SOUTHEAST ASIA Ethnomusicology SOUTHEAST ASIA

 Vietnam  Thailand  Laos & Northeast Thailand  Indonesia (Java & Bali)

 Also:  East Timor, Myanmar, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Philippines

INTRODUCTION TO SOUTHEAST ASIA

 Influence from South Asia and East Asia  Precolonial Kingdoms (constant expansion and contraction)  Approximately 140-200 Ethnic Groups  Monsoons  Tonal Languages  The use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-_P_H9gMmo

VIETNAMESE MUSIC HIGHLAND VIETNAMESE MUSIC

 Rural Agricultural Communities (seminomadic)  Fewer Resources (time & money)  Less Complex Musical Structure & Instrumentation  Instrument Materials:  Bamboo  Bronze  Stone  Reflection of Culture  Harmony in Music – Harmony in Community  Everyone in the Community has a Role Echoed by Roles in Music (pillar-like pitches, melody, dance)  Ceremonial (funerals, buffalo sacrifice)  Various Languages  Austro-Asiatic & Malayo-Polynesian  Vietnamese Folk Music?  Rural Lowland (rice farming) Communities

LOWLAND VIETNAMESE MUSIC

Instrumentation Musical Structure LOWLAND VIETNAMESE MUSIC

 Modification of Instruments from China (tone bending)

 Complex Raga-like Structure  Brief Alap-like Introduction in Free Rhythm  Closed Cycle Tala-like Beats (Song Lang idiophone)

 Accented final beat (as in Thai cycle)  Languages  Vietnamese  Mandarin & Cantonese (Chinese)  French  Association with Royal Courts  Vietnamese Classical Music? VIETNAMESE MUSIC

 Preservation of Native Music vs. Preservation of Absorbed Traditions Lost in Lowlands  Traditional vs. Neo-traditional (cai bein)  European Influence  Combined - ”Improved” - Modernized  Social Realism: music to influence people’s political thinking

VIETNAMESE INSTRUMENTATION VIETNAMESE CHORDOPHONES  Plucked  Đàn bầu - monochord zither  Đàn đáy - long-necked three-stringed lute with trapezoidal body  Đàn nguyệt (also called nguyệt cầm or đàn kìm) - moon-shaped two-string lute  Đàn sến - two-string lute  Đàn tam - fretless lute with snakeskin-covered body and three strings  Đàn tranh - long zither  Đàn tỳ bà - pear-shaped lute with four strings  Đàn đoản (also called đàn tứ) - moon-shaped lute with short neck; little used  Guitar phím lõm (also called lục huyền cầm or ghi-ta phím lõm) - "Vietnamized" acoustic or electric guitar with scalloped fretboard; used primarily in cải lương  Đàn tứ dây - bass guitar in the shape of a đàn đáy  Cầm - 7-stringed zither equivalent to the Chinese guqin; no longer used  Sắt - zither with 25 strings equivalent to the Chinese se; no longer used  Đàn tính - long-necked lute with a gourd body and two or three silk strings; used by the Tay, Nung, and Thai ethnic groups  Bro - fretted zither with a body made of bamboo and a gourd resonator; used by minority ethnic groups in the Central Highlands  Goong - tube zither with a bamboo body; used by minority ethnic groups in the Central Highlands

 Bowed  Đàn gáo - two-stringed vertical violin with coconut resonator  Đàn hồ - two-stringed vertical violin with wooden resonator; hồ derives from Chinese hu, as in huqin)  Đàn nhị - two-stringed vertical violin  K'ni (also spelled k'ny or k'ný) - one-string vertical violin; played by the Jarai people of the Central Highland

 Struck  Đàn tam thập lục - hammered dulcimer with 36 metal strings VIETNAMESE AEROPHONES

 Flutes  Sáo (also called sáo trúc) - transverse flute made of bamboo or hardwood  Oboes  Kèn - class of double reed instruments similar to the oboe and shehnai  Kèn bầu - conical oboe with gourd-shaped wooden bell  Kèn đám ma - conical oboe with metal bell; used for funeral music in northern Vietnam  Free reed mouth organs  Đing nǎm - free-reed mouth organ with gourd body and bamboo pipes; played by upland minorities  M'buot - free-reed mouth organ with gourd body and bamboo pipes; played by upland minorities  Horns  Púa - valveless brass trumpet  Ốc "snail" - conch trumpet VIETNAMESE PERCUSSION

 Drums  Trống - drum played with sticks  Trống cái - bass drum  Trống chầu or trống đế - the largest of the set of drums used in Hát tuồng.  Trống cơm - rice drum  Trống đồng (also called trống đồng Đông Sơn) - bronze drum played by the Dong Son culture in ancient times  Nruas tuag (also called Ư chua - drum used by the Hmông ethnic group for funeral music  Tuned percussion  A t'rung of the E De people  Cồng chiêng - tuned gong (comes in both flat and knobbed varieties)  Tam âm la - set of three small, high-pitched flat gongs in a frame; used primarily in nhã nhạc music  T'rưng - bamboo xylophone  Đàn đá - lithophone, commonly having 9+ stone bars, 65cm-102cm in length. It is believed the instrument dates back to 1000 BC. Also called Goong Lú (M’nong people), Kologolo (M’nong people), Gôông Luk (Mạ people).  Untuned percussion  Sênh tiền - coin clapper (a combination of a clapper, rasp and tambourin)  Song loan - woodblock  Other  Đàn môi - jaw harp  Klông pút - set of bamboo tubes; hands are clapped near ends of tubes to produce musical tones  Đàn tre "bamboo instrument" - A hybrid form of the Vietnamese plucked string instrument similar to a Đàn tính LINKS TO VIETNAMESE MUSIC

 Cồng chiêng - tuned gong (comes in both flat and knobbed varieties)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMwFrG9-NgU  Đàn đá – lithophone  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uScac-N2jk  Đàn bầu - monochord zither  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQwL2ApKRAA  Đàn môi - jaw harp, Đàn sáo - flute, Đàn môi sáo tre, etc.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5Kmky9cbSo  Đàn nguyệt (also called nguyệt cầm or đàn kìm) - moon-shaped two-string lute  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7t5zR2r_qXA&list=PL404A949E720F755C  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_UWBfD6VkI  K'ni (also spelled k'ny or k'ný) - one-string vertical violin  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9WVTb83KUM  Kèn bầu - conical oboe with gourd-shaped wooden bell & Percussion  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mC0PWpWlFTM  Đàn tam thập lục - hammered dulcimer with 36 metal strings  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyeBlbOLFOQ  Vocals  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tQ5keyGEjk