@·- lntermet Rural Urban Migrants and Metropolitan. Development ·-:. Aprodicio A. Laquian · ARCHIV Laquia no. 10 RURAL-URBAN MIGRANTS AND METRO POLITAN DEVELOPMENT Rural-Urban Migrants and Metropolitan Development Edited by APRODICIO A. LAQUIAN INTERMET Metropolitan Studies Series Toronto, Canada 1971 INTERMET Metropolitan Studies Series This is the second publication in the INTERMET Metropolitan Studies Series. The first one is: Simon Miles, ed., Metropolitan Problems: International Perspectives. Toronto: Methuen Publications, 1970. Copyright @ 1971 by INTERMET (International Association for Metropolitan Research and Development) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of INTERMET, Suite 1200, 130 Bloor Street West, Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-160622 Cover design by Hiller Rinaldo Maps and illustrations by Jaime P. Barros, Jr. Printed and bound in Canada by Mission Press To F. Warren Hurst - for his interest, support and encouragement. I may be arrested I may be hit I may not even Have something to eat But I won't change my opinion I won't ever move from this hill. If there is no water I'll dig myself a well If there is no meat I'll buy a bone And put it in the soup - I'll get on, I'll get on. They can say what they like Here, I don't have to pay rent If I die tomorrow morning I'm very near the sky! From 0 piniao a favela song from Brazil by Ze Keti and sung by Nara Leao Contents Foreword . ix Acknowledgment xi Contributors . xiii Editor's Preface . xvii 1 . Introduction Ernest Weissmann 2. Bandung Purnaman Natakusumah 11 3. Caracas Pedro Sosa Franco 33 4. Ibadan Adebayo Adedeji 55 5. Istanbul Kemal Ahmet Aru 71 6. Kuala Lumpur Ali Bin Esa 93 7. Lima Julio Cotler and A. Laquian 111 8. Manila Leandro A. Viloria 135 9. Seoul Chung-Hyun Ro 151 10. Solutions 167 Notes 185 Bibliography A. Laquian and Penny Dutton 195 Intermet 214 Index 219 List of Illustrations Figure Number Page 1 Population Growth in Bandung 17 2 Patterns of Development in Bandung 19 3 Classification of Homes in Bandung 21 4 Population Density in Bandung 21 5 Slums and Squatter Areas in Bandung 22 6 Housing Need and Supply in Bandung 24 7 Mapa Politico de Venezuela 40 8 Mapa de la Parte Central de Norte de Venezuela 40 9 Location of Ranchos in Caracas 42 10 Housing Conditions in Ibadan 64 11 Location of Gecekondus in Istanbul 75 12 Kuala Lumpur Municipal Area 97 13 Distribution of Squatters in Kuala Lumpur 99 14 Pueblos Jovenes in Metropolitan Lima 116 15 Migration Streams to and from Metropolitan Manila 138 16 Location of Squatters and Slums in Metropolitan Manila 139 17 Inter-provincial Net Migration from Cities to Cities, Korea 154 viii Foreword If today was a typical day in Seoul, the population probably jumped another one thousand persons. That doesn't sound too much until one starts calculating yearly increases. And similar rates are being experienced in many of the world's major cities. Much of this increase is from the apparently never-ending influx of migrants from the countryside. Unfortunately, despite the enormity of the increase and the problems it brings, we know all too little of its dimensions and the nature of the migrant, his wants and what he has to offer. The problem of the migrant, already much discussed, was one of many issues highlighted in 1967 when the Centennial Study and Training Programme on Metropolitan Problems was organized to enable the world's major metropolitan areas to exchange experi­ ences in a search for solutions to their problems. One of the more important conclusions of the Centennial Pro­ gramme was that we are going about solving our problems in a way that is often irrelevant and not leading to action. It was in response to this need that INTERMET emerged. INTERMET is a world-wide network linking more than 40 study groups in major metropolitan areas. In turn, each study group brings together elected and appointed officials from all of govern­ ment, professionals, academics, businessmen, civic leaders, and other concerned citizens, all sharing a belief in the multi-interest approach to urban problems. INTERMET is policy oriented, focus­ sing upon research-action projects. Throughout any one project, the emphasis is upon the sharing in a continuing process, that takes the group, as a group, through the research phases, to policy development and implementation and back to further adjustment following evaluation. This sharing is carried out both within the group and between groups. The project on Rural-Urban Migrants is the flrst to be developed by INTERMET and has served as a model for the development of other projects that have followed. It owes much to the leadership, sensitivity and experience of Dr. Aprodicio A. laquian, INTERMET's Director of Research. In keeping with the INTERMET approach, the research design was developed through correspondence with the group leadership and finalized at a meeting of the group leaders in Manila in June 1970. For this meeting, a set of monographs was prepared, by the groups, on the current migrant situation in their respective cities. The monographs were later revised and extended and are now presented here with further analytical materials by Dr. Laquian, as the first written contribution of this project for a further understanding of the migrant. Other documents will follow as the project proceeds. However, while in no way down playing these publications, it must be said that a far greater contribution is being made to the resolution of the problem at hand. This involves the build-up of a wealth of understanding on the part of the policy-makers, a sharing of this policy making process with others, and a greater commitment to action, with continuing involvement throughout the project, on the part of both the public and private sectors. It is on behalf of all involved in this project that I express our hope that this approach will help alleviate the plight of the migrant and contribute to a greater understanding as to how all may help improve his way of life. Simon Miles Toronto, 1971 x Acknowledgment A study such as this which covers eight metropolitan areas all over the world and spans a couple of years can only be the result of the combined efforts of many people. To all those who are, or have been involved in this INTERMET Study of "Rural Urban Migrants and Metropolitan Development," go our heartfelt thanks. The Study Groups in the metropolitan areas included in this study are the main sources of ideas, support and information. Without them, it would be impossible to do this study. Special mention, however, must be made of the heads of the Study Groups, who are: Purnaman Natakusumah, Director, Perwakilan Jawa Barat, Lembaga Administrasi Negara, Bandung; Pedro Sosa Franco, Jefe, Division Planes Sectoriales y Zonales, Oficina Municipal de Planeamiento Urbano, and Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas; Adebayo Adedeji, Director, Institute of Administration, Uni­ versity of lfe, Ibadan; Kemal Ahmet Aru, Dean, Faculty of Archi­ tecture and Chairman, Department and Institute of Town Planning, Technical University of Istanbul, Istanbul; Agoes Salim, Director, Department of National Unity, Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur; Julio Cotler, Professor, lnstituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima; Leandro A. Viloria, Director, Institute of Planning, University of the Philippines, Manila; and Chung-Hyun Ro, Director, Institute of Urban Studies and Development, Yonsei University, Seoul. Most of the papers included here were presented at the Manila Seminar-Meeting held in June 1970. The Manila Study Group is to be thanked for hosting the meeting and making arrangements for the seminar. Aside from Dr. Viloria, others who helped make the seminar-meeting possible are: Dean Carlos P. Ramos, Vice President, University of the Philippines; Dr. Rauf P. de Guzman, Director, Local Government Center, University of the Philippines; and the following staff members of the University: Lita Velmonte, Esmeraldo Canonizado, Dolores Endriga, Fred Silao, Tito Firmalino, Gerry Calabia, Jose Valdecanas and others. Senator Helena Z. Benitez, Chairman of the Committee on Housing, Urban Development and Resettlement of the Senate of the Philippines opened the Manila Seminar with a thought-pro­ voking keynote speech on the role of technocrats in national urban policy making. For this, and other support she gave the Seminar, we are extremely grateful. During the Manila meeting, the participants had an opportunity to visit the community of Slip-Zero, in Tondo. We are sure that the participants as well as INTERMET and the Council for Regional Development Studies of the University of the Philippines, share our gratitude to the people of Slip-Zero for their hospitality in accept­ ing us into their community. Thanks are also due to Richard Poethig, for arranging the visit. A seminar-meeting involving people from foreign and Philip­ pine cities entailed a great deal of expense. We acknowledge with thanks, therefore, the assistance of The Asia Foundation, in funding some of the seminar expenses. Special thanks are due to Mr. Louis Lazaroff, Programmes Officer, in the San Francisco office; Mr. William Evans, representative in Manila; Mr. John Bannigan, representative in Seoul; and Mr. John Sutter, representative, Kuala Lumpur. In the difficult task of editing, rewriting and rechecking of facts contained in the metropolitan area papers, several colleagues have been most helpful. Professor John F. C. Turner of Massa­ chusetts Institute of Technology proposed major revisions in some sections of the manuscript and provided recent survey data on Lima.