2021 SPRING RURALURBAN PLANNING MAGAZINE

Welcome to the first edition of Rural & RUPM will not only provide the latest Town Urban Planning Magazine. Curating this Planning & Development News, Opinions and magazine over the last few months has Decisions but will be a platform for the lesser been a labour of love but also a welcome heard voices, one which seeks out the distraction from current events. The controversial issues and tackles them head on. topics covered in this issue provide a It will advocate social justice, inclusivity and unique and varied perspective on the equality. current challenges faced by the planning system in particular in relation to I would like to take this opportunity to give a championing an equal and inclusive special thanks to the contributors who have system. committed their time and energy into making this magazine a reality.

IN THIS EDITION

CHEF'S SPECIALS Dan Hay MRTPI PROBLEMS / PROBLEM SOLVERS Founding Editor ENGAGEMENT IN A MODERN WORLD - LAURA PUTTKAMER

PUBLIC SECTOR VIEWPOINT THE USUAL SUSPECTS WHY WOULD ANYONE BE A PLANNER? - ALEX J THWAITES A WORLD VIEW INQUIZITIVE LEVELLING UP? AFFORDABILITY AGENDA STUDENTS ROOM DON'T LEAVE THE COUNTRYSIDE BEHIND - JAMES ELLIS

DECISIONS DIGEST URBANISM BOOK CLUB PLANNING FOR JUSTICE EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW DESIGN CORNER

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL JUSTICE FROM THE REGIONS THE ROLE OF THE URBAN PLANNER - KATIE MULKOWSKY HOW TO ENGAGE YOUTH IN THE COMMUNITY – TURNING THE PROBLEMS INTO PROBLEM SOLVERS LAURA PUTTKAMER

In this article, I will examine how the youth can be Participatory planning has been a buzzword and involved in the urban planning process. Other an aspiration in the world of Town Planning for publications have looked into the involvement of decades. With the New Urban Agenda (UN older people, illiterate people, illiterate groups and Habitat, 2016) and Sustainable Development other marginalised members of a community. Goal 11 (United Nations, 2020), participatory However, youth are often neglected in these planning has also been anchored in analyses. At the same time, it is crucial to involve international covenants. It is closely linked to persons aged 15 to 24 (United Nations, 2021) in the Right to the City, which, according to creating liveable cities, since this will result in French philosopher Henri Lefebvre, is the “right more acceptance, a sense of ownership and in to live, work and play” in the city. some cases even a decreased likelihood for unemployment, criminal activities etc. (Power et al, 2009). Role of youth in urban What do youth need and planning - why involve them? want? These ideas, clearly supported by the Fridays for Future movements in many More than half of the world’s Importantly, the needs and wants of cities all over the world, point to population is part of the age group of youth need to be understood in order something very important: Aside from under-30s. In the Global South, this to find solutions for this challenge, factors such as having safe and fun number tends to be higher. UN Habitat which at the same time is an spaces in the city, many youth are projects that about 60% of urban opportunity (Power, 2009: 5). By currently concerned about residents will be younger than 18 by allowing for the participation of youth, sustainability. This is an interesting the year 2030 (UN Habitat, 2013). their needs, which might vary from opportunity which can be fostered in This will pose resourcing challenges in city to city and from neighbourhood to order to create modern, smart and regard to job opportunities and neighbourhood, can be gauged. Plan environmental-friendly cities education. At the same time, youth International’s “Free to Be” project contribute to their urban environment has found out that the following How to enable youth through skills, energy, creativity, aspects are important for youth in the innovation and knowledge. city (Dream Planet, 2018): participation?

This implies that youth themselves - Safe spaces, created by a flow of Many kinds of participatory planning are a resource. By using their potential people and a good community approaches – from urban acupuncture in order to tackle the many challenges environment and tactical urbanism to Town Hall that cities all over the world face, a - Safety for women and girls meetings, online votes and pop-up win-win situation can be created. By - Less traffic and more opportunities stalls, are usually targeted towards a offering youth the opportunity to to walk and cycle specific group: Community leaders and exercise their Right to the City, they other adults who might have a family will contribute to building the cities Additionally, the organisation or other reasons to stay in a they want to live in. Those who help to “Tomorrow.City” lists the following neighbourhood for the longer term. design a city or neighbourhood are priorities that youth have in a city much more likely to develop a sense (Tomorrow.City: 2020): Youth-friendly legislatives including of community and home, which in turn people from age 15 on (instead of age means they might stay for the long- - Smart paving for organic power 18 or age 21), and urban plans that term, contribute skills and economic creation are geared towards people of all ages power, and take responsibility for their - Organic urban vegetable gardens are necessary. Involving youth in city (Power et al., 2009: 6). - Better integration of technology into setting these up would be a good first the city and into education step. opportunities

Roger Hart’s Ladder of Young People’s Create a space for dialogue and Institutionalise youth Participation, which is based on Shelly consultation Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen participation Participation, can help (Norwegian Red Cross, 2017). Include youth in the policy- Youth participation in urban planning making process not only ensures that young people In order to achieve the varying degrees can contribute to planning ventures of participation, it is first of all but is also an important and valuable Integrate more youth into resource. By leveraging youth’s skills, important to convince youth to existing policy platforms cooperate. Here, focusing on their the ambitious Sustainable skills is a promising avenue. Skills Development Goals can be reached in such as arts, design (for example via Improve transparency a concerted effort. Trends such as computer games such as Minecraft), youth’s interest in sustainability and communication and interaction with Offer partnerships with local technology will help to invent new, other youth, and the use of social innovative ways of designing our governments cities. media can be leveraged. A project by the Cities Alliance (Cities Set up funding mechanisms for In order to enable youth to climb the Alliance, 2016) has shown that the community-owned projects; ladder of participation and to live their following recommendations are helpful right to the city, we will need political in enabling youth to participate in will, well-funded projects and grants, Consider the informal sectors as as well as more youth representation urban planning and to thus climb the a positive resource; ladder of participation: in local planning. By offering attractive positions in the field of urban See youth as problem solvers, not planning, youth leaders can support as problems the integration of more youth into urban planning, which in turn will enrich communities and offer many opportunities to create solutions instead of problems.

Cities Alliance (2016) Youth and the City. Lessons from 13 innovative projects funded by the Cities Alliance and the UN-Habitat Youth Fund. Available online: https://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/default/files/YouthAndTheCity_LearningEvent_Re port_FINAL.PDF [12 Feb 2021]

Dream Planet (2018) What teenagers want their cities to be like when they are asked. Available online: https://www.dreamplanet.com.au/what-teenagers-want-their-cities- to-be-like-when-they-are-asked/ [12 Feb 2021]

Norwegian Red Cross (2017) Climbing the ladder of youth participation. Available online: http://www.ydep.no/maria-kristina-in-madagascar/tkraemcanhhbzgl5w7kkfwhn6fhf6c [12 Feb 2021]

Power, K. et al (2009) Youth in Urban Development: Bringing Ideas into Action. Children, Youth & Environments: Center for Research and Design. Available online: https://rhyclearinghouse.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/docs/20882-CYE- Youth_in_Urban_Development.pdf [12 Feb 2021]

Tomorrow.City (2020) What kind of city do adolescents want? Available online: https://tomorrow.city/a/what-kind-of-city-do-adolescents-want-one-that-combines-a- technological-future-with-the-need-for-boundaries [12 Feb 2021]

UN Habitat (2013) UN-Habitat and Youth. Available online: https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/un-habitat-and-youth/ [12 Feb 2021]

UN Habitat (2016) The New Urban Agenda. Available online: https://habitat3.org/the- new-urban-agenda/ [12 Feb 2021]

United Nations (2020) Sustainable Development Goal 11. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11 [12 Feb 2021]

United Nations (2021) Youth. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues- depth/youth-0/ [12 Feb 2021] Planning for Justice Exclusive Interview

Katie Mulkowsky Fanny Blanc Nancy Holman

In January 2021, RUPM had the pleasure of interviewing Nancy Holman (NH), Director of Planning Studies at London School of Economics (LSE), who joined us all the way from Texas, USA, Katie Mulkowsky (KM), Research Assistant at LSE and Fanny Blanc (FB), Policy Officer at LSE about the Planning for Justice initiative; a coalition of graduate students, alumni and faculty in the Regional and Urban Planning Studies course at the London School of Economics.

How was the idea for Planning for Justice r e a l i s e d ?

KM: The initiative emerged as a response to The big driving factor behind this initiative for the historic wave of protests in outrage over us was reflecting on how urban planning, police brutality that really took hold in cities specifically as a profession, has historically across the U.S. and then reverberated in cities played a role in these conversations, often as around the U.K. and the wider world this an agent of power rather than as a tool for summer (2020). They were really holding to claims toward reparative justice to be made. account how criminal justice systems are But now using this initiative, we want to not often not justly applied and how questions of just talk about how we got here, but about race, space and distribution are experienced where we go from here, knowing what we unevenly, depending on who you are and know now,. where you live. How has it e v o l v e d ? W h a t KM: So originally it was a resource document that has since evolved into a l e s s o n s digital library. The library is separated into accessible articles, academic work h a v e y o u and action items around how issues of race, space and distribution manifest in l e a r n t ? cities. In addition to the digital library, we also have a blog that we started to NH: Often planners come from a allow students to reflect on these position of privilege. We are educated, questions, and how they're relevant to we had the ability to go to university the places that they come from. The and we've had a lot of advantages. third component of this, apart from the digital library and the blog, is FB: It'd be nice if we managed, through now turning this into a platform for this platform to also find ways to the promotion of progressive projects. attract students that have different backgrounds. We've found that when students come from different Hopes & aims backgrounds, they teach each other about things they've experienced and moving forward? this is very complimentary to the academic structures. KM: Making our digital library collaborative was something we were committed to from the KM: The biggest takeaway for me is beginning, making sure that it's democratic and that even in this process of compiling a making an effort to engage with people outside library, there's this politics of of the university. knowledge production that happens., What we deem a source and who we FB: Planning for justice is hosted on Progressing deem an expert on these issues, really Planning which is an LSE degree initiative. We matters. hope to build a strong network of students and alumni who are interested in making cities work for everyone. How can planners champion social j u s t i c e ? KM: Researching who will be impacted by Will the proposed planning land use decisions because often, it's not just the people on the street right in front reforms help or hinder? of you that are affected. Urban NH: I don't think the American system has anything to look at ecosystems are much more with great hope that we're going to speed up decisions or interconnected and complex than that. create better cities because. I worry greatly that the changes Knowing the history of places and are more about allowing market based decisions just to flow carrying out community engagement in through the system, unfettered and I think if you look at the culturally relevant, honest and immersive changes that we've had with permitted development rights, ways. we can see that that just creates rent seeking behavior. It doesn't produce decent housing for the people who are most NH: Be very careful, in what we describe vulnerable. Another thing that's really quite worrying that the as a 'problem' and what we described as government is talking about is that we should have design a 'problem community'. For example, in guides that help us understand what kind of decisions are the US they talk about segregation as a going to be made around what is and is not acceptable. problem. They look at communities of There are two real problems with that. The technical one is colour and say, look how segregated that that if you were to look at design guides for any city, they're community is. It's a problem. When conservatively hundreds of pages long, and the government actually the communities that are the is talking about simple two or three page design guides, most segregated in the US tend to be old which is if I may patent bullshit. The more fundamental, and white affluent communities. They're very, the more important question, in terms of Planning for Justice very segregated. We tend to try to fix is who decides what that design is, who decides what good what we see as the problem rather than design is in this, in this context. One would assume that in the fixing the actual problem; the UK, that would be very biased towards white, British Imperial fundamental problem of racism, of red sort of ideals. (It is a) very poorly thought through set of lining of economic exclusion of all of those plans and their consultation on them was bordering sorts of things. We're not taking enough offensive. steps backwards in the process to understand what we're dealing with. So we disregard our whiteness in looking at the issues we have to deal with as planners on an urban scale. C o n t . . .

FB: The reforms are trying to NH: We want to guard The Localism Agenda is such a joke speed up the build process, but against actually, now. I mean, it's actually hilarious the fact is that we build, but we ripping things away from that it's still being run in tandem in just don't get the housing that is communities, building some way. All of those people who needed. By speeding up there is things that are clearly not went out and did their local plans, a very big tension with for them and making a their neighborhood plans. How that communities and how they are whole swathe of people would fit with any of this is beyond going to participate. If you feel unrepresented and me. All of that just becomes want to speed up, that's fine, excluded from a great presumably useless and (it) does but make sure that you involve deal of economic and not build up a strong sense of the right people at each step, social life. If this happens community cohesion or trust in the because in the end, what you're you build up a group of local and international going to build may disrupt very resentful people government, We're at a very communities and might not be who ended up wearing dangerous political junction at the occupied by people that their skin hats and moment. All of these actions, we do actually need homes. It's very raiding the capital. You that erode trust, that create discord. worrisome this is not talked reap what you sow and if We should really consider what about more. They just want to you keep going down we're doing a little bit more simplify the system when, I'm these root ways where carefully. Local authorities should be not sure this is going to solve you, pursue economic given greater powers, and we anything. Maybe if the gain for a very few, you should oppose the central Government wasn't led by Boris end up with the problems government plans to kick away any Johnson, I would have another that you create for last vestiges of local control. view yourself..

How can we engage?

NH: The problem with planning is we tend to be very reactionary. (The best way) to get people involved, I've always said to my students, is to say, “we will be building an incinerator in the middle of your neighbourhood.“ This gets everybody out of the door and involved in the planning process. It's really hard to get people involved in something that's abstract and future looking. So I think it is a matter of trying to figure out what is important for people to get them interested. But also people have to have some kind of view that what they do say will matter. The developer feedback is that planning departments are way too underfunded, that they need continuity, that they need officers who they engage with on a more regular basis. You could read millions of studies on what happens when you have a target driven culture. Does that actually improve efficiency and output and the product itself and the answer to that would appear to be no, yet it is a very alluring thing that governments really love to pursue.

FB: Using words that non professionals can understand is very important as well. I found that many events done by professional bodies were for quiet closed groups, you didn't really see a mix of people from all communities Working towards a more representative workforce

NH: When I first took a job as a planner, in Aylesbury, I was the only woman on the team and we had one person of colour. That was pretty much the case in planning certainly outside of London. I think that I've seen over the years a remarkable change towards getting more of a gender Further reading balance but we still don’t see many people of colour. So I think we all need to rethink how we recruit people into the profession and what we want the profession to look like. There is a great journal of the Unfortunately the profession really looks pretty white, still American Planning Association relatively male, that's something very much that we need to called 'Whiteness and Urban think about. Also, having worked as a planner in Austin planning' Texas, I know that when we went into communities of colour, we were not well liked, so I would assume it would be an unusual thing for someone from that community to want to do. Related to a topic i'm currently working on and which relates There is a huge history too. Austin was set up where, prior to to what we are trying to do the 1948 Plan, it was a relatively mixed city and the 1948 plan with Planning for Justice is tried to segregate the city, but that was illegal. So what they 'Journeys in the Shadow decided to do was, to move services like schools and parks, Private Rented Sector'. which were segregated out of white neighborhoods into only East Austin. So move all of the services that anyone who was African-American could use away from the quiet I'm going to recommend a film areas to a specific area in Austin, which created this East 'Decade of Fire' about the Austin, community that was predominantly African- south Bronx fires in the 1970's. American. So, these things are very real and palpable and were done by planners. They were done by society as a whole. They were done by planners specifically as agents of this change. So there's very good reason and very good history why, you know, people would be very uncomfortable with the profession. Even in the UK its not a very well liked profession. I used to have a friend in the inland revenue, so at parties, I always introduced what she did first. Affordability Agenda Each edition of RUPM will focus on a For the first edition we are delighted to different facet of the affordability agenda to bring you an article by Rebecca Lockwood bring you the latest innovative approaches, Norris, the Community Led Housing Project hot off the press news, key decisions, Manager for Homes of Our Own (see industry insight and much more. overleaf).

Community Led Housing - A response to the COVID-19 challenges faced by communities HOUSING FOR KEY WORKERS AND VOLUNTEERS Within any community there may be a need for THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY homes for the key workers and volunteers we Looking back over the events of have been so reliant on to keep our communities last year and going forward into going throughout the Covid-19 pandemic. 2021, it is clear how important a strong community is when dealing Community led housing provides an opportunity to with a crisis. empower local people through a shared vision and meaningful community engagement. The effects The effects of the restrictions in of which can be significant on the health and place during the Covid-19 wellbeing of local people. pandemic so far have shown the importance of community Enabling key workers and volunteers to access relationships and how a network decent, stable, affordable homes is something of volunteers brings resilience to many communities should be striving to provide in their community. months and years to come

In Wiltshire alone there are in excess of 300 community groups providing support across the county, some of which formed as a direct response to the pandemic. These networks of volunteers have provided vulnerable people in their communities with support to access food, medicine and to beat isolation ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, SAFE, GOOD QUALITY HOMES The respect that has been shown for carers, NHS workers, food retail staff and other key workers shows how much the people working in these often low paid roles mean to our communities. With house prices rising and a lack of truly affordable housing; some of those key workers will have had to move out of the community they have grown up in. Many households share with older generations of their family, unable to move out into independent accommodation. Others will be living in homes that are too small for their growing families, or they may be in poor quality homes that do not meet basic standards in terms of space and/or condition.

THE NEED FOR OUTDOOR SPACE Access to outdoor space close to home, and adequate space within the home, has not been available for many throughout this lockdown. This has restricted their level of physical activity and prevented much-needed relief from the confinement of their homes. Many families do not have access to sufficient outdoor space for children to play and adults to socialise, relax or exercise in

EVOLUTION OF LIVE-WORK ARRANGEMENTS Many individuals have had to turn their home into a live-work space. This can have challenges in terms of being in the same space most of the day, or not getting the social interaction that work can bring. The challenge of sharing space with other family members who are not working (such as children home from school) arise while parents and carers try and continue to work in the same home. IS COMMUNITY LED HOUSING THE SOLUTION? Community led housing can deliver homes that are well designed and affordable, both in terms of rent/purchase price and energy consumption. They also offer security of tenure, mitigating some or all of the issues raised on the previous page The process of community led housing, together with the scheme design, can strengthen a community and create a support network. The delivery of the homes may even play a part in employment of local people, directly through the construction process and indirectly by contributing to the demand for local shop and services.

COMMUNITY LED HOUSING ALLOWS COMMUNITIES THEMSELVES TO DETERMINE HOW AND WHERE THEY WILL MEET LOCAL HOUSING NEED. How can you help? There are now ways in which individuals, with other members of their community, can help solve these housing issues, with support from specialist advisers. This model of housing delivery is already successfully delivering new homes across the country. Currently in excess of 300 communities have built more than 1,000 homes, with thousands more in the pipeline. In Wiltshire, several towns and villages are on the journey to building new homes for local people, with many receiving support in the form of advice and grants from the Wiltshire & Swindon Community led Housing Hub, just one of the network of community led housing hubs across the country

Homes of our Own, exists to:

•Provide advice and support to community groups on setting up, finding and securing the right site;

•Bring in the technical expertise required to plan, develop and build homes;

•Help a community build directly or with a development partner;

•Access the money required to get a scheme to planning and then build it;

•Advise on managing and maintaining the completed homes. Wiltshire and Swindon Community Led Housing Hub and Network

Further information about Homes of Our Own can be found on our website http://homesofourown.co.uk/ and the team can be contacted by email via [email protected].

For readers outside of Wiltshire and Swindon, you can find your nearest community led housing hub by following this link: https://www.communityledhomes.org.uk/find-your- local-hub From the Regions Each edition of RUPM will focus on a As the magazine grows we would love to be different area of the U.K, to bring you the able to cover every region in each edition, latest local news that may not have therefore, if you are interested in covering received national attention. This will one or more of our regions please get in include interesting acquisitions, important contact at [email protected] decisions, neighbourhood plan progressions and so much more. OXFORDSHIRE

ZERO EMISSIONS OXFORD-CAMBRIDGE EXPRESSWAY CANCELLED Oxford city centre is set to become one of the first Zero Emission Zones (ZEZ) in the A final nail in the coffin for the controversial plans to build a country. Starting in August 2021 a total of new road linking Oxford with Milton Keynes? Plans were put on nine roads in the city will only be freely hold by the Government last year but now a further cost-benefit accessible to vehicles meeting the strict analysis has finally put the kibosh on the proposals as the requirements. Other vehicles will be required Department for Transport confirm the project is cancelled. The to pay £10 to enter the zone which will rise East-West Rail link remains on track. to £25 by 2025. Charges will apply between 7am and 7pm and be enforced by automatic 3 YEAR LAND SUPPLY REVOKED number plate recognition cameras, operating In March 2018 the government on the same basis as London’s congestion struck a deal with Oxfordshire charging zone. planning authorities, allowing a 3 year rather than 5 year pipeline of deliverable housing sites. This was conditional on producing a joint strategic plan enabling delivery of 100,000 new homes across the county by 2031. Despite progress NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN REFERENDUM towards this aim, but without it being finalised or adopted, a Following the independent examination of the Wallingford Neighbourhood Written Ministerial Statement has Plan (WNP), the District Council has decided that the plan should now confirmed this special proceed to referendum. The WNP which is 5 years in the making states exemption has ended with that Wallingford does not need to deliver any more housing or INDUSTRIAL SPACE IN HIGH DEMAND immediate effect. This could have a employment land over and above those already allocated or granted Take up of industrial space in Oxfordshire hit disastrous impact on plan led permission. 1.6m sq ft (148,644 sq m) in 2020, a record housing in the region, as a number year for the region and an 113% increase on of authorities are in danger of the long term average. falling below this requirment. A World View We have some wonderful writers at RUPM The Spring edition focuses on different who come from all over the globe. It seems planning and design responses to the fitting, therefore, that each edition should COVID-19 pandemic across the globe. expand our thoughts on a more global scale. COVID-19 RESPONSES

BOGOTA, COLOMBIA In March 2020, the city of Bogotá introduced an emergency bike network, totaling 52 miles (84 km) of new bike lanes, to help essential workers move around and to encourage cycling.

VILNIUS, LITHUANIA According to the Urban Land Institute Vilnius temporarily transformed its city center into a number of these have been made outdoor dining spaces for its cafézin 2020 to permanent 'demonstrating how support the local restaurant industry and create quick, temporary projects can be spaces for people to dine out safely during the formalized over time and expanded COVID-19 pandemic. into innovative plans.'

Over 450 restaurants set up outdoor tables in 18 locations, including four streets closed to car traffic in the Old Town.

ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM

In response to the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19), the Government has published an update on planning matters, including temporary measures to make it easier to operate the planning system. These include provisions for temporary changes of use and for the erection of temporary structures which would usually require express permission. Design Corner At RUPM we are passionate about good This edition looks at the public realm and design. In our view there is no excuse for innovative designs which encourage use of poor design in the built environment, and space. If you have a keen eye for design and this section will champion the latest and would like to help with the next edition greatest designs that we've seen. please get in touch at [email protected]. Highline, Manhattan, New York (Photo credit - Time Out) A disused railway turned into public park and walkway introducing public open space into a dense urban environment. Superkilen, Copenhagen, Denmark (Photo credit - Dezeen) This public park is designed to bring refugees and locals together, promoting tolerance and unity in one of Denmark's most ethnically- diverse and socially-challenged communities

Elblag, Poland (Photo credit - LA Times) Another COVID-19 response; Chastain Memorial Park, Atlanta (Photo credit - the grass outside the Atlanta Trails) Centrum Sztuki Galeria EL During the COVID-19 pandemic, public open space art gallery was mowed in a was a desired commodity. To alleviate crowding checkboard pattern to on a popular walking path in Chastain Memorial provide an outdoor space Park, the Atlanta Department of Parks and where people could hang out Labyrinth of Boolean Voids in Genk (Photo while still maintaining social Recreation opened the park’s golf course to the credit -Gijs Van Vaerenbergh) distance public. This temporary installation in Genk in 2015 is one of RUPM's favourite examples of how art can alter the public realm and create interesting use of space. Decisions Digest Every quarter RUPM will delve deep into an This edition looks at The Court of Appeal's important decision to analyse how this judgment in Bramshill v SSHCLG [2021] could affect planning decisions in the EWCA Civ 320 which addresses the future. interpretation and application of policies in the National Planning Policy Framework Is there a decision you think we should be ("NPPF") against the development of covering in our next issue? Get in touch at isolated homes in the countryside. [email protected] Subject site & proposal What is a "settlement" and This would prevent the policy Bramshill Park in Hampshire whether the development from applying to the includes a grade I listed would be "isolated" from a development of additional mansion and park & garden. settlement are both matters of dwellings, one or two at a time, The subject application sought planning judgment for the on sites next to other sporadic to convert the mansion into decision-maker on the facts of rural housing. It might even apartments as well as the particular case. prevent the policy from construct some new dwellings applying to a proposal for two in place of existing The Court held that to adopt or more dwellings on a single, outbuildings. remoteness from other undeveloped site in the dwellings, instead of countryside, because none of Decision remoteness from a settlement, them would itself be "isolated" The Court affirmed the as the test for "isolated homes from another dwelling. This conclusion in Braintree District in the countryside" would seem would be hard to reconcile with Council v Secretary of State for inconsistent with the the Government's aim, as Communities and Local Government's evident intention policy-maker, to "promote Government [2018] that in in producing the policy in sustainable development in determining whether a paragraph 79 as it would mean rural areas". particular proposal is for that the policy would not apply "isolated homes in the to a development of housing in countryside", the decision- the countryside on land next to maker must consider "whether an individual dwelling remote [the development] would be from the nearest settlement. physically isolated, in the sense of being isolated from a settlement"

Advertisement WHY With a national planning policy document that resembles a WOULD thousand-piece jigsaw puzzle and a regime of permitted ANYONE development rights that only a mother could love, it’s no wonder BE A the planning system appears as a complicated muddle PLANNER? to anyone not directly involved in it.

As a Local Authority planner, I can only speak for one ‘side’ of the system, but I’ve often wondered the reasons as to why people get into planning? A question that is becoming increasingly more important given the apparent dwindling of numbers turning to the profession.

I can clearly remember the first time this thought came to me as I sat down after fulfilling my first couple hours as ‘the duty planning officer’ for a home counties Local Authority. It struck me that there can’t be too many other professions where the junior member of staff are instructed to answer a series of demanding and often complicated questions from members of the public on a range of topics that far exceed the expertise of a single graduate.

From my point of view, it is completely understandable that anyone in need of planning advice would contact the Council. The Council serves its constituents. It is also doubly reasonable that people are at their most emotional and protective when something involves their property; our homes play a significant role both financially and emotionally in our lives. Which is exactly why I found it bizarre that as a junior employee learning their trade, I was responsible for the Alex J stewardship of these ‘simpler’ applications which often produced Thwaites the most emotional and turbulent responses.

Development, by its very nature, causes divisions. One man’s modest rear extension is another’s overbearing, imprisoning edifice.

It is a strange system where junior members of staff are dealing with such fine margins of balance and are often potentially open to ‘passionate discussions’ with stakeholders.

As a more senior and seasoned planner, it makes you wonder that if you had known the first steps into this career would involve an unprecedently high caseload, trying to explain the complicated system of prior approval to unsuspecting members of the public and also anxiously wondering about statutory expiry timeframes while on holiday…. Would you have signed up for this? The simple answer to that question is... well… Yes.

While planning is complicated and often full of lengthy timeframes, planning is also the opportunity to serve the community and be apart of something where you can physically see the outcome. It may sound trivial, but the simple realisation of ‘I was involved in that’ is an immeasurable feeling of accomplishment.

Alex J Thwaites MRTPI

The broad spectrum of projects and topics this career covers would surely appeal to even the most uncertain GCSE student looking ahead thinking about their future career opportunities. There must be a reason why students aren’t clambering at the chance to become a planner then?

For some reason while perceptions of other professions have evolved over time, the image of the planner hasn’t evolved from the grey-suited, pipe smoking figure tarnishing hours of complicated documents with a royal red refusal stamp.

Even on some development TV shows the planners are often depicted as some kind of ethereal Dickensian villain, intent on ruining dreams and forcing pregnant mothers-to-be to live and sleep in caravans on mud-spattered building sites. The future is certainly not bleak for Planning as the housebuilding locomotive trudges on, however, with a shortage of Planners in the pipeline there must be a way of making planning more appealing.

A shift in public perception perhaps? What’s clear is that the answer is about as complex as trying to explain what a ‘non- material amendment’ to a CIL liable Outline application is to a neighbouring resident… or perhaps here in lies the problem. Press Release

Planning’s past has not always reflected equity for less powerful groups. Rather it has reinforced the status quo and injustice. There is an immediate need to learn from and acknowledge our past in order to establish long term strategies involving an equal representation of planners and communities in the co-creation of places.

This initiative, which is a collaborative multidisciplinary resource platform of LSE, London, December 2020 — both accessible and academic material, Progressing Planning has just aims at offering planners, community launched a new project called groups and the general public Planning for Justice, a coalition of information and inspiration to work graduate students, alumni and towards a more just city. faculty in the Regional and Urban Planning Studies course at the Look out for the regular column from Planning London School of Economics for Justice in the upcoming editions of Rural & Urban Planning Magazine AS LOCKDOWNS LINK ENVIRONMENTAL AND HOUSING JUSTICE, URBAN PLANNERS MUST STEP UP

Katie Mulkowsky - Research Assistant at The London School of Economics

In December 2020, a landmark UK Ella’s mother, Rosamund Kissi- It would also hold the UK court ruling legitimised what Debrah, testified that she did not government accountable to indoor environmental justice communities know about vehicular emissions air quality measures in schools and around the world have long known: or their associated health risks. other public buildings. Conscious that air pollution kills. Air pollution Her family and daughter’s doctors urban planning is therefore central was deemed—for the first time in believe that, if they had more to the work of environmental legal history—to be the major information and the means to justice. Ella’s story demonstrates cause of death of Ella Roberta move to a less polluted area, that geography matters; where you Adoo Kissi- Debrah, a nine year-old Ella’s life could have been saved. live can determine your life girl. Ella grew up in the London Eight years after the death of her outcome. It also cements the Borough of Lewisham, less than 30 daughter, Kissi-Debrah,) is now moral stakes of built environment meters from South Circular Road. championing an “Ella’s Law” that work. One of the city’s busiest would make WHO air quality thoroughfares, its traffic emissions standards legally enforceable. release levels of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter that dangerously exceed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. After all, the underlying vulnerabilities of low-income and Legacies of austerity, planning minority groups in cities worldwide are well deregulation and foreign investment documented. Disproportionate levels of exposure to pressure have bred a housing crisis that mould and air pollution often correlate with substandard today narrates two Londons—one housing conditions—and are now being compounded by building ghost flats for the wealthy, and the threat of a respiratory illness. Racialised patterns of another leaving its poorest defenseless Covid-19 infection and mortality only continue to reveal to environmental and economic threats. that a threat to everybody is first felt by the worst-off. The London areas most affected by air The link between environmental and housing justice pollution have, for years, also been the matters now more than ever, as lockdown prescriptions most socially deprived. In her 2017 book, keep residents bound to places which might not actually 'Big Capital: Who is London For? be safe. journalist Anna Minton traced how neoliberal privatisation efforts saw the On January 26, Boris Johnson announced that the UK mass sell-off of social housing stock, had surpassed a coronavirus death toll of 100,000 displacing communities through rising people. “It is hard to compute the sorrow contained in rent prices and outright estate that grim statistic,” he said. “The years of life lost, the demolition. family gatherings not attended and, for so many relatives, the missed chance even to say goodbye.” His London is not alone in this. After words rang tone-deaf and hollow. For Prime Minister Hurricane Katrina hit the southeastern Johnson to honestly humanise such preventable mass United States, geographer Neil Smith loss would be for him to assume responsibility— not famously concluded that, “there is no only for a shallow Covid-19 response effort, but for the such thing as a natural disaster” Smith structural barriers that families like Kissi-Debrah’s have saw how planning and policy histories been forced to face for decades. nursed uneven development along racial lines in New Orleans. When the storm struck, who lived and who died was not randomly determined by weather conditions, but rather by a “social calculus” which had infrastructurally rendered certain communities closer to the waterline—and therefore, more susceptible to devastation than their richer, white counterparts were. During the Black Lives Matter protests of July 2020, American architect Craig Wilkins called on members of his profession to acknowledge the social implications of their work. He argues that the contributors to a healthy life—from food sovereignty, job opportunities and transportation access to the enjoyment of leisurely activities—all come from being able to experience the benefits of space. “Architects are on the frontlines of space,” he writes, “and we’re supposed to use that expertise for the benefits of everyone, not just our clients.

Urban planners: it’s time for us to step up, too. Honoring those we have lost means refusing to naturalise avoidable death, asking tough questions about what brought us here, and mobilising our skills for the common good. New Orleans-based practice Colloqate has published a list of Design Justice Demands that centre on the concerns of the Black Lives Matter movement and London groups like Maia, POOR Collective, Resolve and Sound Advice are just a few among many who are tackling these questions in creative dialogue on the ground. At the London School of Economics, our Planning for Justice initiative has also collated hundreds of resources on the historic and ongoing relationship between urban planning and systemic inequality.

Our work will always be political, and prioritising profit over people is a choice. To a city on lockdown, it matters that housing is treated as an asset rather than a basic right. It matters when key workers come from the same communities that are on the frontlines of environmental justice issues. It matters that none of this is without precedent. Planning with the public interest in mind will be central to any fair pandemic recovery agenda, because today, in cities around the world, global crises are hitting home.

References

Sandra Laville, “Air pollution a cause in girl’s death, coroner rules in landmark case.” The Guardian, 16 December 2020.

World Health Organisation, “Air pollution guidelines.” World Health Organisation Website.

Julie Sze, Noxious New York: The Racial Politics of Urban Health and Environmental Justice. MIT Press, 2006. Katie Gregg Mitman, “Choking Cities.” Chapter Four in Breathing Space: How Allergies Shape Our Lives and Landscapes. Yale University Press, 2008. Mulkowsky

Megan Haberle, “Fair Housing and Environmental Justice: New Strategies and Challenges.” Journal of Affordable Housing, 2017. Research Assistant at London School of Nancy Holman, “Build, build, build? The consequences of deregulating planning.” Progressing Planning, 24 July 2020. Economics and Rupert Neate, “Ghost towers: half of new-build luxury London flats failed to sell.” The Guardian, 26 January 2018. Founder of Planning for

Matthew Taylor, “Poorest London children face health risks from toxic air, poverty and obesity.” The Guardian, 19 September Justice 2017.

Neil Smith, “There’s No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster.” Social Science Research Council, 2006.

Craig Wilkins, “It’s Time for Architects to Accept Responsibility.” Curbed, 21 July 2020.

Student's Room Each edition of RUPM will put the spotlight For the first edition we are delighted to on the views and opinions of planning and bring you an article by Dayon Miller a 3rd property students to gauge the views of the year student studying Economics & current cohort and garner an insight into Geography at Lancaster University. This the minds of the industry's future talent. article provides a students perspective on the proposed wide ranging changes to the planning system proposed as part of the Government's White Paper

Changes to the Planning System - A Student's Perspective

Last August, the UK government, specifically the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, published their White Paper outlining the proposed changes to the current planning system. The document is a long read, with the primary focus being addressing and combating the existing housing crisis as well as the obvious desire to move into more For decades, the UK sustainable and environmentally friendly ways of planning system has been living. As a current university student, I would be lying if I said it was a particularly enthralling read, but it decidedly clunky, awkward, was interesting to view how the government plans to slow, and bureaucratic and create and develop communities that I and potentially has failed to fully consider many other young people in my position will be working, living in and sharing. the views of the public or engage individual members Something that stood out to me was the fact that the of communities or localities government have now indicated that local communities will now be consulted from the very planning process. beginning of the planning process. Urban planning has always been a career TThe White Paper also goes into depth of interest to me, but I’ve never been able about green spaces and how valued areas to understand why the main stakeholders will be protected for future generations. and key actors; the public, are not more Unsurprisingly, this can only come as a intertwined in the process. More public result of brownfield land being built on, involvement from the onset of the which for any student or soon-to-be- planning process is likely to encourage graduate is always encouraging. Unused positive behavioural changes that will land being built on for new houses means lead to our local areas becoming more that supply should be closer to matching sustainable. A common complaint from our demand. For years of my life, I’ve been students and young people alike is that it told that it will be impossible for me to is so easy to feel detached from key find a house when I’m older, and that was decisions that are made at a local or before I’d even left secondary school. But central government level. Earlier for many young people, living at home with engagement could, however, be the first their parents until their late twenties as a step to rebuilding public trust that has result of a housing crisis, is a daunting slowly been declining throughout the and scary prospect, so any notion of the COVID-19 pandemic. government building new houses is welcomed. At the moment, students A study on citizen participation in land- graduating from university and returning use planning and urban regeneration in home has risen to 26% and will probably Korea 'The Governance of Land Use in continue to rise as house prices increase, Korea: Urban Regeneration' (OECD iLibrary, post-grad job opportunities are limited, 2021) states that citizen engagement is rand there is overall growing economic “critical to develop a sense of community uncertainty, not to mention the global and avoid resistance or opposition to pandemic that has changed the world. planning proposals” and with the recent changes, it’s possible we might begin to notice this in action. BUT is there a catch? How can we guarantee that these houses will be of good quality? Will they be affordable? How long will it take to build them?

A million new expensive and poor-quality houses will not leave a young person feeling any better, regardless of how insulated and ‘smart’ they are. Yet, despite these concerns, the White Paper mentions that homes will be built quicker, with plans being developed and agreed within 30 months rather than the previous seven years

Personally, the reforms to housing are The creation of this system will mean that evidence that the government really aim to more sustainable areas can be developed overhaul and revamp the planning process faster whilst the areas that need to be providing a clearer, more straightforward, preserved can be protected as soon as system. I can only be grateful for this, the possible. What’s ideal about this reform is thought of dealing with tonnes of paperwork, that it works in alignment and in conjunction long lists of policies along with hours of with the government’s aim for all new homes reading and typing genuinely gives me the to be zero-carbon ready by 2050, the year that shivers. Simplifying the role of local plans into is often targeted for net zero-carbon three categories: ‘growth’, ‘renewal’ and emissions. It makes the UK a leading example ‘protected’ means that more emphasis can be for combating climate change, not just for placed on public engagement and community other European countries, but also on a global consultations. We live in a society and an level. It sets a framework for a positive future economy in which time is money and nobody for my generation and slowly (but surely) has either, so reducing the length of the eases compounding fears about what our planning process can only be good news. The society and our communities will look like by Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local the time we are socially and economically Government 'White paper: planning for the established in society. future' (2020) notes that this reform could “halve the time it takes to secure planning However, The regulations enforced by the permission on larger sites”, a helpful fact government as a result of the pandemic are considering that it has also been decided that the complete antipode of urban planning every area will now require a local plan, philosophy. compared to just the 50% of areas beforehand. The future? Even before the pandemic, there has always been a desire for greater urban density, reduced land consumption, and less dependency on cars.

Closures of public spaces, social distancing, and the limit of social interaction go against so much of what planning aims to do: bringing people together, connecting communities and conjoining the physical and natural environment with society in an economically and socially just and feasible manner.

Questions which remain unanswered. Currently, no one knows how to respond to these circumstances as What does the decline in the retail industry mean for the future? everything is still novel, there is no answer, no handbook and no White The growth of online shopping and Paper that can smooth over any of the administration of many top the uncertainty at the moment. For stores will result in an a student, these are scary times! unprecedented change in our urban environments.

Will office development still be championed?

Office space development will be I’m supposed to be graduating soon and impacted as many people are now looking into how I’m going to get my choosing to work from home as a career in urban planning underway, the result of convenience and not just weight of everything going on at the out of obligation. moment makes it difficult to be completely and fully assured about what is to come, regardless of the proposals. Urbanism Book Club We are delighted to partner with The For the first edition what better place to Urbanism Book Club to bring you a regular start than with Jane Jacobs. In this column column dissecting the planning and built Laura Puttkamer (an urban journalist and environment books that have been expert for participatory planning discussed over at: techniques) will delve into the wonders of Jane Jacobs influential 1961 book The https://parcitypatory.org/urbanism-book-club/ Death and Life of Great American Cities https://www.instagram.com/urbanismbookclub/

Jane Jacobs: The Ingredients As a journalist, Jane Jacobs for a Good Neighbourhood had no formal training in urban planning. She almost accidently got caught up in For this first column, who else the topic when New York to write about than City’s “master builder”, Robert community engagement and Moses, decided to build grassroots planning expert several huge expressways Jane Jacobs? Her seminal through Manhattan in the work “The Death and Life of 1950s. These plans Great American Cities” from endangered the Washington Welcome to the first 1961 has become a standard Square Park, which was close Urbanism Book Club column! against which urban planning to Jacobs’ home. Together In each magazine edition, efforts are measured. with other outraged citizens, we will dive deeper into one she started a grassroots of the books that our 1,200- Jane Jacobs writes about the movement against this member strong book club key ingredients for a injustice. has been discussing. neighbourhood, about the differences between safe and They succeeded in keeping The book club is open to all unsafe streets, about a the expressway out of their urban enthusiasts. We are neighbourhood’s function in neighbourhood, and Jacobs making our way through the city, and questions why went on to write about her some classics but will also some neighbourhoods are able experience and her view on read international books on to regenerate themselves, what constitutes a good, specific topics. Suggestions while others impoverish. liveable city. are always welcome! Most of her insights are still applicable today – and not just to American cities. The 2016 documentary These are the four ingredients Aged Buildings "Citizen Jane: Battle for the Jacobs says that “old ideas Primary Mixed Uses City” gives insights into the can sometimes use new struggle of Jane Jacobs and By combining residential, building, but new ideas must other activists fighting for commercial and public use old buildings” (pp. 187). liveable and people-centred functions in a single street, This means that in order to urban elements. This is still there will always be people give space to innovative, local very relevant in today’s car- present on the street. They and family-run businesses, centric cities and where the have different schedules and affordable rent space should example of Amsterdam and purposes, but at the same be found in older buildings. Copenhagen highlight what time are using the same Proven business ideas are can be achieved with a focus facilities, resulting in a lively, usually more lucrative and can on pedestrians and cyclists interesting and safe street. afford to construct new (rather than car owners). buildings. A mix of both makes Small blocks a street more interesting and But how can we achieve cities Shorter blocks are proven to can help to prevent that are liveable, people- be not only safer, but also gentrification. friendly and at the same time more agreeable to acceptable to investors and pedestrians. Density urban planners? Jane Jacobs According to Jane Jacobs, has an answer for this. She They automatically slow down densely populated streets are offers a “recipe” for how to cars, allow you to take safer, more interesting and create liveable, socially just different routes and give provide more opportunities, streets space to corner stores and whereas low-density streets mixed uses. quickly become desolated and therefore more dangerous at certain hours of the day. Laura Puttkamer Urban Development Expert Passionate About Participation

Key to the ingredients listed on the previous page is the concept of “eyes upon the street”. Jacobs uses this phrase to describe the increased safety in neighbourhoods where people know each other and keep an eye on the street. They will be able to call for help, alert you to having dropped your wallet, or to just greet you. Socially just neighbourhoods need these community watchdogs, which can consist of people working from home with their desk by the window, shop owners, or pedestrians out on their daily walk with the dog. The important thing is to feel and support the community spirit.

While this might be harder to implement than it sounds, I think that we all have the opportunity to contribute to more socially just neighbourhoods. Even small actions like introducing yourself to your neighbours can be a part of these efforts.

What do you think: Does your own neighbourhood meet the four ingredients outlined by Jane Jacobs? What needs to change to make it more socially inclusive? INQUIZITIVE [email protected]. at touch in get quiz next writ to want you If peeking). (no cover back the on All crossword. topical a and buildings tall on quiz pic a have we edition this de In something. learn & even planning enjoyment. and relief light quarterly some bring to the intended Inquizitive, to Welcome

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7 Picture Round Clues Across 1.American-Canadian journalist, author, theorist, 5. A part that is added to something to enlarge it. and activist 7. Acronym; the process of evaluating the likely Down 2. Founder of the garden city movement environmental impacts of a proposed development. 1. Self contained accommodation 10. Acronym; the mechanism for allowance of 3. Ahead of her time, egyptian pharaoh, famed for within or built onto a house. development without application. undertaking extensive building programs and 2. Formal process whereby legal accredited with first foreign tree transplant 11. Something done after the event representatives present their case and attempt. 13. Commonly used to replicate the appearance of cross examine any witnesses. a conventional building material. 3. Blend of different functions which 14. The act of compelling compliance with a law, 4.Swiss-French architect and urban planner are to some degree physically and rule or obligation. regarded as one of pioneers of modern functionally integrated. 16. The practice or policy of providing equal access architecture. 4.Acronym; acceptable, different, to opportunities and resources for people who environmental, landscaping 5.Guggenheim Museum, one of this architects most might otherwise be excluded. 6. The edge, rim, or margin of famous works. something.

8. The lowest load-bearing part of a 6.Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku, Azerbaijan is an building, typically below ground level. award-winning design of this architect. 9. Discounted housing usually caped at a % of local housing allowance. 7. Introduced the concept of "region" to architecture 12. A window that projects vertically and planning and coined the term "conurbation. from a sloping roof.

15. Acronym; a set charge required by 8. Widely regarded as the father of European urban some local authorities on new planning. development in their area.

Quick Quiz

1. Which city has the largest number of skyscrapers (buildings over 150m in height)? (and a bonus if you know how many?

2. Where was the first skyscraper built? (bonus for the year?

3. What is the world’s tallest building and where is it located?

4. According to the Oxford English Dictionary before the term ‘skyscraper’ was used for buildings, the word was already in use for other things sticking into the air, such as what? . 5. What is the top speed of the world's fastest elevator?

6. How much height has the leaning tower of Pisa lost as a result of the lean? (Measured from the highest point)

ELECTRIC CARS AND COVID COULD DRIVE LEVELLING UP OF RURAL AREAS James Ellis - Associate Planner - Rural Solutions Levelling-up is very much the What can be done to level-up However, local policies and phrase of the moment from housing and economic decision making are still government and policy growth across urban and catching up and there is makers. The idea that growth rural areas, ensuring that much more that needs to be and prosperity should be smaller settlements and the done. rebalanced from south to countryside are not left north, centre to periphery, behind to become areas of Thankfully, some authorities the ‘surging ahead’ to the socio-economic decline with are leading the way. For a ‘left behind’. closing services and ageing number of years now, Kings populations? Lynn and West Norfolk Whilst the phrase is primarily Council has had an innovative an economic (and social) There is no doubt that things policy that allows non- growth focused one and have changed for the better allocated rural employment relates to a desire to deliver in the last 10 years with the exception sites to be ‘one-nation’ infrastructure introduction of the National delivered on the edge of and development policies, Planning Policy Framework. A settlements in the what parallels are there move away from urban countryside. Almost all between rural and planning centric national policy to a councils have policies policy agendas? more balanced policy supporting rural housing approach has occurred which exception sites, which, acknowledges that ‘planning whilst rarely enacted, allow policies should identify affordable housing on non- opportunities for villages to allocated edge of village grow and thrive’ (NPPF sites; why not have the same Paragraph 78). for employment sites?

These types of well-thought There is also an increasing Finally, it is not just social out and innovative policies focus on ‘up-stream’ health and community benefits that are arguably far more policy measures and what are associated with rural sustainable that continuing can be done to prevent direct development. As Rishi Sunak rounds of increasingly radical demands on healthcare stated in his November permitted development rights ‘downstream’ by tackling the statement ‘Our health from government. They offer conditions that cause poor emergency is not yet over, much hope that growth health: what could allowing and our economic emergency patterns can be levelled up new housing in existing has only just begun’ – there across urban and rural areas, clusters do to enhance is much that an appropriate allowing an environmentally community vitality, helping to level of development in rural and socially appropriate level prevent loneliness and the areas can do to contribute of development ensuring health problems that this can economically to addressing that rural communities, do bring? this emergency, whilst also not get left behind. delivering clear social Also the current shift benefits. A rural-focused approach to towards working from home the spread of development as result of the COVID-19 also accords with wider pandemic, if maintained social and policy changes of could have a positive impact the day. in providing opportunity to make rural settlements more For example, the government sustainable by attracting ban on petrol and diesel cars working age residents. At the by 2030 will remove the same time the pandemic has pollution from emissions provided an increasing focus which has long been used as in many people’s minds on a sustainability reason to the values of communities, prevent growth in rural local shops and pubs which areas. are so important in rural areas

11. Annexe Annexe 11.

Crossword Answers Crossword

2. Inquiry Inquiry 2. 3. Mixed Use Use Mixed 3. 4. SANG SANG 4. 5. Extension Extension 5. 6. Verge Verge 6. 7. EIA EIA 7. 8. Foundations Foundations 8. 9. Social Rent Rent Social 9. 10. GPDO GPDO 10. 11. Retrospective Retrospective 11. 12. Dormer Dormer 12. 13. Brick Slip Slip Brick 13. 14. Enforcement Enforcement 14. 15. CIL CIL 15. 16. Inclusivity 16.

Picture Round Answers Round Picture

1. Jane Jacobs Jacobs Jane 1. 2. Ebenezer Howard Howard Ebenezer 2. 3. Hatshepsut 3. 4. Corbusier Le 5. Frank Lloyd Wright Wright Lloyd Frank 5. 6. Zaha Hadid Hadid Zaha 6. 7. Patrick 7. Geddes 8. Hippodamus Hippodamus 8.

RURALURBAN PLANNING MAGAZINE

1. Hong Kong (355) (355) Kong Hong 1. 2. Chicago (1884) (1884) Chicago 2. 3. Burj Khalifa, Dubai, (828m) (828m) Dubai, Khalifa, Burj 3. 4. 4. A boat sail (first recorded use in 1794), a high-standing horse (1788), (1788), a very tall man (1857), a penny farthing rider (1892) or a tall hat or bonnet, (1800). (1800). bonnet, or hat 5. 45.8mph (40-50 mph accepted) accepted) mph 45.8mph 5. (40-50 6. 3.3m (3 or 4 metres accepted) metres 4 or (3 3.3m 6.

Quiz Answers Quiz