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The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Translation
Knowledge, skills and resources in Chinese translation
Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 Dahui Dong Published online on: 18 Oct 2017
How to cite :- Dahui Dong. 18 Oct 2017, Knowledge, skills and resources in Chinese translation from: The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Translation Routledge Accessed on: 25 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315675725.ch3
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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 translation competence(Schäff There translationknowledge have andskillswithintherealm of beenattemptsatbringing its evolution. Chinese translatortraining, aswell and asfortheacademicstudyofChinese translation theory tors, acommonpracticeinChinesetranslation. The chapterwillprovide valuable for materials issue oftranslationcompetencyfrom ChineseintoEnglishby native Chinese- ever- cannowtranslators consolidateknowledge inthefi as majortranslationresources Chinesetranslation, inthecontextofcontemporary Chinese competence.web- With andsynthesisedifoneistoachievethat Chinesetranslationskillsmust beinternalised strategic knowledge, extra- resources.access various Chinesetranslationknowledge isregarded asconsistingofbilingual ity, must have translators arequisite skillset, specialisedknowledge, andtheabilityto expertise that translationisacomplexactivity, andinorder toproduce translation ofprofessional qual- in both Western andChinesetranslationtheories. There isawideconsensusamongexperts For thepast30 years, translationknowledge, skillsandresources have emphasised beengreatly translating intothetranslator’s secondlanguage(L2)(Campbell tion, there hasbeenlittleintheway fortranslationcompetence inthesituationof ofconcern translationcompetencyare achievedGerman have never beenadequatelycompared. Inaddi- languages andcultures. For example, themeansby which Chinesetranslationcompetenceand versal aspects, andthere isafundamentallackofsystemicreview ofits ‘diff study oftranslationcompetenceismainlybasedon Western perspectives focusingonitsuni- spective thatemphasisesthedomainofChinesetranslationtheory. The rapiddevelopment of including translationknowledge, skillsandtheabilitytouseresources, from a specifi forChinesetranslation studiestoexaminethebasicissuesoftranslation,hold thatitiscritical accumulating resources toobtainhightranslationquality. This chapteralsoaddresses the CHINESE TRANSLATION
3.2 Conceptualising translation knowledge and skills and skills knowledge translation Conceptualising 3.2 KOLDE SKILLS KNOWLEDGE, linguistic knowledge andknowledge oftranslationtheory. There are beliefs AND RESOURCES IN based search tools, andmachinetranslationhaving emerged corpora ner and Adab 31 Introduction 3.1 g n o D i u h a D 3 37 2000 eld, translationskillsandutilisethe sharpen ; Bell 1991 ; Neubert 1998 ). Many Chinesescholars 2000 erences’ withother speaking transla- ). However, the c per- c 38
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 Figure 3.1 technology inthetwenty-information as shown in edge have translationresources ledtoimportant (Shei and soon(Orozco andHurtado Albir suchasability,with terms skills, knowledge, aptitude, potentialresources, expertise, awareness of translationcompetence. Infact, theuseofterm ‘competence’ isalmostinterchangeable knowledge andhonetheirindividual translationskills. new challengeofmakingfullusemachineresources translation tosupplementtheirpersonal lation competencemodels(Bell translationknowledge, tocategorise theories andproposed skillsandexpertise diff and Mason 3 2 Kelly’s ( cognitive scienceinrecent years (Kelly contrast tothe ‘old’ methods, somenew translationmodelshave beendeveloped inlightof 1 tence is regarded as comprised offi tence isregarded ascomprised model hasbeenrevised several data. timesandtestedwithempirical As such, translationcompe- abilities andattitudesrequired tobeable totranslate’ 2009: (Göpferich 18). This particular on thebasisofgroup’s defi posed by thePACTE groupatBarcelona University (PACTE Sofar, themost systemicmodeloftranslatorcompetenceyet tobedeveloped hasbeenpro- 7 6 5 4
Theknowledge andskillsofthetranslatorhave already beenlooked atfrom theperspective psycho- interpersonal sub- interpersonal strategic sub- strategic communicative andtextualsub- culturalsub- thematicsub- instrumental- 2005
Translation competence model(adaptedfrom PACTE physiological sub- 1990 Figure 3.1 ) systemicmodeloftranslationcompetenceincludesseven basicsub- competence; and competence; professional sub- competence; ; Bell sub-competence sub-competence competence; Instrumental . Bilingual
1991 ). Manyhave translationstudiesscholars alsoputforward various
competence;
nition oftranslationas ‘the underlying systemofknowledge,
1991 competence;
ve sub- competence. ; Gile Psycho-physiological fi rst century, rst andweb- translationcorpora 2002 sub-competence 2005 sub-competence Dahui Dong
competences andapsycho- Strategic 1995 ; andSherwood Harris ; Risku
38
; Neubert 2010 2010 Knowledge-about-translation ; Rothe- ). Translators are now withthe faced 2005 2000 sub-competence sub-competence Extra-linguistic 2005 : 610) ; Nord ). This modelwas developed Neves 1978 physiological component
1991 ; Toury 2007 ; Wilss ; Wilss ). For example, based knowl- competences: 1995 erent trans- erent 1976 ; Hatim ). In 39
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 Chinese translators (JiangandQuan Chinese translators Numerous useful modelshave been proposed toevaluate therelative translationcompetenceof Wen and objective oftranslationeducation istofosterlearners’ translationcompetence(Ma dealofinterestattracted agreat from Chineseacademia, whohave realised thatthecore task as Chinesetranslationcompetence, aswell asChinesetranslationknowledge andskills, have With theintroduction of Western related totranslationcompetence, theories themes such and procedures used, types ofproblems andworkplace (Beeby et al. operative aspectsoftheprofession suchastypesoftranslationunits, processes required, methods sub- knowledge abouttheworld ingeneral, andsubjectknowledge. Knowledge- comprises generalworld knowledge,comprises domain- grammatical knowledgegrammatical ineachlanguage’ (PACTE knowledge related totwo languages, including ‘pragmatic, socio- needtopossess. translators expert Bilingualsub- in thePACTE modelprovide aclearaccountofexactlywhatkindtranslationknowledge problems andapplyingprocedures tosolve them’ 2009: 18). (Göpferich translation project, evaluating theprocess results defi andpartial more thansimplyusingasetofskills. It ‘intervenes by planningtheprocess inrelation tothe the process. This sub- should beregarded asthemostimportant, solvingproblems andguaranteeingtheeffi omitted hereinafter. Among alltheotherfi of thischapterrelated totranslationknowledge, skillsandresources. As such, itwillbelargely competence intodiff based onthe Western translation competencemodels, and, assuch, they simplybreak translation translation studiesonwhatconstitutes translationcompetencehave beendeveloped largely system.of thepersonality competence;tegic (4) instrumental competence; (5) thinking competence; and(6) coordination components: (1) language– example, Wangand( Miao between the categories ofsub- between thecategories knowledge abundant. andskillsconstitutetranslationcompetenceare infact translation tasks. skills inherent inthesesub- translation resources, whichare relevant tothischapter. Itisthepotentialknowledge and can beregarded ascovering how tosource andthentousetranslationknowledge, skillsand clopaedias, grammars, style books, paralleltexts, electronic corpora, etc. This sub- ofallkinds,mation andcommunication appliedtotranslation: dictionaries technologies ency- Thepsycho- Thesub- Whencompared with Western studiesconductedover oftime, thesame period Chinese The instrumental sub- Theinstrumental competence, assuggestedby itsname, knowledge aboutwhattranslationisand comprises 2004 2007 ; Wangand 3.3 Chinese perspectives on translation knowledge and skills and skills knowledge translation on perspectives Chinese 3.3 ; Mu 3.3.1 competences ofbilingual, extra- physiological sub-
2006 Chinese translation studies ontranslation competence erent components(Ma competence covers thetraditionalconceptof ‘translation skills’, but itis ; Feng competence isrelated totheuseofdocumentationsources and infor- discourse- discourse- 2008 competencies that enable Chinese translators toundertakecompetencies thatenabletheir Chinesetranslators 2008 2010 competences and defi ) proposed thatChinese translationcompetenceincludessix Knowledge, skills and resources competence presented inthismodelislessrelevant tothetopic ; Liu ; Yang and Wang 2002 pragmatic competence; competence; (2) cultural (3) stra- 2011 ; Miao ve sub- ve linguistic, andknowledge- 2013 ; Li specifi 39 2011 competence meanstopossesstheprocedural ). may Readers have noticedmany similarities 2007 2005 competences, sub- thestrategic c knowledge, biculturalandencyclopaedic 2010 nitions usedin Wang and Wang’s ( ; Luoet al. ; Wangand : 610). Extra- ; Yang ciencies, identifyingtranslation 2002 linguistic, textualandlexical- 2008 2011 ). Chineseviews onwhat linguistic sub- about- ; JiangandQuan 2008 ; PACTE translation located ; Feng about- competence competence competence 2005 ciency of ciency 2010 translation ). 2008 ). For 2013 2002 ) ; ; 40
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 Researchers and translation practitioners (Baker Researchersandtranslationpractitioners model andthoseinthePACTE’s ( Picken Miao ( they componentoftranslationcompetence. considered itasthemostimportant For example, nitive competence, suchasone’s knowledge abilitytosynthesiseandinternalise skills, and tion studiesare attheforefront oftheresearch trend. on translationcompetencehave onlybecomepopularinrecent years whencognitive transla- and are stillatanascentoreven stage. anexploratory This isprobably becauseChinesestudies and Ma( Faber 1986; translation(Krings knowledge forappropriate 1991; necessary Lorscher Kussmaul 1995; sincebilingualknowledge ofthe becomecompetenttranslators isonlyapart not necessarily acceptable working modeoftranslation. However, many studies have shown thatbilingualsdo Similarly speaking, Yang ( tive competenceisvitalsinceit canbecomeareal whetheraperson translator’.‘determines translation competence’ (Bowker 2000: 185). tively usetranslationknowledge andskills, even orcertainty. withoutinstruction areWhen translators able todevelop suchtranslationcompetence, they willnaturallyandintui- the translator’s consciousnessandintuitionbefore real translationcompetencecanbedeveloped. to engenderthetranslator’s (i.e., innerrules principles, skills, knowledge, etc.) andrevert into 1 model consistsofthree distinctparts: set ofcompetencesfrom any translationintothemothertongue. Campbell’s translationintoL2 of hisfi work ofLiu( is specifi mechanisms relatedchological toone’s individual aesthetic imagination. This sub- tence’, whichincludesone’s abilitytoderive imageperception, andotherpsy- imageintegration 3 2 suff and expressive abilitybetween thetwo languages. As aresult, any translationeff tion. The elementsinquestionmay refl over- from EnglishintoChinese. However, JiangandQuan( under- programmesand interpretation inthe1980s1990s. As aresult, isthe concern hisprimary (skills) oftranslationcompetence, formany translation andithasbeenused astheblueprint
ersincethedivergence and ofEastern Western values isat stake. Chinese translation scholars have Chinesetranslationscholars tothetranslator’s tendedtoattach more importance cog- Apioneerstudyby Campbell( Inaddition, JiangandQuan( tural features offormal, English. written Textual competence – duce qualityoutput. Monitoring competence – competence – Monitoring Dispositioncompetence – translation ofsuchelements, which, according tothem, are ‘countless’ inChinesetransla- 1998 2007 translation andsubsequentabsenceofEnglishaestheticelementswhenever translating ve dimensions oftranslationcompetence. Liu( 1983 c forChinesetranslation. The ideaofaestheticcompetencemay datebacktothe 2013 ; Presas : 48) claims thatamongherthree competencecomponents,: 48) claims thetranslator’s cogni- ) have longregarded translating intothemothertongueasmore, ifnottheonly, 1987 ), studiesofChinesetranslationcompetencehave beenrelatively underdeveloped ), whichfi 2000
). Ithaseven beenarguedthatbilingualcompetenceisnot ‘necessarily the extent to which the translation output of translators has the struc- theextenttowhichtranslation outputoftranslators 2002 3.3.2 rst, tothebestofmy knowledge, raisesaestheticjudgementasone the strategies usedtochoosewords thestrategies target texts. inconstructing thetranslator’s self- ) pointsoutthatalltheelementsintranslationcompetencehave Tasain optne into L2 competence Translation 2002 1998 2005 ect adiscrepancy inthetranslator’s aestheticappreciation ) propose asub- ) hasshown thattranslationintoL2requires adiff ) competencemodel. As pointedoutby Miao( Dahui Dong
40 2011 awareness andabilitytoeditinorder topro- ; Kelly 2002 competence labelled ‘aesthetic compe- 1987 : 14) are withthe more concerned 1979 ) emphasisesthetechnicalaspect ; Newmark
1988 ort wouldort surely ; Nida competence erent 2007 1975
) ; 41
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 translation equivalence (Popescu phrases, itisincompleteasoverlooks toachieve theexplicittranslatorabilitynecessary relative word length, diversity ofvocabulary (e.g., type/ features presentedby grammatical inthetargettext, certain suchasnominalisation, average competence componentspresented. Although themodel’s textualcompetenceisrepresented (Dong andLan ies community withanumber oftranslationintoL2competencemodelsalready proposed content, andithastherefore received increasing attentionfrom theChinesetranslationstud- Campbell’s modelisquitediff Figure 3.2 ( dic knowledge andlanguageknowledge); and, (5)overall thinking). competence(logical Ma standards andprinciples; (3)languageprofi competence consistsoffi Yang ( 2 1 as follows: English fornative Chinese-speaking translators. Hermodelalsoincludedfi into L2modelsgive more attentiontobilingualprofi competence, isfoundtobethestrategic L1 models asshown inPACTE ( evident between thetwo typesofmodelsonhand. The core sub- petence modelspresented, suchasPACTE’s model( Actually, they have chosentoinclude asmany componentsasthose ‘normal’ translation com- TheChinesemodelsincludemore competencecomponentsthanCampbell’s eff 5 4 3 2013
Translation becauseofonline intoL2hasbeencommonplaceforChinesetranslators professional knowledge abouttranslation; bilingualcommunicative competence; instrumental competence. instrumental extra- competence; strategic ) appliedthePACTE’s modelinherstudyof translationcompetencefrom Chineseinto 2002
linguistic competence; Translation intoL2 competencemodel(adaptedfrom Ma ) proposed thattranslationcompetencefrom ChinesetranslationintoEnglish Instrumental competence 2010 Professional knowledge about translation ; Ma
ve components: (1)translationskills; oftranslation (2)themastering 2013
erent from thosepreviously mentionedbecauseofthenumber of
; Wen 2011 Knowledge, skills and resources Bilingual communicative ). 2004
ciency; (4)overall knowledge body(encyclopae- 2005
41 token ratio), agentlesspassives andprepositional ; Wen andLi ciency, asshown in 2005 Extra-linguistic competence ). However, there isakey diff Strategic competence 2010 2013 competence intheL2into : 70) ; Yang
Figure 3.2 2002 2005 ve competences, ve ). For example, ); but, theL1 ot ( ort (Ma erence 1998 2013 ). ).
42
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 how thesetranslationresources are employed (Raido resources areAlthough translators usingdigitised onadailybasis, there islimitedresearch on Wikipedia, Google 2001). search, (Austermühl databasesandtranslationcorpora terminological and encyclopaedia, have translators resources becomemore dependentondigitised suchas tional resources suchasbilingualdictionaries, monolingualdictionaries, specialiseddictionaries ofbothavailabilitygone tremendous changesinterms andfacility. Inadditiontousingtradi- Whencompared toafew decadesago, thetranslator’s useof translationresources hasunder- fi training programmes, Chinesestudent- achieved aconsiderably advanced level ofL2whenthey applyforadmissiontotranslation petence models, isregarded asthecore competenceinhermodel. thatMa’s Itappears ( bilingual communicative competence, whichisrelatively overlooked insome Western com- translating ChineseintoEnglishistheircommandofexpression. This explainswhy be usedinthetranslation(Raido thetranslatorhasbecome,more experienced themore comprehensive theweb resources are to e- systems;nology managementtoolsandtranslationmemory andtranslationdatabasesinclude andonlineautomatedtranslationtools; from theInternet of information CAT includestermi- computer- available web search, translationresources andhow tousetheminthree broad categories: ies ontranslationresources 2001; (Austermühl Quah2006; Raido ture (Gao English (Shan outresearch ontranslationcompetenceinbothEnglish- ried viewpoint isalsoshared by whohave alargenumber ofChinesetranslationscholars car- appropriate expressiveness.appropriate islanguageprofifor Chinesetranslators ( resourcesing Internet forsolvingproblems specifi resourcesmainly focusedoneitherelaboratingtheInternet for Chinesetranslationorprescrib- tify the authentic meaning of terminology andpropertify theauthenticmeaningof terminology nounssuchasthenames of persons, word meanings. Healsogives onhow detailedinstructions tousethesetwo resources toiden- and Google search asthemajor resources available whoare totranslators lookingforEnglish resources andhow toemploy themeff tion directions ortheircompetencelevels. translationresourcesa clearpicture ofInternet available totranslators, regardless oftheirtransla- social media, instantcommunication, methods. enquiry emailand form His classifi documents, images, videosandmusic; andcommunicative resources includecontentsofforums, search engines, search toolsandmachinetranslation; resources source includewebsites, material resources andcommunicativerial resources. Tool resources includedictionaries, encyclopaedia, resourcestypes ofInternet directed towards resources, Chinesetranslation: tool source mate- ciency. Inparticular, thebiggestproblem novice facing Chinesestudent- 2010 dictionaries and various corpora thatmay beaccessedonline. corpora andvarious dictionaries Ithasbeensuggestedthatthe According toMa( Anumber ofstudiesontranslationresources have emergedinChinesetranslationlitera- In terms ofusingtranslationresources, Interms Li( ) represent afew oftheworks thatgive acomprehensive accountofChinesetranslation 2011 aided translation(CAT) andtranslationdatabases. Web search includestheretrieval 1990 ; Fan ; Yang 2012 2013 ; HuandShu 2002
), whilemany translationstudentsin Western have countries already ). As Yang( . Tasain resources Translation 3.4 2014 ). ectively. Inparticular, Shei( translators havetranslators bilingualpro- notreached satisfactory 2009 ciency, specifi Dahui Dong 2002 ; Liand 42 2004 ) pointedout, thecore translationcompetence c toChinesetranslation. Li( ) recommends anelectronic encyclopaedia 2014 cly nls profi English cally 2012 ). Inthefew comprehensive stud- into- ; Wang Chinese andChinese- 2014 2010 2007 ), discuss theauthors ) distinguishesthree ). However, they are cec rlvn to relevant ciency translators when translators 2004 cation gives cation ) andShei 2013 into- )
43
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 Google search results, andthusitisregarded asmore accuratethanversion 2b. settings ofGoogle Search tofi 克莱恩 Chinese translationsof ‘Alistair Darling’, suchas ‘ as 食品安全 oftentakes nounphrases, string showsthe two thatthe**position oftheformer strings suchas the Google search strings “ ismoreorder appropriate, whichusageinboldface toverify thewildcard (*)canbeaddedto ing meanings, suchaspragmaticsandbackgroundinformation, Shei( locations andinstitutions. Inorderfi tohelptranslators using ‘Commons’. Google search using ‘the Commons’ asasearch word willhave abetterchancethansimply search. For example, tofi words, the wildcard (*), andusingGoogle Image search asasupplementtothebroader text Googleselecting appropriate advanced search options, usingquotationmarks(“”)forsearch themeaningofproblematicto verify words orsentences. to usemultiple resources suchasGoogle search, anddictionaries monolingualEnglishcorpora and sentencestructures. andproper Inadditiontoterminology nouns, may translators choose systemic approach tofollow fortranslators inorder togetcomprehensible collocations, idioms target language; forexample, Taiwan, Shei( Chinese translators improveChinese translators theirtranslation qualityasshown inExample 2. 多樣化的 b a InExamples2a, and2b, there are two Chinesetranslationversions ofthesource text(ST). In Example 2 Furthermore, ifGoogle settings, Search isleftwithitsdefault may translators fi Example 1 Inaddition, Shei( 部長們卻說政府已經 Backtranslation: 然而部長們表示 Backtranslation: However, saidactionwas ministers being taken dementia care. toreform stamp- Chancellor Alistair Darlingispresenting hispre- • 达林 , 經濟 duty cutforfi , ’ or ‘ 綜合性的 2010 and 戴理德 ) also demonstrates the use of wildcard (*) in Google) alsodemonstratestheuseofwildcard search (*) in words tohelp 2010 健康 , 正在 However, said, ministers beingtakingactionimprove dementia care. reform However, saidgovernment ministers hastaken dementiacare reform plan. and rst time buyers. rst meaningof nd thecorrect ‘the Commons’ given a inExample 1, ’. Shei( ) gives many usefultipsonhow toachieve thebestsearch results by 採取行動改善 , and the **positionoflatteroftentakes adjective phrases such 採取了癡呆症護理的改革方案 採取行動改善癡呆症護理 激進的 ne- 阿利斯泰爾 Knowledge, skills and resources 2010 tune thesearch resultsusageinthe andtoobtainthecorrect . As aresult, ofthe version 2aisconsistentwiththepattern ) suggests that translators changethelanguageandarea) suggeststhattranslators **” and “ • 馬克林 43 阿利斯泰爾 election budget intheCommons, includinga 採取 • 達林 。 rmly grasp surface meaningandunderly- surface grasp rmly
** 。 . For traditionalChinesereadersin 的改革方案 (Shei • 馬克林 2010 2010 : 30) • 達林
”. The Google search of ) recommends amore
’, ‘ (Shei 阿利斯泰尔 2010 nd various various nd : 40)
•
麦 44
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 of Troy, Gordian knot); (e.g., imagery Majesty), taboos(sı ‘boss’, tence stems, andbackgroundknowledge. grammar As Shei( and starved’, and beliefs. As tothetypesofknowledge mostrelated totranslation, Ma( sion intotheEnglish- themselves withbothcultures, needtofamiliarise Chinese translators inparticular, animmer- is embeddedintheculturalsoil. In order tocompletelymasterbothEnglishandChinese, include subjectknowledge, encyclopaedic knowledge andculturalknowledge. Language research Current ontranslation competencesuggeststhatextra- ies ortranslationtextbooksforspecifi exhaustively listed; however, readersmay Chinese– tovarious resort as phonetics, lexicology, syntax, text/ includealllinguisticelementsoftheChineseandEnglish languagessuch of Chinesetranslators Assuggestedby many Chinesetranslationscholars, I would propose thatbilingualknowledge wù k breeze’, w 直娘賊 they canusemultiple translationresources bothproperly andcreatively. withintermediate- of translators milky, spirit); pejoratives andepithets(e.g., Chinese translators: allusions(e.g., addresses seven by ofthemostcommonitemsinbothChineseand Englishthatare faced general words, terminology, proper nouns, collocations, idiomsandsentencestructures. web- canfullyprovide. are much smallerthanwhattheInternet corpora Hehaseven proposed a Similarly, Shei( methodsthatmay increasequery helpChinesetranslators thenaturalnessoftheirtranslation. resource. Herecommends theuseof Webcorp, corpus, anInternet andprovides many specifi Zhang sider further consolidatingthistypeofknowledgesider further intheirtrainingregimen. more native- an Englishsentence. Intranslationfrom ChineseintoEnglish, toproduce ithelpsthetranslators theEnglishtextbyunderstand recognising thevoice, moodandothersubtlecluesavailable in tion from EnglishintoChinese, thistypeofknowledge tobetter willenable Chinesetranslators languages are usedby includingbothChineseandEnglishpragmaticssemantics. Intransla- ū sh
Thesemethodsandtipsare alsoapplicable tosearches involving collocations, idioms, sen- Astotheuseofcorpora, Li( ō based corpus translation model to help translators solve translationmodeltohelptranslators translationproblemsbased corpus including ā
ng
n niáng 1980 ‘mother fucker’, bloody, scamp); ( metaphors
w 巫山 孫悟空 ū y
; andYu Yang like translations. acareerThose whopursue asaprofessional translatormay con- ā ‘mountain Wu’, nymph, castpearlsbefore swine); appellations(e.g., y
ā 烏鴉 2010
piànguı ‘monkey king’,
娘娘 ̌
‘crow’, Sultan’s realm, nightingale); andlocative andpersonal names( 3.5 Chinese translation knowledge and skills and skills knowledge translation Chinese 3.5 死 ) seesthewebbecausetraditionallanguage asabettertranslationcorpus speaking peoples’ culture, theirliving environment, habits, behaviour ‘emperor’s wife’, ‘dead’, sh ̌
xiàng 2014 3.5.2
). Inaddition, bilingualknowledge shouldalsoincludehow the 鴉片鬼相 3.5.1 2004 level skillsmay ofthesource gainabetterunderstanding textif ū Eta igitc knowledge linguistic Extra-
yàn j féng fù 輸 ) considers translation corpora as an important translation asanimportant translationcorpora ) considers discourse, andgenre. rhetoric This knowledge cannot be c references (Mao Bilingual knowledge knowledge Bilingual ‘lose’, ‘lose’, lóng páo ī ng
la 馮婦 Dahui Dong ‘opium addictedface’,
̌
o z 燕京 jiàn guı nà wùér ǒ 44 ‘tiger huntingexpert’,
ng
龍袍 Beijing’,‘formerly Gospel, Isaac). Although
老總 ̌
見鬼 ji ‘emperor’s robe’,
那物兒 ‘chief executive offi ū xínghúmiàn
‘go tohell’, 2003 2010 ‘male genitalorgan’, thething, ; Wang : 54) points out,: 54) points themajority linguistic knowledge should hu English comparative stud- ā c
c 2002 ā 鳩形鵠面 ā
píng
o
ng ha
ch 操 cer’, YourHighness, ū e ; Ye
‘fuck’, ‘fuck’, n f
花瓶
̌
i 2014
滄海 ē 2001 ng
‘looking poor ‘looking
‘vale’,Helen ) particularly ) particularly 春風 ‘vast ocean’, ‘vast zhí niángzéi la ; Liu ̌
o dà
‘spring ‘spring
1987 老大 s ū c n
;
45
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 He ( toknow. shouldbegin tors fromfar exhaustive, thislistcovers mostoftheculturalknowledge areas thatChinese transla- both Western andChinesestudies(Chesterman and translationtechnique. Inorder toavoid confusion, are defi thesethree terms ofthree levels: translation Chinesetranslationskillsare strategy, comprised translationmethod ies recommended(Schäff fortranslators may be, involved inthetranslationprocess’ (Newmark cannot ‘make abadtranslatorintogoodone’ but itcan ‘show thestudentallthatis, orthat (Ma little translationtrainingontheory This view hasbeenreinforced manyhave by thatagreat Chinesetranslators thefact received Over theyears, there hasbeenageneralviewcandowithouttranslationtheory. thataperson ferences inorder toprovide genuine texts. quite diff diff thematic knowledge, of norms stylistic features needtounderstand andrhetorical translators orscienceandtechnology.contain literary Inadditiontoterminology, bothencyclopaedicand tion protection. Infact, theseareas oftenoverlap witheachother; forexample, anews textmay cine, engineering, electronics, geography, andinforma- communication, engineering electrical The latterinvolves andtechnology, information mechanics, biology, physics, mathematics, medi- ture, marketing, administrationandmanagement, news, advertisements, andwelfare. tourism and technicaltranslation. involves primarily related matters tolaw,The former fi 2010 tion theories of the German functionalistschool(Nord oftheGerman tion theories lation problems (Chesterman egies that provide guidance and principles for engaging intranslationactivities. thatprovide forengaging egies guidanceandprinciples Venuti ( readings suchasBaker ( translation programmes givenlevels. atpostgraduate students, For undergraduate introductory dynamic equivalence andNewmark’s ( (Chesterman (Chesterman both inasingletranslation work. perspective.logical Itisnotunusual tofi is considered more ethicalthandomesticatingby Venuti ( are simplydiff strategies andforeignising.two translationstrategies: domesticating Itneeds tobenotedthatthesetwo is widelyusedasthetextbookinChineseMAtranslationprogrammes, soI would focusonhis strategy: zero translation, transliteration, word- ation. Likewise there are fourtranslationmethodstotake placewhenadopting theforeignising translation methodstotake place; namely, liberal/ erent textual/ erent Translators are oftenengagedinmore thanonearea oftranslation. According to Wang and Translation way methodreferstoaparticular orprocedure for doingtranslationwork 2014 ; Fang erent annual from report. acorporate Translators needtobeable torecognise thedif- ), areas ofChinesetranslationcanbedivided intothefi 2013 2005 ; Han discursive types. For example, thelanguagefoundinaworld news is report : 26). According to Venuti ( 3.5.3 erent choicesandneitherisbetterthantheother, althoughforeignising 2015 2011 ; Xiong Knowledge about translation theory translation theory about Knowledge ) andMunday ( 3.5.4 2005 Knowledge, skills and resources Ciee translation skills Chinese : 26). For: 26). example, Nida’s ( 2014 1981 ner 2004; He nd that experienced translators may translators choosetoadopt nd thatexperienced ). Translation strategyreferstoa ‘plan’ tosolve trans-
) communicative translationare alltranslationstrat- 2009 45 for- 1995 free translation, imitation, andrecre- variation ) willbedeemedsuffi 2005 word translationand literaltranslation. 2013 ), the domesticating strategycallsforfour 2009 1981 ; MolinaandHurtado Albir ). Itmay thattranslationtheory betrue 1997 1995 ; Tao : 36). Among thetranslationtheor- ) emergeasmostfundamentalfor ) whoviews themfrom anideo- 1975 2006 translation elds ofliberalarts ) formal equivalence) formal and ; Zeng cient. 2012
ned following ned nance,litera- ), thetransla- 2002 1995 ; Fan ) 46
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 adopt thisstrategymay employ thefourtranslationmethodsasshown inExamples 3– reader intoboththeauthor’s languageandculture (Venuti, Theforeignising strategyisalsoknown assource- one, becausesheisengaged(betrothed). Backtranslation: Literaltranslationapplieswhenever of rules lexicalandgrammatical TL needtobeobserved. Example 6 Zero translationapplieswhenSLand TL diff Example 3 displayed in TL. Word- Example 5 Example 4 certain problemscertain (Xiong forthetranslators 蒜皮 Chinesefour- Backtranslation: 些圖像可能會帶來問題為譯者。 Backtranslation: Engaged ( 我愛我的愛人為了一個因為她是 Ilove my love withanE, becauseshe’s enticing; I hateherwithanE, becauseshe’s engaged. Ifonedoesnotenterthetiger’s lair, how can heexpecttocatchthetiger’s cubs? 不入虎穴 漢語四字成語往往蘊含豐富而生動的形象 Transliteration applieswhenthesource conceptisabsentin TL. Bungee 對譯者來說是個問題。 (‘Chicken feathers, garlicskins’). The methodby whichtoreproduce theseimagesmay pose for- word ofthesource translationapplieswhen thedetailedstructure sentenceneedstobe 訂了婚的 , character setphrasesare known toaboundinvivid images, e.g., JimaoSuanpi 焉得虎子。 I love my wifebecauseshewas attractive fora(fascinating); my I hate wifefor
中國四個字短語在生動的畫面 如果一個人不進入老虎的巢穴 ) 。
Foreignising translation strategy strategy translation Foreignising
Enticing(
Dahui Dong 2014 erintheirspelling. For example: 46 : 85). , orientation, and it aims to bring the translation orientation, thetranslation anditaimstobring 如 迷人的 “ , , 雞毛蒜皮 例如雞毛蒜皮 怎麼能他指望抓到虎崽 1995 ) ; 我恨我的愛人為了一個 ). whochooseto Chinesetranslators ” 。如何在翻譯中再現其形象 ( 雞毛蒜皮 蹦極 ; Ballet (Xiong (Xiong (Xiong ? )
。如何重現這 , 6 respectively. 因為她是 2014 2014 2014 芭蕾 雞毛 : 85) : 85) : 85)
47
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 when thisstrategyisadopted. the costoflosingSLinformation. Examples 7– tothetargetlanguage andculture Thisstrategyrequires even translationtocloselyconform at 被告和原告雙方收受賄賂。 Backtranslation: the meaning). meaning). Variation translation (theword ‘perfect’ in SThasbeenreplaced by aword withopposite/ Example 9 Imitation(four- Example 8 Liberal/ Example 7 Backtranslation: Backtranslation: ter complaintsabouthow judges There have onhow beensomereports law enforcersviolatethelaw, andthere are alsosuchbit- 時常會聽到一些有關執法者違法的報導 more beautifulthanapicture. Thehillsovershadow thelake, andthelake refl 水酌兩相宜。只言遊舫渾如畫 中國 ChineseParents Defraudedby ‘Perfect’ Education 水映山容 free translation (the metaphorical usageinST free translation(themetaphorical ‘
殘殘酷教育環境 酷 教 , 使山容益添秀媚 word idiomsinSTare alltranslatedintoplainEnglish). 育 環
境 目前已有一些報告有關執法者如何違反法律
China brutally educationalenvironment Chinabrutally parents tortured andstudents. 山掩蓋湖 折磨家長學生 Domesticating translation strategy strategy translation Domesticating
, ; Knowledge, skills and resources 湖中反映山。它們是完美和諧 山清水秀 , take bribes fromtake boththedefendantandplaintiff bribes 身在畫中原不知。
, 使山色更顯柔情。有詩云 , 47 以及法官的義憤之辭。 10 illustratetranslationmethodsfrequently used ects thehills. They and are inperfectharmony
吃了被告吃原告
, 比圖片更漂亮。 , 也有苦訴關於如何法官從 ’ isdropped in TT toretain
: 岸上湖中各自奇 (Xiong (Xiong (Xiong
2014 2014 2014 , ironic
山斛 : 85) : 86) : 86)
.
48
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 and cross- tobeaddition,generally agreed omission, division, combination, shift, pragmatictranslation tion techniquesfortranslationbetween thetwo languages, onesare andthemostimportant (Chesterman Examples 11– Chinese sentencemore concise. Three clauses, ‘the capacity…islow’, are tomake translatedintothree phrases inboldface the may notbeknown totheChinesereader. ‘ Translation techniquereferstothespecifi ‘TheMatrix’ ‘Connectingpeople’ Recreation (translationissignifi Example 10 make peace; whileprepare tolaunchanew off Backtranslation: low cost etc. advantages. Backtranslation: Example 11 Example 11 Example 12 Example 12 表表示願意講和 示 採用微波通訊具有 quality forsecrecy isbetter, andthecostis low. To usemicrowave communication hasmany advantages, forexample, thecapacityislarge, the 狡猾的敵人 Thecraftyenemy was ready tolaunchanew attackwhileholdingouttheolive branch. 願 cultural translation(Mao 意 講 2005 17 illustratethesetranslationtechniques. 和 黑客帝國 ’ isaddedinthetranslationbecausesymbolicmeaningof ‘olive branch’ aspeace , : 26). Many English– 一邊伸出橄欖枝 Usemicrowave communication haslargecapacity, confi Cunningenemy, whileholdingouttheolive branch, express willingnessto 科技以人為本
容容量大、
量 大 cantlydiff 保保密性強、 , 2003
密 表表示願意講和
性 示 Chinese translationtextbookshave transla- prescribed erent from ST). ; Wang 強 願 Dahui Dong Omission Addition 意 ensive. c manipulationoftextinthetranslation process 成成本低 講 48 本 和 2002
低 ;
一邊準備發動新的進攻。 等優點。 e ; Ye 2001
; Zhang 1980 dentiality strong, and ; andYu Yang
(Xiong (Zhu (Wang 2012 2002 2014 : 121) : 31) : 86) 2014
). 49
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 Theverb ‘revolutionise’ istranslatedasanoun ‘ Three sentencesinSTare translatedintoonesentence in TT. OnesentenceinSTistranslatedintotwo sentences in TT. are used to describe the shape of the mountain that is truly weird theshapeofmountainthatistruly are rocks usedtodescribe groupportrait, vivid. creative, forexample ‘stove fl ames’, ‘Three gossip’, ‘Marchers’, ‘Dark Angel’ Backtranslation: andsoon. Thesenames Backtranslation: dare togo away. Backtranslation: Example 15 Example 15 Example 13 Example 13 Example 14 Example 14 蒸汽和機器 revolutionised Steamandmachinery production. industrial 那四個人聚在那兒 Thefourmenhuddledthere andsaidnothing. They dared notsmoke. The would not move. 婦 石換門國家公園內各景點的名稱可謂五花八門、極富創意 denote. Gossips, Marching Men, Dark Angels, etc. they dojusticetothegrotesquerock formations namesfoundat Thefanciful Arches NationalPark includesiteslikeFurnance, Fiery Three 謂謂名副其實 名 ” 、 副 “
其 行進者 實
引引起了 , 惟惟妙惟肖。 起 ” The fourmengathered there didnotspeak, didnotdare tosmoke, alsodidnot Steam and machinery caused industrial production revolution. causedindustrial Steamandmachinery StoneGateNationalPark insideevery scenenamemay besaidmanifold, very 妙 、 了 惟 “
工業生產的 不不說話 黑暗天使 肖 說 。 話
, 不不敢抽煙 Knowledge, skills and resources ” 敢 等等。 革革命 抽 命 煙 Combination 。 , 這這些名稱用來形容那滿山造型怪異的山石群像可
Division 也也不敢走開 Shift 些 不 革命 49 名 敢
稱 走 ’. 用 開 來 。 形
容
那 滿 , 如 山 “ 造 火爐烈焰 型 怪 異 (Xiong, (Xiong, (Wang
的 ” 、 山 “ 石 三個長舌 2014 2002 2014 群
像 : 87) : 35) : 87)
可
50
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 elements, asshown inExamples 16and 17. eral language learners are atonceable tomake linguisticchoices basedonobjectiveeral languagelearners correct (Laviosa including translationteaching and learning are playing Corpora role anincreasingly important inalmostevery aspectoflinguisticstudies, etc. Inaddition, toolssuchascomputer- Translators from mayofsources, avariety seek information databases, corpus, onlinewebsites, tion problems. astranslationskillswhenconfrontingtechniques becomeingrained andthensolvingtransla- the memorising ‘rules’. Instead, dealofpracticeisneeded before agreat thesemethodsand novice translators, cannotexpecttoacquire translationskillssimplyby reading textbooksand theiroverallniques they needtouseduring translationprocess (Li Finally, manyhave translators thatthey reported rarely thinkaboutwhatmethods ortech- increasingly oftranslation. promoted forpurposes lation resources, computer- Example 16 Example 16 Shiftcanalsobeusedinthetranslationofpragmaticmeaningsandcultural/ Example 17 Example 17 Backtranslation: Backtranslation: Chinese 梁山伯與祝英台 Didyou have anice trip? 你一路辛苦了 Romeo and Juliet
!
中國的羅密歐與朱麗葉 你有一個很好的旅行嗎
3.6.1 . Ciee rnlto resources translation Chinese 3.6 aided translation(CAT), desktoppublication andlocalisationare Web- based dictionaries and corpora corpora and dictionaries Web- based
rs-clua transfer Cross- cultural rgai translation Pragmatic aided translationsoftware, web- assorted Dahui Dong
?
50 2002 ). With corpora, andgen- translators 1999 ). Translators,especially (Xiong (Xiong cross- based trans- 2014 2014 cultural : 88) :88)
51
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 contain 275,361and244,696words respectively. There isalsotheBilingualCorpus and Babel Parallel Corpus (English>Chinese) and BabelParallel Corpus andtheirdirect Chinesetranslations;English articles (Chinese>English) BabelParallel Corpus Oslo- able onesincludingtheBrown (FrancisandKucera corpus mayChinese translators wishtoconsult. The fi ratherthanonsubjectivefact speculation(Sinclair they technicaltranslationjobs(Dongetal. are undertaking maytranslators editMToutputtoachieve good-qualitytranslationwork, provided that lation studiesonmachinetranslationandhuman have shown thatChinese ofoutputaccuracy(Spellman in terms Online MTtools, noticeably Google Translate, have progress madegreat inrecent years aided) translation(MAT/ Translators are increasingly using machine translation(MT)andmachine- oped by National Taiwan University, Normal andthe Peking University E– do not have corpus experience maydo nothave fi experience corpus guestaccesstothepublic withbasicconcordanceonly grant functions, novice who translators professional – translators are smallerthanmonolingualones,Although thesetranslationalcorpora – translators Collins COBUILD corpus (Sinclair etal.Collins COBUILD corpus guaranteeing translationquality (Donget al. better through post- for themselves. thatshouldnotbeoverlookedopportunities by novice wishingtomake translators aname post- Pym ( (Greenbaum andSvartvik (Dong et al. by conductingaGoogle search name. ofthegiven corpus However, Shei( provideMany Englishcorpora available online these corpora are notmuch helpsincetheythese corpora provide onlylimitedsearch results. times andoccasions. also provide signifi words, rare orobsoletewords, phrasesandcollocations. Its Graphsfunction may Time Series linguistics, ofcorpus for purposes ithasprovided new specialisedsearch functionsforengaging thatusesthe exists asasearch engine World Wide Web asageneralcorpus. Sinceitisdesigned Babel English– there thathave are someonlineChinesetranslationalcorpora joinedtheonlinecorpora. The (TEC),Corpus was composedin1995atManchesterUniversity, UK(Baker 1995). Sincethen, of translationteachingandresearch. The world’s fi in two languages(Baker web- Although the use of machine translation will help Chinese translators to translate faster and totranslatefaster Althoughtheuseofmachinetranslation willhelpChinesetranslators Chinese translators may Chinesetranslators alsofi Anothertranslationresource thatmay besuitable forChinese- based translationalcorpora. Translational are basicallydatabaseswithalignedtexts corpora editors oneday,editors perhapssoon’. The development oftechnology provides boundless Bergen corpus) (Johansson etal.Bergen corpus) 2013 : 488)pointedout, ‘statistical- 2013 Chinese Parallel Corpus Chinese Parallel Corpus : 335– usageofaword inchoosingtheright atdiff cant helptotranslators editing, thetranslator’s Chinesecompetence may stillplay avitalrole in 6). 1995 may fi CAT) technology (Belluomini 1990 ). hasbeendesigned specifi This typeofcorpora nd themtoberelatively useful. However, sincethesecorpora 3.6.2 ), and the BNC (British National Corpus) (Burnard ), (Burnard NationalCorpus) andtheBNC(British Knowledge, skills and resources nd Webcorp tobeausefultranslationresource (Li ndthemdiffi Machine translation translation Machine 1978 1
constructed by constructed LancasterUniversity, UK, contains327 2011 1987 based MT is destined to turn most translators into mosttranslators based MTisdestinedtoturn ), CollectionofEnglish theBirmingham Text/ 2
rst ismonolingualEnglishcorpora,rst themostnot- 2013 developed by BeijingForeign StudiesUniversity, 51 ), theLondon- ). Somecomparative Chinese– search functions, andthey canbeeasilylocated cult to employ.to cult translationcorpus,rst Translational English ). isextracted from their study Example 18 2004 ). There are twothat typesofcorpora 1979 2006 Lund Corpus ofSpoken English Lund Corpus 2013 ), (Lancaster- theLOBcorpus
) intheirtranslationtasks. speaking translators isthe speaking translators ; LeeandLiao C Parallel Corpus. C Parallel Corpus. cally for purposes cally forpurposes aided (computer- 2010 English trans- ) arguesthat especially 2011 2004
3 devel- 1995 erent ). As The ). It ).
4
52
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 z strategy, clarifi methodandtechnique hasbeenfurther erature andconsolidatetranslationknowledge. The complex relationship between translation and knowledge oftranslationtheory, foruseby toidentifyrelevant Chinesetranslators lit- chapter hasalsoprovided thereader withanin- topossess. forChinesetranslators characteristic English languagesisthemost important The translation competencemodels, itmay bearguedthatbilingualknowledge ofChinese and focus ofthischapter. Having conceptualisedChinesetranslation knowledge andskillsusing Translation knowledge, skillsandresources withinaChinesetranslationcontexthave beenthe Chinese languageprofi out, thebenefi versions were obviously infl 實驗 from theuseofwrong Chinesecollocation (t punctuation mistakes, thepost- and 18c)by Chinesetranslation studentsare foundtobeequallyunsatisfactory. Inadditionto dòng zuò diately available. will feedGoogle Translate outputtothetranslationbox whennohuman translationisimme- recycle orshare theirgiven translations. The toolkitalso provides multilingual glossaries, and it Google Translate inthatitsaves thetranslationinuser’s accountandallows to translators ǒ
u ch b In comparison with18a, Incomparison theGoogle translateoutputandthetwo post- a that were played whitenoiseorsilence. afterbeingplayed Laterstudieswithratsfoundthatcompletedamazefaster thanrats Mozart Example 18 c Google Translator Toolkit isan online CAT toolavailable totranslators. Itisdiff c b a
‘take thisastopicdoexperiment’).As native Chinesespeakers, ofthesetwo thetranslators 爾後 快。 後來老鼠的研究發現 後來 的老鼠比起 完莫札特音樂的老鼠比起沒聽音樂的老鼠可以更快的 people playing whitenoiseorsilenceratsfaster. Backtranslation: mice compared tohearthenoiseorquietsilencestatemicemove faster. (Post- Backtranslation: a maze. music micecomparedafter listeningtoMozart tonomusic walk heard micecanfaster outof Backtranslation: ū
y ī
dàomígong ( (Google Translate output) (Google Translate ( punctuation missing punctuation missing
t ofmachinetranslationcanonlybe realised ifitisusedby withgood translators
移動動作 聽聽取
取 噪音或者是安靜狀態下的老鼠 ciency. Later for the mouse made study report found to listen to the Mozart music foundtolistentheMozart Laterforthemousemadestudyreport Latersomepeoplebegantotake thisastopicdoexperiment, peoplefound Laterresearch foundratscompletemazeafter, playing thanthe Mozart 走出一道迷宮 ‘movement’,yı , ) uenced by thesource text. As Dong, Lanand Wu ( ) 有人便開始 老鼠完成迷宮後 針對老鼠所作的研究報告發現 editing versions contain various errors (boldface words) (boldface editing versions errors arising containvarious
3.7 Summary Summary 3.7
以以此為題拿老鼠做實驗 ‘walk outofamaze’)andredundant generalusages(yí 此 Dahui Dong ̌ cı 為 ̌ wéi tínála , 正在播放莫扎特比人玩白噪聲或沉默的大鼠更 題 52 ī
ng q depth discussionofextra- 拿
老 ǔ 移移動動作
y 鼠 動 ed inthischapterwithan overview of ī 做
n lè ̌ osh 動 實 ( 走走出一道迷宮
punctuation missing 作 驗 聽取音樂 ǔ 出 更加快速。
zuòshíyàn , 一 人們發現 道 迷 宮 ‘listening tothemusic’, 。 ( (Post- punctuation missing editing versions (18b linguistic knowledge 以此為題拿老鼠做 (Post- )
聽聽取 editing) editing) 取 editing) 莫札特音樂 2013 erent from erent
) pointed
) 聽 53
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:48 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315675725, chapter4, 10.4324/9781315675725.ch3 3 Baker Venuti Baker resources are alsotouched upon indiff defi Assuggestedby itstitle, thisbookisacomprehensive reference various toolforstudentstounderstand 4 Austermühl Austermühl inthediscussionofChinesetranslation. part important included translationfrom ChineseintoEnglishby native Chinese- translation quality. Inadditiontotranslationfrom EnglishintoChinese, thechapterhasalso corpora, MTresources andweb search techniquesthatmay beutilisedtoimprove Chinese translationtechniques.Also addresseding methodsandacquiring inthischapterare web- the professional translationskillsneeded, whichincludechoosingtranslationstrategies, select- Baker Adab Baker 2 1 Shei translation studiesasadiscipline. Holmes’s work isconsidered afundamentalreading fortranslationstudentstogain abird’s- Holmes toimprove forChinesetranslationlearners information theirChineseintoEnglishtranslationskills. been adoptedinstudiesontranslationintothetranslator’s secondlanguage. The bookprovides useful Theauthorhasproposed amodeloftranslationcompetenceintothesecondlanguage, whichhasoften Campbell ies. Itiswidelyusednotonlyasatextbookby translationstudentsbut alsoareference bookby researchers. Venuti’s work hasprovided examinationofmajordevelopments athorough andcritical intranslationstud- Baker readers may fi language resources available forChinesetranslators. ontheInternet With alargenumber ofexamples, Thisbook, inChinese, written containssubstantialpracticalguidesonhow tomake thebestuseof Beeby
https:// www.icl.pku.edu.cn/ www.bfsu- www.lancaster.ac.uk/ nitions, intranslationstudies. concepts andtheories The issuesoftranslationknowledge, skillsand Wimmer Target Benjamins G. G. General Literary Studies,General Literary University of Amsterdam Competence , , C , , , , ,
, B. , Francis M. Mona M. M. A. M. ( Lawrence , ( 2010 J.S.
, 2000 ( ( 7 , ( ( sites.google.com/ Fernández Fernández S. ( 2010 2011 1995 2 1993 , ( ( , (ed.)( ): F. F. nd it easier to understand hisweb- nditeasiertounderstand 1975 corpus.org/ corpus.org/ S. and ). 1998 , pp. , pp. ( . ) 223 ( Amsterdam Translation and Web Resources: Theory, Practice, andNorm 2001 Evaluating translation competence ) ) ) 2011 ) ( Critical Readingsin Critical Translation Studies InOther Words: A Coursebook on Translation Corpora in translation studies: an overview andsomesuggestions forfuture intranslationstudies: an researchCorpora ) 233 Corpus linguisticsandtranslationstudies:Corpus implicationandapplication 2012 E. – ) 2001 TheNameandNatureof Translation Studies 43 Translation intotheSecondLanguage
) Tognini- , ) lcrncTos forTranslators ElectronicTools – M. .
Results ofthevalidation ofthe PACTE translation competencemodel: translation 50 ) icl_ fass/ fass/ ) The Translation StudiesReader channels/ , Routledge Encyclopedia of RoutledgeEncyclopedia Translation Studies .
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concordance.asp , pp. , pp. Text and Technology: InHonorofJohnSinclair babel/ References , Kuznik 215 based corpus translationtheory.based corpus . Notes s e t o N . Manchester Manchester . In
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, D. and New York project anddynamictranslationindex University Press TransComp 197 Studies: In honourofKingaKlaudy in Translation ProcessResearch Tübingen Blackwell second language 45 40 New York Investigation Language Interpretation andCommunication LanguageInterpretation approach Translation- Press editing tion andhumantranslation (eds.) Language Training & Testing Center of Oslo English, ofBritish Bergen Corpus forUsewithDigitalComputer , , , , J. , , , R.T. D. D. , , , ( , , and ( ( D. E.A. L.G. , , C. P. P. , 3 D.H. 2 D.H. C. , – , 1999 , ( ( B. B. , H.P. W. N . . N W. ): (
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Approaches to Approaches Translation etok ofTranslation ATextbook and Interpreter & Interpreter Translator Trainer G.N. Göpferich Göpferich Y. S. S. Y. Translation Performance, Translation Process, and Translation Strategies: A Psycholinguistic , Corpus- Corpus- ( Svartvik ). I. 4 ) . ( ):
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18 17 : and C. . .
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Schäff
28 7 : : ( H.W. . 1 Oxford University
. : ): . John Benjamins . Amsterdam and New York ner 9 London
– 6 . Sinaiko . 21 (
and The Futurist TheFuturist 2 . .
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