The Making of the German Post-War Economy
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Christian L. Glossner is Teaching Fellow and Assistant Lecturer in Political Economy and European History at the University of Oxford. He previously held a Europaeum Research Fellowship at the Institut Universitaire de Hautes Études Internationales (HEI) in Geneva and worked for the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (ECFIN) of the European Commission in Brussels. He is a graduate from the Université de Fribourg as well as the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and received his D.Phil. on economic theory and political history from the University of Oxford in 2008. ILOTCH Series page 7/11/09 11:46 Page 1 INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF TWENTIETH CENTURY HISTORY Series ISBN: 978-1-84885-227-3 See www.ibtauriscom/ILTCH for a full list of titles 12. Out of Austria: 22. Negotiating History: The Austrian Centre in London in World War II Resolving the Cyprus Conflict Marietta Bearman, Charmian Brinson, Richard Michalis S. Michael Dove, Anthony Grenville and Jennifer Taylor 978 1 84511 174 8 978 1 84511 475 6 23. In the Shadow of Hitler: 13. Great Britain and the Creation of Yugoslavia: Personalities of the Right in Central and: Negotiating Balkan Nationality and Identity Eastern Europe James Evans Rebecca Haynes (ed.) 978 1 84511 488 6 978 1 84511 697 2 14. Rebellion in Brunei: 24. Creating A Socialist Yugoslavia: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil Tito, Communist Leadership and the Harun Abdul Majid National Question 978 1 84511 423 7 Hilde Katrine Haug 978 1 84885 051 4 15. London Was Ours: Diaries and Memoirs of the London Blitz 25. The Making of the German Post-War Amy Helen Bell Economy: Political Communication 978 1 84511 592 0 and Public Reception of the Social Market Economy after World War Two 16. Myxomatosis: A History of Pest Control and the Rabbit Christian L. Glossner 978 1 84885 264 8 Peter W.J. Bartrip 978 1 84511 572 2 26. The Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Serbia in the Shadow of Milosevic: 17. Annan Plan The Legacy of Conflict in the Balkans Chrysostomos Pericleous Janine N. Clark 978 1 84885 021 7 978 1 84511 767 2 Islam and Secularism in Turkey: 18. Diplomacy Between the Wars: 27. Five Diplomats and the Shaping of the Modern World: Kemalism, Religion and the Nation State George W. Liebmann Umut Azak 978 1 84885 263 1 978 1 84511 637 8 From Neutrality to Commitment: 19. The Greater Middle East and the Cold War: 28. US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy Dutch Foreign Policy, NATO and European Integration Roby C. Barrett 978 1 84511 393 3 William Mallinson 978 1 84885 344 7 20. The Greek Revolution and the Making of Modern Europe: Independence, State-building and the Problem of 29. Britain and the Weimar Republic: National Identity The History of a Cultural Relationship Dean J. Kostantaras Colin Storer 978 1 84511 709 2 978 1 84885 140 5 21. Covert Action in the Cold War: 30. Cyprus in World War II: Politics and US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations Conflict in the Eastern Mediterranean James Callanan Anastasia Yiangou 978 1 84511 882 2 978 1 84885 436 9 THE MAKING OF THE GERMAN POST-WAR ECONOMY Political Communication and Public Reception of the Social Market Economy after World War II Christian L. Glossner TAURIS ACADEMIC STUDIES an imprint of I.B.Tauris Publishers LONDON ● NEW YORK Published in 2010 by Tauris Academic Studies An imprint of I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2010 Christian L. Glossner The right of Christian L. Glossner to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of Twentieth Century History 25 ISBN 978 1 84885 264 8 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press (India) Camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author For all the departed, all whom we love but see no longer and all whose lives have touched and influenced our own. For Thomas, Stefan and Ludwig For You CONTENTS List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations xi Chronology xvii Acknowledgements xxiii Preface xxv Introduction 1 Part I Conception and Communication 8 1 Academic Concepts between Neo-Liberalism 29 and Neo-Socialism 1.1 The Freiburg Circles and Neo-Liberalism 31 1.2 The Freiburg School and Ordo-Liberalism 39 1.3 The Cologne School and Social Market Economics 47 2 Political Considerations between 61 Programmatic Intention and Pragmatic Imperative 2.1 The Social Democratic Party and Liberal Socialism 63 2.2 The Christian Democratic Union/ 80 Christian Social Union and Social Liberalism Part II Politics and Public Opinion 108 3 1945/1946 – Stupor and Search for Direction 116 4 1947 – Disillusion and Disappointment 121 5 1948 – Aspiration and Apprehension 127 6 1949 – Contentment and Confidence 138 Conclusion 148 Appendices 152 Notes 181 Bibliography 241 Index 285 LIST OF TABLES 1 List of Licensed Political Parties on Zonal Level 152 2 Administration of American Zone of Occupation 153 3 Administration of British Zone of Occupation 154 4 Geographical Illustration of Anglo-American Bizone 155 5 Administration of Bizonal Economic Area 156 6 Composition of First Economic Council 157 7 Composition of Second Economic Council 157 8 List of Members of Economic Council 158 9 Social Structure of Members of Economic Council 160 10 List of Plenary Meetings of Economic Council 161 11 Overview of Licensed Newspapers 162 12 List of Individual Licensed Newspapers 163 13 Overview of Party Conventions 171 14 Overview of Elections 172 15 Election Results 173 16 Evolution of Major Party Vote 177 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACDP Archiv der Christlich-Demokratischen Politik ACSP Archiv für Christlich-Soziale Politik ADAV Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein ADL Archiv des Liberalismus AdsD Archiv der sozialen Demokratie AfDR Akademie für Deutsches Recht AG CDU/CSU Arbeitsgemeinschaft der CDU/CSU Deutschlands AG EvB Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erwin von Beckerath AG VWB Volkswirtschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bayern AG VWL Arbeitsgemeinschaft Volkswirtschaftslehre ALES Archiv der Ludwig-Erhard-Stiftung AMZON American Zone AOC Archives de l’Occupation Française en Allemagne et en Autriche, Colmar AOZ American Occupation Zone AP Arbeiterpartei ASM Aktionsgemeinschaft Soziale Marktwirtschaft AVBRD Akten zur Vorgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland BA Bundesarchiv BayHStA Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv BayStKA Akten der Bayerischen Staatskanzlei BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BCSV Badisch Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei BDV Bremer Demokratische Volkspartei BE British Element BGBl. Bundesgesetzblatt BGS Bundesgeschäftsstelle BHE Block der Heimatvertriebenen u. Entrechteten xii THE MAKING OF THE GERMAN POST-WAR ECONOMY BHE/DG Block der Heimatvertriebenen u. Entrechteten/ Deutsche Gemeinschaft BICO Bipartite Control Office BKU Bund Katholischer Unternehmer BL Basic Law BNG Bewirtschaftungsnotgesetz BOZ British Occupation Zone BP Bayernpartei BPA Bundespresseamt BR Bayerischer Rundfunk BSP Bayerischer Staatspartei BTW Bundestagswahl BuBa Bundesbank BuBa HA Bundesbank Historisches Archiv BVerfGE Bundesverfassungsgerichtsentscheid BVP Bayerische Volkspartei C.A.G. Christliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft CCG Control Commission for Germany CDB Christlich-Demokratischer Block CDP Christlich-Demokratische Partei CDU Christlich-Demokratische Union CDUB Christlich-Demokratische Union Baden CDUD Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands CDVB Christlich-Demokratischer Volksbund CNU Christlich-Nationale Union COEE Centre d’Organisation et d’Etudes Economiques de Fribourg/Breisgau CSU Christlich-Soziale Union CSUP Christlich-Soziale Unionspartei CSVD Christlichsozialer Volksdienst CSVP Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei CU Christliche Union CVP Christliche Volkspartei des Saarlandes DA Demokratischer Aufbruch DAG Deutsche Angestellten-Gewerkschaft DANA Deutsche Allgemeine Nachrichtenagentur DAP Deutsche Aufbau-Partei DB Deutscher Block DBt PA Deutscher Bundestag, Parlamentsarchiv DDB Der Deutsche Block DDP Deutsche Demokratische Partei DDZ Die Deutsche Zeitung LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii DENA Deutsche Nachrichtenagentur DG Deutsche Gemeinschaft DGB Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund DHM Deutsches Historisches Museum DIAS Drahtfunk im amerikanischen Sektor DigAM Digitales Archiv Marburg DISCC District Information Services Control Command DKP/DRP Deutsche Konservative Partei/ Deutsche Rechtspartei DM Deutsche Mark DNVP Deutschnationale Volkspartei DP Deutsche Partei DPA Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpd Deutscher Pressedienst DPD Demokratische Partei Deutschlands DPRP Demokratische Partei Rheinland-Pfalz DPS Demokratische Partei Saar DRA Stiftung Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv DS Drucksache DSJ Das Sozialistische Jahrhundert DSU Deutsche Soziale Union DUD Deutschland-Union-Dienst DVP Demokratische Volkspartei DZ Deutsche Zeitung DZP Deutsche Zentrumspartei (Zentrum) EC Economic Council ECA Economic