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Mitchell Institute Policy Paper 4 (Arlington, VA: Force and North Vietnam, 1966–1973 (Washington, September 2016)

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Mitchell Institute Policy Paper 4 (Arlington, VA: Force and North Vietnam, 1966–1973 (Washington, September 2016) Vol. 27, May 2021 L INS EL TIT CH U IT T E MITCHELL INSTITUTE M f s o e r i Ae ud Policy Paper rospace St Key Points Command and Control Imperatives The drive for relevant command and control lies for the 21st Century: The Next Areas with a simple goal: empowering highly effective aerospace combat power. of Growth for ABMS and JADC2 By Douglas A. Birkey A command and control design must be effective Executive Director, The Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies across the spectrum of operational environments. Abstract Creating a successful approach to Advanced The Air Force is at a major juncture in the development of command and Battle Management System (ABMS) and Joint control (C2) capabilities. Under the aegis of the Advanced Battle Management System All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) (ABMS) and Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) programs, the Air Force is pushing ahead with efforts to modernize its C2 architecture by capitalizing on will require the Air Force to harness advanced emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. Faced with technologies like fifth-generation aircraft fusion the heightened threat environment created by America’s adversaries, these investments and machine learning. are critical to the Air Force’s ability to operate and win in future conflicts. However, this progress demands a holistic risk mitigation approach that blends innovation, High-speed, high-altitude manned command operationally mature systems, and backup redundancies. and control, intelligence, surveillance, and Over the past two decades, technological advances in the field of networked reconnaissance (C2ISR) sensor platforms could connectivity, high-fidelity sensors, persistent overwatch by remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), and huge gains in computing power saw seismic advances in combat edge provide supplementary “look-in” and network- situational awareness and decision-making. The ABMS promises to build on these sourced decision-making insights. gains by harnessing machine learning and automation to rapidly process, filter, and direct information from distributed networks of sensors to shooters, creating An appropriately tiered layer of command must partnerships designed to deliver optimal effects at the right place and at the right time. ensure actions taken will result in optimal desired In its drive to modernize, the Air Force cannot risk overlooking the valuable effects to achieve a commander’s intent. role that air battle managers play within the C2 architecture. While connectivity, automation, and processing power are crucial tools, a requirement still exists for human judgement and engagement, especially in highly complex, dynamic missions where accurate insight is essential for managing risk. Indeed, the Air Force should examine ways of elevating human C2 operators within the ABMS construct. It could do so by extending the life of existing C2ISR aircraft such as JSTARS and AWACS or by replacing these aging platforms with a new class of supersonic aircraft currently under development in the commercial sector. It should also study the potential afforded by alternate aerial operating locations, i.e., onboard aerial tankers, for air battle managers to ensure that they are appropriately staged throughout the operating space. These approaches will mitigate the risks of becoming over reliant on extended communication networks. To maximize the advantages yielded by new technologies, the Air Force must develop a tiered strategy for modernizing its C2 capabilities, one in which the human professional remains at the core. Introduction control. The notion of what distributing The warfighting potential measure of information at machine speeds, connectivity, merit for the Air Force is often intertwined and C2 mean to future operations is rapidly with the size of its aircraft inventory. evolving thanks to new technologies and However, while numbers certainly matter, the demands of increasingly lethal threat airplanes alone do not yield airpower. It environments. Air Force leaders are rightfully takes a combination of sound strategy, calling for a broad range of new systems effective operational concepts, and an to maximize opportunities afforded by accurate execution of commander’s intent to emerging information technologies to give turn the potential of these tools into actual U.S. warfighters decision dominance in the mission accomplishment. This is precisely future battlespace. The technical means of why information advantage, connectivity, this effort is known as the Advanced Battle and command and control (C2) stand as one Management System (ABMS), with Joint All- of the U.S. Air Force’s top modernization Domain Command and Control (JADC2) priorities. As former Air Force as the broader force management construct. it is time for the Air Force Chief of Staff General (ret.) In the rush to modernize its activities in this to broaden the conversation Dave Goldfein explained, area, the Air Force risks focusing too much “Victory in future combat on the technical aspects of its future networks past specific technologies will depend less on individual without giving the same consideration to and decide where the C2 capabilities and more upon the fundamentals that underpin effective centers of gravity will integrated strengths of a decision making in warfare—commanding connected network for and controlling. Air Force leadership’s reside within this new coalition leaders to employ.”1 overriding focus on network technology system, what they will look Said another way, success all when they discuss this endeavor reflects this comes down to understanding imbalance. It is not enough to buy a new like, and how warfighters the operating environment and tool and expect a specific outcome without will effectively employ employing the right set of assets considering broader mission parameters. at the proper time and place This policy paper contends that it them across the spectrum to best achieve desired results, is time for the Air Force to broaden the of conflict. while minimizing one’s own conversation past specific technologies and vulnerabilities. This requires decide where the C2 centers of gravity will U.S. forces to secure battlespace situational reside within this new system, what they will awareness more rapidly and more accurately look like, and how warfighters will effectively than what an adversary can achieve, employ them across the spectrum of conflict. maintain robust and reliable connectivity, C2 is predominantly a human endeavor that and the ability to promptly translate can be assisted by technology but cannot yet information into appropriate actions. It also be replaced by it. Building better networks necessitates proactive leadership at each level and harnessing new capabilities like artificial of an operation to ensure the commander’s intelligence (AI), automation, and machine mission intent is achieved within the realities learning alone will not yield effective C2. of a dynamic combat environment. It takes an ecosystem of operational level Today the Air Force is at a major commanders, air battle managers to bridge juncture in realizing these capabilities: the operational and tactical divide, and air balancing the push for innovation and crews empowered with relevant information technology with the need for command and to net mission results. These are specific Mitchell Policy Papers 2 functions that must be appropriately tiered available from training squadrons to backfill throughout the battlespace to ensure they casualties.2 Despite these overwhelming can connect effectively with their mission odds, the British forces prevailed. While partners and execute respective mission there were a variety of factors shaping this functions. Current Air Force C2 plans lack outcome, three proved essential in ensuring a clear concept of operations (CONOP) that the RAF’s incredibly limited supply regarding this construct. of fighters were employed in the most On top of this, in its haste to develop decisive method possible: a robust sensor new systems, the Air Force must not trade network in the form of radar and observers; one set of vulnerabilities for another. Progress a voice communications network; and a demands a holistic risk mitigation approach highly integrated C2 enterprise whereby that blends innovation, operationally trained personnel gathered federated sensor mature systems, and backup redundancies. inputs, fused this data, and communicated A strategy built primarily around too many actionable information to fighter pilots. To aggressive technological efforts that depend put it bluntly, information, connectivity, and on near-term, ambitious, and concurrent C2 helped save England when the chips were innovations is a perilous one. The situation down. is even more challenging given uncertainties It is encouraging that the Air Force in the future budget climate--resources to lists programs like ABMS and JADC2 as top bail out a program mired in unanticipated priorities, for it reflects an acknowledgement problems will likely be unavailable. Solutions regarding the criticality of information, must also speak to the full range of probable connectivity, and C2. However, this success mission scenarios, not just one portion of the demands a holistic approach that extends threat spectrum. past networks. The importance of operationally relevant information, communication C2 Design Principles to Meet Tomorrow’s systems, and effective C2 is not a new Challenges idea. These elements have long stood
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