Kura-Araxes, 31, 264, 323, 326–335, 366 Mesopotamia, 80, 88, 314, 366

466 Index

Metallurgical Province Model, 286 networks Metsamor (site), 164, 338 of alliances, 132 micropolitics, 264 as approach, 264 Middle East (Middle Eastern), see Asia, technocultural networks, 287 West and value creation, 264 migration, 1, 145, 247 Nisa, 111, 120 immigrant peoples and, 149 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 19, 20 Mikhailo-Ovsyanka (site), 295 nomadic civilization, 123 Minusinsk Basin, 245 nomadic world, 124 Mitannian, Common Style, 314 nomadism, 20, 123, 189, 190, 192, 193, Mithradates I, King, 121 197, 208, 214, 279 Mithradates II, King, 113 hunter-gatherers and, 217 Mongol (Mongol), 51, 60, 125, 132, 133, nomadic confederacies, 123–129, 131, 140 151, 153, 364 nomadic elites, 207 Mongolia (Mongolian), 45, 118, 154 nomadic empires, 20, 126, 141, 189, 220, Mongolian (language), 51 228 Mongolian steppes, 217, 219 nomadic groups, 30, 33, 116, 139, 195, mortuary record, 144, 175, 179 211, 243 analysis of the, 157 nomadic heritage, 20, 122 context of the, 144 nomadic narrative, 124, 141 and the landscape, 145 nomadic polities, 125 and practice, 170 nomadic states, 125 postmortem treatment in the, 157, 158, nomadic tribes, 132, 245 159, 161, 164, 170 in the past, 123 ritual and the, 158 pastoralists and, 41, 128, 131, 217, 219, motherland, 148 220, 223 Mo-Tun (site), 245, 247 seminomadism, 126 Mugan steppe, 327 nomads, Iranian-speaking, 30 Mukhannat-Tapa, 59 nomads, pastoral, 131 mummification, 159 North Plain (China), see Chinese Plain Nagorno-Karabakh, 17, 32, 74 Northeastern Plain (China), see Chinese Nagyrév period, 352–353, 357 Plain Nanshan’gen, 182 Novgorod, 25, 34 Naqsh-I Rustam, 81 Novi Aleseevka region, 139 nationalism (nationalist), 15, 34, 35, 71, 147, 153 October Revolution, 1 and politics, 144, 216 Oghuz-Khan, 19 nation-states, 11, 73, 143, Old Kandahar, 118 145, 148 Ordos Plateau, 179 Native Americans, 151 Orientalism, 63 Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 19, 20, 29, 123, 142, Orkhon River valley, 41 275, 276 Oshskoe, 134 Nazis, 23, 156 Ossetia (Ossetian), North, 31 Neo-Nazis, 28, 35 Ossetia (Ossetian), South, 36 Nemrud Dag, 120 Ottoman Empire, 60, 73, 151 neoliberalism, 71 Oxus Seal, 85 Neolithic Zhukaigou Culture, 179 Oxus Treasury, 84

Index 467

Pakistan, 330 Qing dynasty, 5, 48, 51 Palestine, 149 Qingzhou (site), 226, 227 Pambak Range, 165 Parnae, 22 races, 259 Parthia (Parthian), 19, 30, 80, 82, 85, 92, Rahmon, Emomali, 21 112–114, 116, 118, 121, 149 regime, 2, 11, 216, 223, 240, 263 Parthia (language), 51 of the Body, 265 pastoralism, 41, 129 of Value, 264, 284 and mobility, 129 Regime-Revolution Cycle, 7 and nomadism, see nomadism, register, 267 pastoralists and material register, 267, 270–272, 279 pastoral society, 128 misrecognition of, 273 perestroika, 16 revolution, 2, 11, 28 Permian, 210 Bolshevik Revolution, 263 Persepolis, 81, 84, 106, 111 1989 Student Movement, 39 Persia (Persian), 60, 80, 82–83, 86, 88 Russian Revolution, 267 Achaemenid dynasty, 12, 59, 78, 83, 85, ritual, 202, 208, 211, 214 86, 88, 92, 98, 110, 112, 116, 119, Romania (Romanian), 156 121, 364 Rome (Roman), 149, 156 Achaemenid imperial ideology, 88 Rukhnama, 19 Qajar Empire, 151 Rurik (prince), 29, 34 Safavid dynasty, 60 R u s’, 26 Sasanian dynasty, 113, 118, 119, 120, Russia (Russian), 11, 23, 34, 149, 190, 196, 121 281–282 Persian (language), 51 imperial Russia, 151, 272, 274, 275, Photios (patriarch), 272 276–277, 279 Phraates IV (king), 113 Orthodox Christianity and, 277 politics, 143, 156, 157, 203, 216, 240 neoclassicism in, 280 political actions, 205 Soviet Russia, 270 political culture, 3 tsarist Russia, 61, 267 political practices, 216 Russian steppe, see Eurasian steppe political regimes, 144 Rus-Tepe (site), 333 Polu-Tepe (site), 333 post-Soviet (postsocialist) era, 2, 58, 267, Saakashvili, Mikhail, 29 272–273 Saka (see also Scythia), 22, 30, 78, 82, 85, post-Soviet archaeology, 286 122, 123, 124, 127, 133, 136, 141, 142 post-Soviet Eurasia, 143 Saltovo-Mayatskaya Culture (SMC), 190, post-Soviet Kazakhstan, 263, 267, 275 191, 208, 210 Potapovka (culture), 285, 295–299 Samanid dynasty, 21 power, 11, 13, 93, 112, 203, 214, 216 Samara oblast’ (Russia), 286, 294, 295 Poylu-Tepe (site), 334 Samara River, 296–298 Prigorodny District, 17 Sarmatia (Sarmatian), 31, 243 Priscus (historian), 205 Sasania (Sasanian), 195, 204 propinquity, 263, 265, 271, 273 Scythia (Scythian), 31, 78, 83, 122, 125, public, 204 133, 145, 156, 242, 243, 246, 259 public assemblage, 12, 58, 75 sedentism, 21, 33, 36, 92, 116, 118, 124, public sphere, 2, 12, 58, 73–75 140 Putin, Vladimir, 25–29, 33 sedentization, 131

468 Index

Seleucid period, 100 predatory, 126 Seljuk dynasty, 60 status, 11 Semirech’ye region, 124, 126, 141 steppe nomad world (see also nomadic Serbia (Serb), 149 world), 112, 128, 140 Serker-Tepe (site), 334 Stonehenge, 160 Sevan-Uzerlik (culture), 161, 164 subjectivity, 13 Shaanxi Province, 183 Sumer (Sumerian), 118 shadow empire, 144 Supreme Capital, 218 Shang dynasty, 38, 175, 178, 179, 185 Surkh-kotal, 118, 120 Shangdong (site), 183 Susa, 81 Shanxi Province, 175, 183 Susiana Plain, 366 shanyrak, 138, 267, 277–278, 279 Syria (Syrian) Shengavit, 59 northeastern Syria, 368 Shiism (Shii), 196, 204 Százhalombatta (site), 352–361 Shulu (also Shilu), 220 Szigetszentmiklós period, 352 Shunkha the Saka, 81 Shurmak Culture, 145, 242, 247, 248, Tagar Culture, 245 253–256, 258–259 Taizong (emperor), 223 Siberia (region), 145 Tajikistan (Tajik), 21–24, 35, 78, 84 southern Siberia, 240, 242 Taldy Bulak, 134 Silk Road, 21, 60, 188 Talgar River, 123–140 sinicization, 43 Tamar (queen), 151 Sintashta-Arkaim (culture), 154, Tanaoxares, 80 295, 298 Tang dynasty, 41, 50, 219, 224, 230 Sisian, 164 capital of the, 218, 221 skilled crafting, 93 Tashkazgan (site), 297 Slavik (Slav), 151 Tash-kyrman-tepe (site), 117 SMC, see Saltovo-Mayatskaya Culture Tashtyk Culture, 246 social landscape, 133 Tatarlı, 86 Social Lives of Objects (paradigm), 302, techniques of the body, 350 306, 320 Tengrianism, 18 social skin, 293 Tianshan Mountains, 41, 122, 126, 132, Sogdia(na) (Sogdian), 36, 78, 82, 116 141 Sogdian (language), 51 Tibetan (language), 51 Sok River, 296–298 Tigran the Great, 72, 149, 151 Song dynasty, 3, 224, 225 Tigranokert, 32 Northern Song dynasty, 230 Tillya-tepe, 118 South Asia, see India Timur, 154 sovereignty, 30, 123, 141 Tocharian A and B (language), 51 Soviet Union, see Union of Soviet Socialist Togolok, 118 Republics Tok-kala, 117 Srubna, 154 Toprak-kala shavatskaya, 118 Stalinism (Stalinist), 65, 267, 273 Toprakkala Sultan-uiz-dag, 101, 115, 117, Stammbaum (language family), 154 118, 120 Staraia Ladoga, 25, 33 total social fact, 284 state, 19, 22, 33, 36, 117, 123, 128, 141 tourism, cultural heritage, 40, 43 agrarian, 125 Transbaikalia, 245 centralized, 131 Transcaucasia, see Caucasus, South

Index 469

tree of culture, 154–155 Urartu (Urartian), 57, 68, 70 Trialeti (culture), 163, 164 urban, 220 Trialeti-Vanadzor (horizon), 164, 308 Urnfield period, 352 Tsaghkahovit (site), 165, 171, 311–320, Utevka VI (site), 284, 296–299 338–347 Uyghur (see also Xinjiang Uyghur Tsaghkahovit Plain, 144, 158, 163, 165, Autonomous Region), 41, 223 171, 264, 303, 309–321, 337–347 Uyghur (language), 51 Tsaghkalanj, 164 Uyghur Empire, 41 Tsiganka 8 (site), 134 Uyuk Culture, 145, 242–243, 246–247, Tsiganka River, 134 253–256, 259 Tsitsernakaberd, 59 Uzbekistan (Uzbek), 21, 22, 78, 154 Turfan, 41 Uzbek-Kazakh khanate, 123 Túrkeve-Terehalom (site), 354 Uzboy River, 92 Turkey (Turk), 33, 86, 149, 153, 188, 194, 195, 199, 207, 327 Vagharshapat (Echmiadzin), 63 southeastern Turkey, 368 value, 203, 206, 213, 214 Turkic (ethnic group), 125, 132, 142, 188, Van, Lake, 57 205, 215 Varangians, 34 Old Turkic (language), 51 Vatya period, 352–353, 357–358 Turkish Empire (First), 144, 188, 193 Vatya-Kszider period, 352–353, 357 Turk-Khazar Polity, 190, 193, 208, 209, Velikent (site), 286, 288–294, 296, 334 212 Velikent Fine Ware (ceramic), 326–333 Turkmenchai, Treaty of, 151 Verin Naver, 164 Turkmenistan (Turkmen), 19, 30, 33, Vikings (ethnic group), 257 78, 81 violence, 11 Tuva , 145, 240, 242, 245, 247, 256 Vladikavkaz (North Ossetia), 31 Tuzusai, 123, 133 Volga region, 209 Bulgar communities in the, 210 Ukraine (Ukranian), 156, 208 Volga River, 19, 188 Ulungur River, 49 Middle Volga, 208, 210, 213, 285, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet 294–299 Union, USSR), 1, 4, 58, 147, 150, 152, Lower Volga, 191, 200, 208, 209, 213 190, 276, 281, 298, 364 Volga-Kama region, 194, 212 archaeology, 286 Volkhov River, 25 Asia, 274 Volosovo-Danilova (site), 294 collapse of, 4, 43, 75, 122 context, 272–273 war (warrior), 144, 145, 225 ethnicities policy of, 16–17 captives of, 220 ethnography, 279 cult of, 200 era, 269 warrior persona, 144 history, 267 Wardzhia Cave Monastery, 151 history of archaeological research in, 4 wealth, 8, 40, 112, 128, 130, 140, 203, 205, power, forms of, 275 208, 210, 214, 231, 235, 237 socialism (socialist), 267, 282 differentiation of, 131 United States of America (USA), 149, 151 sharing of, 130 Ur (site), 98 Wei Prefecture (China), 224 Ural Mountains (region), South, 297–299 World Systems Theory, 287 Ural River, 294 Wuding (king), 181

470 Index

Wulei Mountains, 49 Yenisei River, 245 Wusun (ethnic group), 123, 125, 127, 132, Yerevan (Armenia), 307 133, 136, 141 Yinxu (site), 181 Yuan dynasty, 51 Xerxes (king), 80 Yuezhi (ethnic group), 124, 133, 141 Xilamulun (site), 218, 225, 228 Yugoslavia, 148 Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 12, 41 Zagros Mountains (region), 330 Xiongnu (ethnic group), 118, 125, 145, Zetkin, Clara, 270 243, 247, 256 Zhou dynasty, 7, 38, 184 Xiongnu Empire, 139, 243, 247 Zhukaigou (site), 175, 179, 180, 185, 187 Zoroastrianism, 18, 21, 23, 28, 34 Yan (State of ), 175, 184, 185 Zvartnots, 62–63 Yellow River, 38, 183 Zwingli, Huldrych (or Ulrich), 270