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Housing Development: Housing Policy, Slums, and Squatter Settlements in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973

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Housing Development: Housing Policy, Slums, and Squatter Settlements in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1948-1973 ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: HOUSING DEVELOPMENT: HOUSING POLICY, SLUMS, AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL AND BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA, 1948-1973 Leandro Daniel Benmergui, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Dissertation directed by: Professor Daryle Williams Department of History University of Maryland This dissertation explores the role of low-income housing in the development of two major Latin American societies that underwent demographic explosion, rural-to- urban migration, and growing urban poverty in the postwar era. The central argument treats popular housing as a constitutive element of urban development, interamerican relations, and citizenship, interrogating the historical processes through which the modern Latin American city became a built environment of contrasts. I argue that local and national governments, social scientists, and technical elites of the postwar Americas sought to modernize Latin American societies by deepening the mechanisms for capitalist accumulation and by creating built environments designed to generate modern sociabilities and behaviors. Elite discourse and policy understood the urban home to be owner-occupied and built with a rationalized domestic layout. The modern home for the poor would rely upon a functioning local government capable of guaranteeing a reliable supply of electricity and clean water, as well as sewage and trash removal. Rational transportation planning would allow the city resident access between the home and workplaces, schools, medical centers, and police posts. As interamerican Cold War relations intensified in response to the Cuban Revolution, policymakers, urban scholars, planners, defined in transnational encounters an acute ―housing problem,‖ a term that condensed the myriad aspects involved in urban dwellings for low-income populations. The policy outcome of these encounters was the arrival of foreign economic and technical assistance dedicated to slum eradication and publically-financed popular housing. Within the policy and social sciences circuits of modernization theory during the Cold War context, housing policy emerged as a discursive and practical antidote to the problem of sheltering a burgeoning urban population and its attendant attributes of underdevelopment, poverty, and social unrest. The dissertation demonstrates how a handful of selected cases of popular housing erected in Rio and Buenos Aires ultimately did not fulfill the stated goals embraced by the proponents of developmentalism and interamerican assistance. It shows the extent to which a shortfall of outcomes relative to goals was indicative in part of hemispheric transitions, but also of the particularities of the modernizing city in the second half of the twentieth century. HOUSING DEVELOPMENT: HOUSING POLICY, SLUMS, AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL AND BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA, 1948-1973 By Leandro Daniel Benmergui Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2012 Advisory Committee: Professor Daryle Williams, Chair Professor Patricio Korzeniewicz Professor Bryan McCann Professor Mary Kay Vaughan Professor Barbara Weinstein © Copyright by Leandro Daniel Benmergui 2012 ii To Paula iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am a very fortunate person for having received all the support and encouragement of so many incredible and generous professors, colleagues, friends, and family who have helped me over all these years to pursue my graduate education in the United States. These acknowledgements can hardly express all my gratitude to them. I would like to thank first the dissertation's committee members, Mary Kay Vaughan, Barbara Weinstein, Bryan McCann, Patricio Korzeniewicz, and Daryle Williams for their excellent observations and feedback during the different stages of this dissertation. My deepest gratitude goes to Mary Kay Vaughan, Barbara Weinstein, and Daryle Williams. They are not only great intellectual references to me but also amazingly generous persons that have enriched my life in so many ways. They were beyond kind when I first contacted them from Argentina asking about the graduate program in Latin American history at Maryland. They encouraged me to apply and made the choice to leave my life in Buenos Aires to make a new one in the United States easier. The first time I met Mary Kay in her office when she was the Director of Graduate Studies she received me with a strong hug and offered me help with getting settled down. Then, we talked for an hour about my research interests. I met Barbara that same day. She received me with an abraço and two beijinhos (in the Brazilian way). The first thing she also did was to offer her help in getting settled. Daryle was that semester in Rio, but even without being physically present he was always attentive to my needs as a newcomer and gave me every piece of advice that I was in desperate need of. The first time I met him iv personally, few hours before my flight to South America, we had organized our work for the next two years in half an hour. These initial "encounters" set the tone for a wonderful intellectual and human relationship. I was lucky to arrive at such a wonderful environment and I know that I earned not only terrific colleagues but also great friends. Mary Kay and Barbara have been like family to my comrade-in-arms Paula Halperin and me. They made us part of their life and have helped us in every possible way along all these years. I cannot thank them enough and I will be eternally in gratitude for all their love. Daryle has been not only an excellent advisor but also an immense source of support, encouragement, and help. I believe we built a great and honest advisor/advisee relationship and I thank Daryle so much for being supportive every time I needed his advice and for being tougher when I needed a boost. His feedback was always sharp and I learn a lot in every back and forth. He transmitted me his love for Rio and his understanding of urban issues. I regret we were not able to teach our summer course in Rio as we had planned. When I arrived to Maryland, I became part of a community of an excellent Latin American history program. While I was there new outstanding scholars joined the program. Alejandro Cañeque, Karin Rosemblatt, and David Sartorius became not only excellent professors but also amazing human beings of an immense generosity. They also offered me their support and advice. I had the pleasure to work close to Karin in the last two years and I cannot thank her enough for everything she has taught me in these years. Many of the ideas in this dissertation have matured thanks to our discussions and her sharp feedback. I also want to thank Saúl Sosnowski for all his kindness and generosity. Working with Saúl at the Latin American Studies Center was a great academic v experience. My thanks also to the many professors at Maryland who have helped me in so many different ways: Ira Berlin, Antoine Borrut, Art Eckstein, David Freund, Gary Gerstle, Saverio Giovacchini, Julie Greene, Jeffrey Herf, Ken Holum. Paul Landau, Sonya Michel, Marsha Rozenblit, the late Jeannie Rutenberg, David Sicilia, Phil Soergel and his family, Tom Zeller, Madeline Zilfi. In Argentina, I would like to thank Hilda Sabato, Mirta Lobato, José Emilio Burucua, María Victoria Grillo, and Luis Alberto Romero who gave us not only good references but also shared with us their experiences abroad. I had the privilege to work closely with Hilda and Mirta in Buenos Aires where I learned the métier of the historian. Hilda has been a great mentor and a dear friend. I am thankful to Vera de la Fuente y Ana Guerra at the Fondo Centro de Estudios Nacionales at the Biblioteca Nacional, Mariana Nazar at the Archivo Intermedio of the Archivo General de la Nación, Ana María Sonzogni de Lang at the Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas Mario J. Buschiazzo, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires and to all the staff and librarians at Centro de Documentación e Investigación de la Arquitectura Pública, the Ministerio de Economía, the Sociedad Central de Arquitectos, the Archivo General de la Nación. Thanks also to my dear friends at the Unidad de Información of the Centro Cultural de la Cooperación: Daniel Campione, Mirta Villalba, and Sergio Liszt. Victorio Cavallero, shared with me all his deep knowledge of and love for Villa Lugano. He also took me to the villas and several housing projects in Lugano, and introduced me to the reality of Southwest Buenos Aires. I am most thankful with Victorio for being such a great friend. Architect Silvio Grichener was an inspiring source of knowledge. He has helped me to understand several architectural issues and historical vi events, introducing me into a fascinating field. Architects Jorge Silvetti, Jorge Lestard, Heriberto Allende, Jorge Tellechea, and Teresa Boselli were more than kind to share with me their memories of the past. Allende, Grichener, and Lestard also gave me access to their personal archives. Adrián Gorelik and Anahí Ballent were also very generous with their time. In Rio de Janeiro, Paulo Knauss de Mendonça has being a great mentor. His knowledge of Rio and the city's repositories has been beyond helpful. He introduced me to his students at Universidade Federal Fluminense and invited me to present my work- in-progress in a graduate symposium. Thanks to Paulo I had the pleasure to meet Mario Brum who became a good friend during my stay in Rio. I also thank Luiz Cesar Queiroz Ribeiro who gave me his time to talk about my ideas and shared his knowledge of Rio. Filipina Chinelli also let me know about several archives and repositories. Cecília Azevedo oriented me into the reality of Vila Kennedy. All the librarians and archivists that I have met in Rio in were extremely nice and supportive.
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