US. and U.S.S.R. Military Aircraft and Missile Aerodynamics (1970-1980) a Selected, Annotated Bibliography
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LESSON 3 Significant Aircraft of World War II
LESSON 3 Significant Aircraft of World War II ORREST LEE “WOODY” VOSLER of Lyndonville, Quick Write New York, was a radio operator and gunner during F World War ll. He was the second enlisted member of the Army Air Forces to receive the Medal of Honor. Staff Sergeant Vosler was assigned to a bomb group Time and time again we read about heroic acts based in England. On 20 December 1943, fl ying on his accomplished by military fourth combat mission over Bremen, Germany, Vosler’s servicemen and women B-17 was hit by anti-aircraft fi re, severely damaging it during wartime. After reading the story about and forcing it out of formation. Staff Sergeant Vosler, name Vosler was severely wounded in his legs and thighs three things he did to help his crew survive, which by a mortar shell exploding in the radio compartment. earned him the Medal With the tail end of the aircraft destroyed and the tail of Honor. gunner wounded in critical condition, Vosler stepped up and manned the guns. Without a man on the rear guns, the aircraft would have been defenseless against German fi ghters attacking from that direction. Learn About While providing cover fi re from the tail gun, Vosler was • the development of struck in the chest and face. Metal shrapnel was lodged bombers during the war into both of his eyes, impairing his vision. Able only to • the development of see indistinct shapes and blurs, Vosler never left his post fi ghters during the war and continued to fi re. -
Air Force OA-X Light Attack Aircraft/SOCOM Armed Overwatch Program
Updated March 30, 2021 Air Force OA-X Light Attack Aircraft/SOCOM Armed Overwatch Program On October 24, 2019, the U.S. Air Force issued a final OA-X, its ability to operate with coalition partners, and to request for proposals declaring its intent to acquire a new initially evaluate candidate aircraft. The first phase included type of aircraft. The OA-X light attack aircraft is a small, four aircraft: the Sierra Nevada/Embraer A-29; two-seat turboprop airplane designed for operation in Textron/Beechcraft AT-6B; Air Tractor/L3 OA-802 relatively permissive environments. The announcement of a turboprops, variants of which are in service with other formal program followed a series of Air Force countries; and the developmental Textron Scorpion jet. “experiments” to determine the utility of such an aircraft. First-phase operations continued through August 2017. Following conclusion of the Air Force experiments, the program passed to U.S. Special Operations Command as Figure 1. Sierra Nevada/Embraer A-29 the “Armed Overwatch” program, with a goal of acquiring 75 aircraft. Why Light Attack? During 2018, then-Air Force Secretary Heather Wilson often expressed the purpose of a new light attack aircraft as giving the Air Force an ability to free up more sophisticated and expensive assets for other tasks, citing the example of using high-end F-22 jets to destroy a drug laboratory in Afghanistan as an inefficient use of resources. Per-hour operating costs for light attack aircraft are typically about 2%-4% those of advanced fighters. She and other officials have also noted that the 2018 Source: U.S. -
Albatross Can Soar at Sea for Days and Even Weeks at a Time
Executive Summary April 28, 2021 Sean Berger • Ryan Casterline • Jonathan Detwiler • Joshua Forrest Zackary Long • JR Sciple • Daniel Szallai • Xinpeng Zhao Introduction Out in the remote costal cliffs of the North Pacific Ocean, the Great Albatross can soar at sea for days and even weeks at a time. With a wingspan of more than 10 feet, this magnificent bird can stay aloft for free by utilizing dynamic soaring. Its maneuverability and flight longevity allow it to be unrivaled by any other sea bird. Inspired by this bird, the aerospace engineering undergraduate team from Penn State University designed the UQ-9 Albatross: an autonomous medical supply delivery VTOL aircraft in response to the 2020- 2021 VFS Student Design Competition sponsored by Boeing. Albatross is a hybrid 4-bladed quad rotor VTOL aircraft with folding wing capabilities, designed to deliver packages at high speed to local delivery centers and logistics sites. Its variable geometry and autonomous, compact package unloading system makes it an effective delivery vehicle. It was also designed to be multiply redundant to maximize safety. These features allow Albatross to operate in environments that are void of conventional runwayswith the advantagesof a fixed wing aircraft. Vehicle Overview The Albatross is a cargo aircraft that is capable of vertical takeoff and landing during the Fall semester. Our group decided upon a vehicle that changes the configuration of its wings between vertical and horizontal flight. The folding wing concept is a design that attempts to trade‐off the advantages and disadvantages of a conventional vertical take‐off and landing vehicle with a conventional fixed‐wing aircraft configuration. -
Feeling Supersonic
FlightGlobal.com May 2021 How Max cuts hurt Boeing backlog Making throwaway Feeling aircraft aff ordable p32 Hydrogen switch for Fresson’s Islander p34 supersonic Will Overture be in tune with demand? p52 9 770015 371327 £4.99 Big worries Warning sign We assess A380 Why NOTAM outlook as last burden can delivery looms baffl e pilots 05 p14 p22 Comment Prospects receding Future dreaming Once thought of as the future of air travel, the A380 is already heading into retirement, but aviation is keenly focused on the next big thing Airbus t has been a rapid rise and fall for on who you ask. As we report else- Hydrogen is not without its the Airbus A380, which not so where in this issue, there are those issues, of course, but nonethe- long ago was being hailed as the banking on supersonic speeds be- less it appears more feasible as a future of long-haul air travel. ing the answer. power source for large transport IThe superjumbo would be, The likes of Aerion and Boom Su- aircraft than batteries do at pres- forecasts said, the perfect tool for personic view the ability to shave ent, even allowing for improving airlines operating into mega-hubs significant time from journeys as a energy densities. such as Dubai that were beginning unique selling point. However, there are others who to spring up. While projects are likely to be see hydrogen through a differ- But the planners at Airbus failed technologically feasible, to be able ent filter. They argue that so- to take into consideration the to sell these new aircraft in signif- called sub-regional aircraft – the efficiency gains available from icant volumes their manufacturers Britten-Norman Islander, among a new generation of widebody will have to ensure that supersonic others – can be given fresh impetus twinjets that allowed operators to flight is not merely the domain of if a fuel source can be found that is open up previously uneconomical the ultra-rich. -
Aiaa 96-2517-Cp Twin Tail/Delta Wing Configuration Buffet
AIAA 96-2517-CP TWIN TAIL/DELTA WING CONFIGURATION BUFFET DUE TO UNSTEADY VORTEX BREAKDOWN FLOW Osama A. Kandil, Essam F. Sheta and Steven J. Massey Aerospace Engineering Department Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529 The 14th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference New Orleans, LA-June 18-20, 1996 I | For Permission to copy or republish, contact the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 370 12Enfant Promenade, S. W., Washington, D.C. 20024 / NASA-CR-203259 o J _"_G"7"_ COMPUTATION AND VALIDATION OF FLUID/ STRUCTURE TWIN TAIL BUFFET RESPONSE Osama A. Kandil and Essam F. Sheta Aerospace Engineering Department Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA C. H. Liu Aerodynamics Methods and Acoustics Branch NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA EUROMECH COLLOQUIUM 349 STRUCTURE FLUID INTERACTION IN AERONAUTICS Institute Fiir Aeroelastik, GSttingen, Germany September 16-18, 1996 COMPUTATION AND VALIDATION OF FLUID/STRUCTURE TWIN TAIL BUFFET RESPONSE Osama A. Kandil 1 and Essam F. Sheta: Aerospace Engineering Department Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA and C. H. Liu 3 Aerodynamics Methods and Acoustics Branch NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA ABSTRACT The buffet response of the flexible twin-tail/delta wing configuration-a multidisciplinary problem is solved using three sets of equations on a multi-block grid structure. The first set is the unsteady, compressible, full Navier-Stokes equations which are used for obtaining the flow-filed vector and the aerodynamic loads on the twin tails. The second set is the coupled aeroelastic equations which are used for obtaining the bending and torsional deflections of the twin tails. -
Glider Handbook, Chapter 2: Components and Systems
Chapter 2 Components and Systems Introduction Although gliders come in an array of shapes and sizes, the basic design features of most gliders are fundamentally the same. All gliders conform to the aerodynamic principles that make flight possible. When air flows over the wings of a glider, the wings produce a force called lift that allows the aircraft to stay aloft. Glider wings are designed to produce maximum lift with minimum drag. 2-1 Glider Design With each generation of new materials and development and improvements in aerodynamics, the performance of gliders The earlier gliders were made mainly of wood with metal has increased. One measure of performance is glide ratio. A fastenings, stays, and control cables. Subsequent designs glide ratio of 30:1 means that in smooth air a glider can travel led to a fuselage made of fabric-covered steel tubing forward 30 feet while only losing 1 foot of altitude. Glide glued to wood and fabric wings for lightness and strength. ratio is discussed further in Chapter 5, Glider Performance. New materials, such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, glass reinforced plastic (GRP), and Kevlar® are now being used Due to the critical role that aerodynamic efficiency plays in to developed stronger and lighter gliders. Modern gliders the performance of a glider, gliders often have aerodynamic are usually designed by computer-aided software to increase features seldom found in other aircraft. The wings of a modern performance. The first glider to use fiberglass extensively racing glider have a specially designed low-drag laminar flow was the Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-24 Phönix, which first flew airfoil. -
A “Short Course” on Ice and the TBM
A “Short Course” on Ice and the TBM. Icing is topical at the present time as a result of a recent accident in a TBM. I have had a number of conversations with pilots who I would consider knowledgeable and it is apparent that there is a lot of confusion surrounding this subject. Also noting on line posts this confusion is not limited to owner pilots. I have had occasion to be a victim of my own stupidity in a serious icing condition years ago and I can vouch that icing is a deadly serious situation in more ways than one. Before going on with the subject we want to stipulate that the data we are about to provide is a summary of information that is to be found on line, along with narrative and data provided from knowledgeable instructors, if any of the data provided conflicts with anything you have been taught we urge you to satisfy yourself as to which data is correct. TBM operators fly in the same airspace where we find Part 25 aircraft (Commercial Category) aircraft. There is a big difference in how these two categories of aircraft are affected by icing conditions. A 767 will often be climbing at over 300 kts and 4000+ ft/min at typical icing altitudes. This creates two very distinct advantages for the 767: first, their icing exposure time may be less than 1/3 of ours. Second, icing conditions are a function of TAT (Total Air Temperature), not SAT (static air temp). TAT is warmer than SAT because of the effects of compressibility as the airplane operates at faster and faster speeds. -
Make America Boom Again: How to Bring Back Supersonic Transport,” Eli Dourado and Samuel Hammond Show That It Is Time to Revisit the Ban
MAKE AMERICA BOOM AGAIN How to Bring Back Supersonic Transport _____________________ In 1973, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) banned civil supersonic flight over the United States, stymieing the development of a supersonic aviation industry. In “Make America Boom Again: How to Bring Back Supersonic Transport,” Eli Dourado and Samuel Hammond show that it is time to revisit the ban. Better technology—including better materials, engines, and simulation capabilities—mean it is now possible to produce a supersonic jet that is more economical and less noisy than those of the 1970s. It is time to rescind the ban in favor of a more modest and sensible noise standard. BACKGROUND Past studies addressing the ban on supersonic flight have had little effect. However, this paper takes a comprehensive view of the topic, covering the history of supersonic flight, the case for supersonic travel, the problems raised by supersonic flight, and regulatory alternatives to the ban. Dourado and Hammond synthesize the best arguments for rescinding the ban on supersonic flights over land and establish that the ban has had a real impact on the development of supersonic transport. KEY FINDINGS The FAA Should Replace the Ban on Overland Supersonic Flight with a Noise Standard The sonic boom generated by the Concorde and other early supersonic aircraft was very loud, and as a result the FAA banned flights in the United States from going faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1). This ban should be rescinded and replaced with a noise standard. A noise limit of 85–90 A-weighted decibels would be similar to noise standards for lawnmowers, blenders, and motorcy- cles, and would therefore be a reasonable standard during daytime hours. -
The Cost of Replacing Today's Air Force Fleet
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE The Cost of Replacing Today’s Air Force Fleet DECEMBER 2018 Notes The years referred to in this report are federal fiscal years, which run from October 1 to September 30 and are designated by the calendar year in which they end. All costs are expressed in 2018 dollars. For the years before 2018, costs are adjusted for inflation using the gross domestic product price index from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Costs for years after 2018 are adjusted for inflation using the Congressional Budget Office’s projection of that index. On the cover: An F-15C Eagle during takeoff. U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sergeant Joe W. McFadden. www.cbo.gov/publication/54657 Contents Summary 1 Today’s Air Force Aircraft and Their Replacement Costs 1 BOX 1. MAJOR AIRCRAFT IN THE AIR FORCE’S FLEET AND THEIR PRIMARY FUNCTIONS 2 How CBO Made Its Projections 5 Projected Costs of New Fighter Aircraft 6 F-35A 7 Light Attack Aircraft 7 Penetrating Counter Air Aircraft 8 Managing Procurement Costs in Peak Years 9 Appendix: Composition of the Current Air Force Fleet and CBO’s Estimate of Replacement Costs 11 List of Tables and Figures 18 About This Document 19 The Cost of Replacing Today’s Air Force Fleet Summary different missions (seeBox 1 and the appendix). They The U.S. Air Force has about 5,600 aircraft, which range range widely in age from the 75 new aircraft that entered in age from just-delivered to 60 years old. -
Fast, Long-Range-Attack Aircraft
Appendix C FAST, LONG-RANGE-ATTACK AIRCRAFT In Chapter Five, we recommended a long-term stand-off option involving fast, long-range aircraft. In this appendix, we present an operational concept for long-range-attack operations to stimulate thought about, and a more thorough investigation of, such options available to the United States Air Force (USAF) in the early part of the next century. WHY FAST ATTACK AIRCRAFT? All other things being equal, if it is less expensive to develop and de- ploy sophisticated weapons than it is to develop sophisticated deliv- ery platforms, then the USAF should adopt a combination of sophis- ticated, long-range weapons and relatively unsophisticated delivery platforms. An example of this approach to the long-range-attack problem might be thousands of advanced cruise missiles launched from Boeing 747 arsenal planes from outside the range of enemy defenses. However, if developing and deploying sophisticated launch platforms with less-sophisticated (and less-expensive) weapons is less costly than building thousands of advanced cruise missiles, then the best solution might be something like a Mach 2 penetrating bomber armed with accurate freefall weapons such as the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM). 85 86 Airbase Vulnerability to Conventional Cruise and Ballistic Missile Attack The arsenal plane concept has been explored by others.1 The re- mainder of this appendix explores some of the technical issues sur- rounding the Mach 2 example given above. OPERATIONAL CONCEPT In the following analysis, we employ a force of supersonic bombers with a maximum unrefueled range of 3,250 nautical miles (nmi) to accomplish an 8,000-nmi combat mission in the following way. -
Using Redundant Effectors to Trim a Compound Helicopter with Damaged Main Rotor Controls
Using Redundant Effectors to Trim a Compound Helicopter with Damaged Main Rotor Controls Jean-Paul Reddinger Farhan Gandhi Ph.D. Candidate Professor Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY Troy, NY ABSTRACT Control of a helicopter’s main rotor is typically accomplished through use of three hydraulic actuators that act on the non-rotating swashplate and position it to achieve any combination of collective and cyclic blade pitch. Failure of one of these servos can happen through loss of hydraulic pressure or by impingement of the piston within the hydraulic cylinder. For a compound helicopter with an articulated main rotor, a range of failed servo states (by piston impingement) are simulated in RCAS at hover, 100 kts, and 200 kts, to show the extent to which the compound effectors can generate additional forces and moments to maintain trimmed flight. After the loss of control of any of the three main rotor actuators in hover, the compound helicopter is capable of trimming with little change to the state of the vehicle by replacing control of the locked servo with control of rotor speed. This strategy can be used to maintain trim over 6 – 12% of the total servo ranges. At forward flight speeds, each of the three actuators produces a different result on the trimmed aircraft due to the non-axisymmetry of the rotor. Reconfiguration is accomplished through use of the ailerons, stabilator pitch, wings, and wing-mounted propellers to trim rotor produced roll moments, pitch moments, lift, and drag, respectively. The additional effectors in forward flight increases the range of tolerable failures to 20 – 63% of the maximum actuation limits. -
Aircraft Collection
A, AIR & SPA ID SE CE MU REP SEU INT M AIRCRAFT COLLECTION From the Avenger torpedo bomber, a stalwart from Intrepid’s World War II service, to the A-12, the spy plane from the Cold War, this collection reflects some of the GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS IN MILITARY AVIATION. Photo: Liam Marshall TABLE OF CONTENTS Bombers / Attack Fighters Multirole Helicopters Reconnaissance / Surveillance Trainers OV-101 Enterprise Concorde Aircraft Restoration Hangar Photo: Liam Marshall BOMBERS/ATTACK The basic mission of the aircraft carrier is to project the U.S. Navy’s military strength far beyond our shores. These warships are primarily deployed to deter aggression and protect American strategic interests. Should deterrence fail, the carrier’s bombers and attack aircraft engage in vital operations to support other forces. The collection includes the 1940-designed Grumman TBM Avenger of World War II. Also on display is the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, a true workhorse of the 1950s and ‘60s, as well as the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and Grumman A-6 Intruder, stalwarts of the Vietnam War. Photo: Collection of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum GRUMMAN / EASTERNGRUMMAN AIRCRAFT AVENGER TBM-3E GRUMMAN/EASTERN AIRCRAFT TBM-3E AVENGER TORPEDO BOMBER First flown in 1941 and introduced operationally in June 1942, the Avenger became the U.S. Navy’s standard torpedo bomber throughout World War II, with more than 9,836 constructed. Originally built as the TBF by Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, they were affectionately nicknamed “Turkeys” for their somewhat ungainly appearance. Bomber Torpedo In 1943 Grumman was tasked to build the F6F Hellcat fighter for the Navy.