CONTRIBUTORS and PARTICIPANTS Adeoye, C. 0., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Univers

CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS

Adeoye, C. 0., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Apelo, Ruben A., M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines; Office-in-Charge, National Family Planning Office, Ministry of Health; Comprehensive Family Plannng Center, Lope de Vega St., Sta. Cruz, Manila, Philippines. Arellano, Remedios G, M.D., President, Maternal and Child Health Association of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Philippines. Aviado, Domingo M., M.D., Co-Editor of Proceedings; Adjunct Professor of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; President, Atmospheric Health Sciences, Inc., PO Box 307, Short Hills, New Jersey 07078, U. S. A. Awan, Asghari Khanum, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Maternal and Child Health; Chairman, Maternity and Child Welfare Association of Pakistan, MCH House, 30-F, Gulberg-ll, Lahore, Pakistan. Azurin, Jesus, M.D., Minister of Health, Metro Manila, Philippines. Baens, Jose S., M.D., Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Philippines. Banzon, Amparo, M.D., National PHC Coordinator, Ministry of Health, Metro Manila, Philippines.

515 516 CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS

Bautista, M. S., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines. Begum, S. Firoza, M.D., Professor and Head of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Galimullah Medical College; President, Bangladesh Association for Maternal and Neonatal Health, 3/10, Block-A, Lalmatia, Dacca 7, Bangladesh. Bernard, Roger P., M.D., MSPM, Director of Field Epidemiology, International Federation for Family Health, 22 Avenue Riant-Parc, 1209 Geneva, Switzerland. Bondoc-Dela Cruz, Vilma, M.D., Institute of Community and Family Health, Children's Medical Center, 11 Banawe St., Quezon City, Philippines. Chelli, Mohammed, M.D., Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia. Concepcion, Mercedes B., Ph.D., Dean, Population Institute, University of the Philippies, Metro Manila, Philippines. Cho, Young W., M.D., Professor of Pharmacology and Medicine, Director of Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of South Alabama School of Medicine, Medical Science Building, Mobile, Alabama 36688, U.S.A. Cuyugan, Carmelita B., M.D., University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines. Del Mundo, Fe, M.D., Co-Editor of Proceedings; . President, First International Congress on Maternal and Neonatal Health; Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Far Eastern University, College of Medicine; Founder and Director of Children's Medical Center; 11 Banawe St., Quezon City, Philippines. Del Rosario, Santiago, M.D., President, Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society, Metro Manila, Philippines. De Watteville, Hubert, M.D., Secretary General, IAMANEH, 11 rue d'Italie, CH-1204, Geneva, Switzerland. CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS 517

Diamante, A. N., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines. Dionisio-Garcia, Fe, M.D., M.P.H., Institute of Community and Family Health, Children's Medical Center, 11 Banawe St., Quezon City, Philippines. Doctor, V.S., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines. Dominice, Andre, Ambassador and Vice-President, IAMANEH, Geneva, Switzerland. Ebrahim, G.J., M.D., FRCP, DCH, Reader in Tropical Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University of London, 30 Guilford St., London WClN lEH, United Kingdom. Esquerra, Aquilino B., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines Estrada, Remedios A., M.D., M.P.H., Associate Director, Institute of Community and Family Health, Children's Medical Center1 13 Pitimini, San Francisco del Monte, Quezon City, Philippines. Fayad, Mohammed, M.D., President, Egyptian Society of Maternal and Neonatal Health, 1103 Korniche Nile St., Garden City, Cairo, Egypt. Fernandez, Josefina V., M.D., Medical Director, JVF Hospital, Dagupan City, Philippines. Foege, William H, M.D., Assistant Surgeon Genera11 Director, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U. S. A. Fukuiya, T., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan. Furuya, Hiroshi, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntedo University, c/o Family Planning Federation of Japan, Inc., Hoken Kaikan Bekkan, 1-1 Ichigaya Sadohara-cho, Shin juku-ku , Tokyo 162, Japan. 518 CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS

Gabr, Mandough, M.D., FRCP, Minister of Health, Professor of Pediatrics, University of Cairo; Cairo, Egypt. Genuino, Aurora Salegumba, M.D., FAAP, FPPS, FAACP, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines, College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines. Gomez, Trinidad A., M.D., Vice-President, Maternal and Child Health Association of the Philippines; President-elect, Medical Women's International Association, Metro Manila, Philippines. Gutierrez, Ernesto, M.D., Chief, Anesthesiology Section, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Medical Center, Metro Manila, Philippines Iizuka, R., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan. Inciong, Minerva B., M.D. ,Executive Director, Nutrition Foundation of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Philippines. Ines-Cuyegkeng, Elena, M.D., Co-Editor of Proceedings; Executive Director, Association of Philippine Medical Colleges, University of the Philippines College of Medicine, 547 Pedro Gil St., PO Box 593, Manila, Philippines. Jahan, Farida A., M.D., Research Coordinator, Bangladesh Fertility Research Programme, Dacca, Bangladesh. Jahan, Shawkat, M.D., Assistant Registrar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dacca Medical College Hospital, Dacca, Bangladesh. Jhaveri, C.L., M.D., FACS, FICS, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; President, International Federation for Family Health; Consulting Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Hospital for Women, Jayadeep, 224 Lady Hardinge Road, Matunga, Bombay 400 016, India. Kamal, Ibrahim, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cairo, Cairo, Egypt. CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS 519

Kanakura, Y., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan. Kaw.akami, S., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan. Kawana, Takashi, M.D., Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Kessel, Elton, M.D., M.P.H., Founder and Senior Consultant, International Fertility Research Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U. S. A. Khan, Atiqur Rahman, M.D., Chief, Population Planning Section, Planning Commission, Dacca, Bangladesh. Kim, Taek II, M.D., Ph.D., Director, Korean Institute for Family Planning, 115 Nokbun-Dongg, Sudaemun-ku, Seoul, Korea. Kim, Yong Sung, M.D., WHO Programme Coordinator for the Philippines, PO Box 2932, Manila, Philippines. Laufe, Leonard E., M.D., Medical Director, Internationl Fertility Research Program, Research Triangle, North Carolina 27709, U. S. A. Leedam, Elizabeth, Executive Secretary, International Confederation of Midwives, 57 Lower Belgrave Street, London SWIW OLR, United Kingdom. Lopez, Guillermo, M.D., Director, Corporacion Centro Regional de Poblacion, Carrera 6A, No. 76-34, Apartado Aereo 24846, Bogota, Columbia. Lorenzo, Conrado Ll., Jr., M.D., President and Executive Director, Population Center Foundation, Metro Manila, Philippines. Macalino, P. D., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines. Mathur, H.N., M.D., Assistant Professor of Community Medicine, R.N.T. Medical College, 22 Subhash Bose 520 CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS

Nagar, Facing B.N. College, Udaipur-3l300l, Rajasthan, India. Morisada, M., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan. Nirapathpongporn, Apichart, M.D., Chief Medical Officer, Medical Department, Population and Community Development Association, 8 Sukhumvit 12, Bangkok 11, Thailand. Okai, Rhoji, M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan. Omran, Abdel R, M.D., Dr.P.H., Professor of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 407 pittsboro St. 253H, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, U. S. A. Ofosu-Amaah, S., M.D., Professor of Pediatrics; Chairman, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana. Oteyza, E. N., M.D., Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines. Pagorogon, R. R., M.D., Department of Obstetrics anu Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines. Pine-Tanesco, L., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines. Puqiu, Xie, M.D., Chief, Department of Maternal and Child Care, Shanghai First Hospital of Maternal and Child Care, 536 Chang Lu Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Ramos, M. M., Jr., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines.

Ransome-Kuti, 0., M.D., FRCP, Professor of Paediatric CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS 521

and Primary Care; Director of Institute of Child Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, P. M. B. 1001 Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria. Ratnam, S. S., M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaeco1ogy, National University of Singapore, Kandang Kerbau Hospital for Women, Singapore 0821, Republic of Singapore. Ravenholt, Rei T., M.D., M.P.H., Director, World Health Surveys, Centers for Disease Control, Washington Office, Room 8-65 Park1awn Building, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20857, U. S. A. Rigor, Eustacia M., M.D., Secretary, Maternal and Child Health Association of the Philippines, Lungsod ng Kabataan, Metro Manila, Philippines. Rochat, Roger W., M.D., Director, Family Planning Evaluation Division, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U. S. A. Robles, Emma, M.D., Assistant Director, National Family Planning Office, Ministry of Health, Metro Manila, Philippines. Rosales, Vicente, M.D., Director, Institute for the Study of Human Reproduction, University of sto. Tomas, Metro Manila, Philippines. Rushwan, Hamid M.E., M.D., President, Sudan Fertility Control Association, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudam. Sadik, Nafis, M.D., Assistant Executive Director, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, 220 East 42nd St., New York, New York 10017, U. S. A. Sanada, Koichi, M.D., Executive Director, Japanese Association for Maternal Welfare, 1-2, Ichigayasadohara-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Santos-Ocampo, Car1omagno, M.D., President, Philippine Society of Anethesio1ogists, Metro Manila, Philippines. Santos-Ocampo, Perla, M.D., Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines; 522 CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS President, Philippine Medical Association, Metro Manila, Philippines. Sastrawinata, Su1aiman, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Chairman, Coordinating Board of Indonesian Fertility Research, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, J1. Pasteur No. 38, PO Box 238, Bandung, Indonesia. Senanayake, Prami11a, MBBS, DTPH, Ph.D., FRSH, Medical Director, International Planned Parenthood Federation, 18-20 Lower Regent st., London SWIY 4PW, United Kingdom. Sharma, P. N., M.D., D.P.H.), Professor and Head, Community Medicine, R. H. T.Medica1 College, Udaipur-313001, Rajasthan, India Shiraki, Kazuo, M.D., Professor of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tottori, Tottori, Japan. Sin, Jaime Cardinal, His Eminence, the Archbishop of Manila, Manila, Philippines. Sureau, Claude, M.D., Chaire de Clinique Obstetrica1e et de Physiopathologie de 1a Reproduction, Universite Rene Descartes (Paris V), Facu1te de Medicin Cochin, C1inique Universitarie Baudelocque, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France. Surjaningrat, Suwardjoho, M.D., Minister of Health and Chairman of the National Family Planning Coordinating Board, Jalan Let. Jen. M. T. Haryono, PO Box 186 JKT, Jakarta, Indonesia. Suskind, Robert M., M.D., Chairman and Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama School of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama 36688, U. S. A. Takahashi, T., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan. Tain, T. P. (M.D., M.P.H.), Professor of Community Medicine, S. M. S.Medica1 College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. TombyRaja, R.L., M.D., Associate Professor of Obstetrics CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS 523

and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Kandang Kerbau Hospital for Women, Singapore 0821, Republic of Singapore. Trussel, R. R., OBE, ChM, FRCOG, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, st. George's Hospital, University of London Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom. Tyrer,Louise B., M.D., FACOG, Vice President, Medical Affairs, Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 810 Seventh Avenue, New ~ork, New York 10019, U. S. A. Valdes, C. B., M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the East, College of Medicine, Quezon City, Philippines. Viravaidya, Mechai, Secretary-General, Population and Community Development Association, 8 Sukhumvit 12, Bangkok 11, Thailand. Wagatsuma, Takashi, M.D., Head and Chief Consultant, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Medical Center Hospital, 1 Toyamacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan. Walker, James, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee, Scotland. Wickramasuriya, K.P., M.D., Medical Officer, Family Health Bureau, Ministry of Colombo Hospitals and Family Health, 213 De Saram Place, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka. Wong, Vivian Chi-Woom Taam, M.D., MB, BS, Senior Lecturer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Consultant, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, British Crown Colony. INDEX

Abortifacients, 211 Africa (continued) Abortion, 205-216, 323-324, family planning, 68 395, 504 high risk pregnancies, in Asia, 98 32-33 in Bangladesh (Dacca), incidence of diarrhea, 159 205-216 infant mortality rate, 158 in China, 75 infertility rate, 9 and contraceptive low birth weight, 18 practice, 214-215, malnutrition, 56 400 maternal mortality rate, in Czechoslovakia, 98 162 and family planning neonatal mortality rate, programs, 70, 158 399-400 parity and malnutrition, and family size, 209 56 fatal complications, 100 Agricultural development, hemorrhage, 396-397 470 incomplete, 206, 209 pollutants, 247 in Japan 74, l39 Air pollution, 239, 246, 248 in Latin America, 8 Alcohol, 9, 160, 239, 243, maternal mortality, 8, 51, 249 97-98, 102, 205, Amniotic fluid infections, 212, 399 164, 173 sepsis, 210-211, 400 Anemia, 29, 31, 258, 298, septicemic shock, 175, 213 422, 509 (see also in Singapore, 48, 51 Folate, Hemoglobin, in Spain, 68 Iron deficiency) spontaneous, 54, 175, in Indonesia, 319, 343-345 206-216 and level of education, Adolescent mother, 55 (see 279 also Teenage and low birth weight, 18, pregnancy) 317 Africa, 2, 53, 72, 163, 234, and maternal mortality, 402 8-9,43,162, access to water, 163 274-276, 279, 450 child mortality rate, 46 megaloblastic, 183

525 526 INDEX

Anemia (continued) Australian attitudes to in Nigeria, 450 contraception, 71 and parity, 258 and perinatal mortality, Bangladesh, 73, 99-100 274-276, 284, 304, Dacca 318, 319 abortion, 205-216 and postpartum ovulation, parity and prematurity, 222, 225 28 and prenatal visits, Fertility Research 269-271, 343 Program, 206 and registration status, maternal health and 279 parity, 29-30, 162 screening, 422 pregnancy related deaths, Anesthesia, 99, 212, 396 97 Anorexia, 181 Barefoot doctor, 75, 410 Antepartum Risk scoring Basal body temperature, 219 System, 348, 350-365 Beri-beri, 183 Antibiotics, 17, 173-178, Biomedical research 396, 505 contraceptive technology, for abortion, 212 72, 81, 85, 458-460 and oral contraceptives, and drug regulation, 249 111-112 environmental chemicals teratogenicity, 244 246-248 Antibodies fimbrial enclosure, in breast milk, 161, 506 146-154 HBIG, 197, 202 maternal medication, immune response, 180, 185 241-246 to tetanus, 505-506 pharmacology and for therapy, 202 toxicology, 240 for toxoplasmosis, 171 Birth attendants, 293, 347 Antifungal drugs, 173 (see also Antihelminthic drugs, 172 Midwives, TBA's) Antimalarial drugs, 164, Birth interval, 38-39, 170-171, 244 54-55, 89, 92, Antiprotozoa1 drugs, 172-173 303-304, 420, 456, Apgar score, 308 503-505 (see also Appropriate technology, 441, Family size, 443,445,462, Fertility, Lactation 464-465, 467 ammenorrhea, parity, Army recruits, 91 Postpartum ovulation) Asia, 2, 72, 87, 234, 402 and breast feeding, 55, high risk pregnancies, 89, 161 32-33 and child mortality, 39 incidence of diarrhea, and family structure, 88 159-160 and fetal wastage, 39, 46, low birth weight, 18 420 maternal mortality, 96, and infant mortality, 39, 162 55,90,165,504 neonatal mortality rate, Birth order, 26-28, 54 (see 158 also Parity) --- INDEX 527

Birth order (continued) Brazil and child mortality, 24 maternal smoking rate, 233 and live births, 43-44 Breast diseases, 100, 110, Birth rates 412 in Japan, 139 Breast feeding, 10, 53, 303, in Singapore, 43 304, 321, 463 (see Birth spacing, see Birth also Lactation --• interval amenorrhea) Birth weight, 17, 18, 160, and birth interval, 55, 268, 308, 442, 463, 89, 161 509 (see also in India, 478 Prematurity) and infant mortality, 20 and anemia, 18, 317 and infection, 20, 161, and birth order, 27 191, 200-201, 438, and child mortality, 18-19 506 developing countries, 442 and malnutrition, 20, 161 hyperbilirubinemia, 373 in the Philippines, 499 and infant mortality, 16, and postpartum amenorrhea, 55,160,442 54 and infectious disease, and postpartum ovulation, 160, 442 220-221 and level of education, 18 in rural areas, 20 and maternal age, 18, 55 and trans colostral 160-161 infection, 200-201 and "maternal depletion in urban areas, 20 syndrome", 92 Breech birth, 291 and neonatal mortality, Britain, see Great Britain 55,160,442 British families, 92 and parity, 18 British rule, 386-387 and perinatal mortality, 18, 296, 318-319 Caesarian section, 424, 449, and prenatal care, 452 160-165, 343 and bottle feeding, 221 and prenatal visits, 19, and perinatal mortality, 257-258, 291-298, 291 317 and septicemic shock, 175 prevention, 18-19 and teenage pregnancies, postnatal care, 18-19 36 and residence, 296 Cancer, 30, 101, Ill, 245, and smoking 18, 160, 165, 253, 396 227, 234 Cardiovascular disease, 422 and stillbirths, 160 and maternal medications, and social class, 18, 160 242 and toxemia, 18 and maternal mortality, Blindness, 55 243, 396, 410, 420 Bottle feeding, 55, 161, 505 and oral contraceptives, and Caesarian section, 221 100, 110 Brain damage due to hyper• and parity, 400 bilirubinemia, 380 Catheterization, 174 528 INDEX

Cervical cancer Colonial period, 262 cervical examination, 167 of Sri Lanka, 426 Cervicitis, 30 Columbia, 23 Chancre, 177 malnutrition, 56, 90 Child health, 15-22, 26-28, maternal mortality rate, 53-56, 307 92, 399 Child mortality 15-21, 57, maternal smoking rate, 161, 253 (see also 233-234 Infant mortality, Commune hospitals (China), Neonatal, Perinatal) 407 and birth interval, 39 Communication media, 10, 40, and birth order, 24 55, 67, 131, 399, and family planning, 17, 445, 452, 459, 511 57 Community development, 83, and family size, 69 262 and health care, 19-20 Community health workers and low birth weight,18-l9 (see also Medical and malaria, 159 personnel) and malnutrition, 20 for family planning, and parity, 24-26, 54 112-113, 126, 127 and poverty, 46 for maternal and child and social class, 24 health, 11, 169, Child mortality transition, 484-485 16-17 Community participation, Child spacing, see Birth 467-468, 486 interva-l- in family practice Child survival hypothesis,57 programs, 71, 82, Chile, 102 85, 126, 127, 456, infant mortality rate, 458-459 25-26 in primary health care IUD use, 102 programs, 262, 389, maternal age, 33 441, 461-462 maternal smoking rate, 233 Community resources and parity, 54 for family planning, China, 262, 405 59-60, 82, 459 barefoot doctors, 75, 410 for maternal and child "birth planning", 74-75, health care, 11, 411 255, 405, 406, 456 and the multi sectoral infant mortality, 158 approach, 110 IUD use, 102 in the Philippines, 487, maternal mortality rate, 496 410 Comprehensive health care maternal morbidity, 410, program, 56, 469 413 Computer systems, 259-263, maternity care, 255 302, 303, 508 neonatal mortality rate, Concensus formation, 262 410 Condoms, 67, 70, 74, 82, 102 parity, 54, 255 after abortion, 215 prematurity, 413 in China, 75 Shanghai, 405-417 in Japan, 74, 141-142 INDEX 529

Congenital anomalies, 28, Costa Rica, 59 34-35, 55, 56, 120, cultural factors, 9, 10, 158, 161, 230, 239, 168, 504 243, 244, 411, 412 breast feeding, 10 and aspirin, 244 in Czechoslovakia, 98 congenital syphilis, 160, and family planning, 65, 176, 178 66, 67, 459 Down's syndrome, 33, 34, family size and status, 35, 36, 56 54, 66 and smoking, 230 food taboos, 10, 475 Contraceptive methods, 70, political culture, 386, 97-107, 459-460 4;59,504 barrier contraceptives, religion, 10, 67, 45;9, 139-143 (see also 475, 504 Condoms, Diaphrams) social conformity, 75 coitus interruptus, 70 in India, 478-479 contraceptive jellys, 141-142 Dai (India), 388, 473-480 contraceptive tablets, Data collection, 257-263, 141-142 395-396, 445, IUD, see IUD 508-510 reversible methods, in China, 407, 412-413 145-155 in Indonesia, 307-308 rhythm method, 74, 141-142 in Sri Lanka, 434 surgical contraception, UNFPA, 458 98-100, 102-103, Day care centers, 10 127-137 (see also Death certificates, 96, Sterili zation, 395-396, 434 Tubectomy, Denmark Vasectomy) maternal mortality, 43 systemic contraception, Dependency rate of Sri 109-114 (see also Lanka, 430 Oral contraceptives, Dependent children, 93, 254 Injected contracep• Developed countries, 11, 23, tives) 45-47, 160-161, 263 Contraceptive technology, Deworming program, 499 81-82, 85, 459 Diabetes, 9, 19, 30, 92, contraceptive use, 66-71, 173, 245-246, 396, 303, 343 422 and parity, 87 Diaphrams, 141, 142 postpartum, 343-344 Diarrhea, 12, 20, 159-160, Contraceptives (see also 180, 445, 465, 506 Family planning) (see also availability, 72 Rehydration therapy) in Bali, 66 Discrimination, 55, 68, 70 community acceptance, Drugs, 9, 160, 468 (see 81-82 also Abortifacient, in Japan, 74, 141-143 Alcohol, Antibiotic, in Singapore, 48-49 Antifungal) 530 INDEX

Drugs (continued) (see also Education (continued) Antihelminthic, population education Antiprotozoal, programs, 83-84 Contraceptive for prevention, 399 methods, Maternal in Sri Lanka, 433 medication, and tetanus, 159 Oxytocic) Egypt, 23 fetotoxic criteria, birth interval, 39 240-241 Cairo, 28 for infectious diseases, parasitic infection, 28 170-178 El Salvador, 54 during pregnancy, 244-246 Emergency admissions, 271, 274, 276, 284 (see Eclampsia, 162, 319, 396, also Registration 422, 448-449 status) Economic development, see and eclampsia, 448 Socio-economic--• in Japan, 423-424 development and perinatal mortality, Ectopic pregnancy, 101, 212, 284, 301, 304 323-324, 344, 395, Endocrine system, 182, 219, 396, 402 223-225 Education, 10, 40, 157, England, see Great Britain 265-268, 279, 399, Environmental factors, 9 487 (see also chemicals, 239, 246-249 Medical education, hazards, 230 Training programs) and infant mortality, 16 family health, 12, 165 and maternal health, 9 family planning, 12, 56, overcrowding, 56 74, 85, 319, 344, sanitation, 17, 163, 167, 421 319,470,478,490, health education, 255, 510-511 319, 320, 343, 402, water supply, 9, 157, 163, 420, 433 167, 247, 468, 490, in Indonesia, 319, 324-345 498 level of Epidemiological data and birth weight, 18 feedback, 298, 425, and maternal age, 445, 504 324-345 Epidemiological study, 190, and prenatal visits, 240, 413, 465 268-269, 281- 284, Epidemiological 301,302,316,320, surveillance, 343 261-262 and perinatal mortality Epidemiology, 164, 230-234, 279-284, 298, 420 265, 443 maternal education, 17, Estate sector (Sri Lanka), 18, 163, 165, 421, 438 508 Ethiopia of Mother Health Workers, Addis Ababa, 31 497-498 Europe, 18 low birth weight, 426 INDEX 531

Extended family system, Family planning (continued) 88 service providers, 73, 76, Family, 461-462 109-110, 113, 117- economy, 93 126, 127-137, 261, health, 307, 308, 456 421 life style, 88, 467 in China, 410 Family Planning, 2, 21, 40, in Japan, 140-141 56-59, 63-78, 79-85, in Sri Lanka, 433 93, 304, 308, social benefits, 87-94, 455-460, 490 456 acceptability, 65-77, in Sri Lanka, 433-434, 456 81-82, 127, 146, in Thailand, 130-137 343-344, 455, 457 user perspective, 65-66, in Africa, 68 72, 76, 459 approaches Family size, 26-29, 88-89, "cafeteria", 70 90-92, 304, 308, 504 community, 459 (see also Birth integrated, 455-456 interval, Parity) availability, 71, 72, 92, and abortion, 209 127-128, 457, 459 and child mortality, 69 barriers, 67-71 in Columbia, 90 child mortality, 17, 57 in Great Britain, 90-91 in China, 74-75, 255, 405, in India, 89-90 406, 456 in Indonesia, 320 community based, 129, 458 large size, 56 community participation, limiting size, 46, 51 71,82,85,126, in Nigeria, 58 127, 456, 458-459 small size, 81 Danfa project (Ghana), in Thailand, 90 56-57, 443-444 Federal Drug Administration, education, 12, 56, 74, 85, FDA (U.S.A.), 102 319, 344, 421 Fertility rate, 56, 79-80 in the Philippines, 499 low rates, 66, 93 future prospects, 79-85, high rates, 47, 79, 89 455-460 patterns, 63 and government, 68, 72, Singapore, 49 84,140,459 and socio-economic "health theme", 24-40 development, 80 Howrah project (India), Sri Lanka, 431 70, 71 Fetus in Indonesia, 79-85 exposure to mutagens, 229 and infant mortality, 16, growth retardation, 9, 413 58 malformation, 34 and infertility, 9 Fever, 180 in Japan, 74, 139-143, FIGO, see Organizations 422-423 Fimbrial enclosure, 145-155 and low birth weight, 19 Flying squad, 398, 401, 424 and maternal mortality, 97 Folate, 171, 245 model, 75-77 Food additives, 246-247 policy makers, 76, 458 532 INDEX

France Great Britain (continued) maternal age and parity (continued) mortality, 92 and diabetes, 31, 92 and maternal mortality,30 Gastroenteritis, 183 Genetic counseling, 16 Haiti Genetic defects, 240, 412 tetanus program, 159 Geneva, 4 Health budget, 431, 468 Ghana, Health care personnel, Danfa project, 56-57, see Medical 443-444 personnel neonatal mortality, 442 Health manpower development, infant mortality, 33 462, 470, 510 (see and birth interval, 39, also Training --• 55 programs) G-6-PD deficiency, 17 Heart disease, 9, 110-112, Government workers, 82, 254 169 Governments, 2, 6, 40, 51, Hemoglobin levels, 263, 269- 68, 72, 110, 468, 274, 279, 281-284, 510-511 298, 320, 507 (see in Africa, 68 also Anemia) --- of China, 262, 405 HepatitiS-S-virus, 195-204 and family planning, 68, Hepatitis infection, 450 72, 84, 140, 459 High protein diet, 92 of India, 475, 480 High risk mothers, 12, 51, of Indonesia, 10, 84 89, 162, 174, 316, of Ireland, 68 344-345, 399, 422, of Japan, 140, 141 434 (see also Ma~ of Pakistan, 384, 388-389, ternal risk factors) 390 High risk screening, 164, of the Philippines, 497 168, 263, 321 and primary health care, in China, 413 388-389, 497 in Ghana, 444 in Singapore, 48-49 in Indonesia, 321 of Spain, 68 in Japan, 422 of Sri Lanka, 254, 431, in the Philippines, 347- 432-433 364, 484-485 of Thailand, 72, 130 Hirsutism, 67 of the U.S.A., 249 Hospital data, 96, 434 Gross National Product, 431 Hospitals, 348, 467, 468, Growth chart, 463 507 Great Britain in China, 411-412 cardiopulmonary disease, in Indonesia, 321, 323, 450 344 England, 36, 68, 74, 100 in Japan, 423-424 infant mortality, 26, 158 in Nigeria, 447, 451-452 maternal age, 55 Human rights, 456 mortality rates, 425 Hydatidiform mole, 324, 344 parity, 54 Hyperbilirubinemia, 371-382 INDEX 533

Hypertension, 9, 30, 243, Indonesia (continued) 313, 319, 398, 400, Java, 271, 323-345 413, 422, 464, 509 maternity care monitoring, 268, 304, 307, IAMANEH (International Asso• 323-345 ciation for Maternal Sumatra, 271 and Neonatal Health) Industrial chemicals, 248 1-6, 192, 511 Infant morbidity, 158, 179 affiliations, 1, 3 Infant mortality, 46, 158 headquarters, 4-6 and birth interval, 39, history, 1 55,90,165,504 objectives, 2-3 and birth order, 54 organization, 5 and breast feeding, 20 Illiteracy, 67, 403, 430 and child mortality (see also Literacy) transition, 16-17 Immune system and infectious disease, in malnutrition, 183-187 158-161, 179 in pregnancy, 170 and family planning, 16, response to infection, 58 179-180 and GNP, 47 Immunization, 263 and low birth weight, 16, education, 490, 498 55,160,442 services, 12, 16, 17, 157, and malnutrition, 179 163, 164, 165, 423, and maternal age, 32-33, 433, 465, 368 55, 59 for tetanus, 20, 164, 442, and parity, 25-26, 54, 89 445, 499 Infant mortality rate India, 67, 70, 163, 383, 475 in Africa, 158 birth interval, 504 in Chile, 25-56 in Punjab, 55, 89-90 in China, 158 breast feeding, 478 in Costa Rica, 159 Dais, 473-480 in Great Britain, 26, 158 family planning, 70, 71 in India, 25-26, 89 infant mortality, 25-26 in Japan, 158 in Punjab, 55, 89-90 in Latin America, 159-160 life expectancy, 157 in Melanesia, 158 malnutrition, 478 in Scandinavia, 158 maternal mortality, 43 in South America, 158 parity, 56, in Southern Europe, 158 Indonesia, 10, 28, 163, in Sri Lanka, 437 265-305, 307-321, Infections 323-345 amniotic fluid infections, Bali, 66, 67, 262 164, 173 Banjar system, 262 bacterial infections Celebes, 271 chlamydia, 162, 173 Coordinating Board of gonorrhea, 173, 176 Indonesian Fertility gram negative bacteria, Research, 307 175, 190 family planning, 79-85 pertussis, 159, 164, 534 INDEX

Infections (continued) Infectious disease bacterial (continued) (continued) pulmonary tuberculosis, control, 93, 157-166, 9, 169, 175-176 167-178, 465, syphilis, 160, 170, 505-506 176-178 and family size, 26, 28, tetanus, 20, 159, 164, 56 438,442,449, and infant mortality, 16, 505-506 17, 157-161, 179 convalescent period, and low birth weight, 160, 182-183 442 fungal infections and malnutrition, 9, 20, candida albicans, 173 179-187, 467 helminthic infections and maternal mortality, fish tapeworm, 183 43, 161, 162, 396, hookworm, 172 400, 504 schistosomiasis, 172 necrotizing enterocolitis, whipworm, 172 189-193 incubation period, 180 and neonatal mortality, protozoal infections 442 amebiasis, 172 and nutritional status, malaria, 9, 159, 160, 179-183 162, 170-171, 432 Infertili ty, 9 toxoplasmosis, 170, Information systems, 257 171-172 Infrastructural development trichomonas vaginalis, of health care, 433, 441, 173 458 sexually transmitted in• influence on maternal fections, 9, 162, health status, 10 169 (see also Injected contraceptives, 73, Gonorrhea, Syphilis) 81, 102, 109-114, transplacental infections, 127 200-202 Integrated development, 470 urinary tract infections, Intellectual development 9, 160, 170, 175, and birth interval, 39 356 and family size, 28-29, viral infections 56, 91 corona virus, 189-192 and prematurity, 241 herpes virus hominis, Intelligence quotient tests, 162 373, 376-380 influenza 161 Interferon, 201 rubella (measles), International Code of Mar• 160-164, 169, keting of Breast 239 milk Substitutes, Infectious disease, 19, 28, 463 47, 253 International Fertility and birth interval, 420 Research Program and breast feeding, 20, (IFRP), 23, 146, 161, 191, 200-201, 206, 233, 259, 307, 438, 506 508 INDEX 535

Intersectoral approach Korea, 99-100, 102 community level, 11, 85 Korean Mothers' Clubs, 72 to family planning, 59, Kwashiorkor, 55, 89, 183, 83,85,462 184 (see also health professional level, Malnutrition) 3 for maternal and child Labor health, 461-462 complications, 268, to neonatal mortality, 271-276, 298-301, 20-21 476 for primary health care, and delivery, 288-293 110- 390-391 in India, 476-477 Intranatal care obstructed labor, 97, 162, in India, 475-477 271-276, 298, 400, Intrapartum Risk Scoring 449 System, 348, 350-364 Lactation, 53, 89, 92, 222, Intrauterine device (100), 477 70, 74, 81, 102, Lactational amenorrhea, 54, 113, 117-126, 127, 70, 225 (see also 504 Post-partum in Chile, 102 ovulation and Birth in China, 102 interval) in Indonesia Laos, 69 Bali, 66 Latin America, 2, 8, 87, 233 Bandung, 343 access to water, 163 in Japan, 74, 141, 143 infant mortality, 159-160 and pelvic inflammatory family planning, 72 disease, 102 low birth weight, 18 Iran, 23 maternal ages, 33 maternal mortality rate, maternal mortality, 2, 8, 399 162 Ireland maternal smoking rate, 233 family planning, 68 perinatal mortality, 2 maternal smoking rate, 233 Lebanon, 23 Iron deficiency anemia, 101, Less developed countries, 110, 422 11, 16, 45-47, 57, Italy, 28 79-81, 88-90, 126, 158-161, 253, 307, Japan, 33, 73-74, 419-426, 390-391 AIIKO Institute, 422 Leukemia, 230 family planning, 74, Life expectancy, 17, 88, 93, 139-143 253 hepatitis B virus, 203-204 in India, 157 infant mortality rate, 158 in Pakistan, 384 maternal mortality rate, in Sri Lanka, 430, 439 425-426 Literacy, 44, 47, 265, 487 Minamata, 239, 246-247 rate in Japan, 421 Tokyo, 5 rate in Singapore, 47 rate in Sri Lanka, 430 536 INDEX

Low birth weight, see Maternal age (continued) Birth weight, in Nigeria, 448 Prematurity in Pakistan, 384 and parity, 324, 343, Malaria, see Infections 419-420 Malawi, 3-1- and perinatal mortality, Maldistribution of medical 437 manpower, 127, 137 in Sri Lanka, 435 Male offspring, 227 Maternal care, 7-13, 16, Mali, 4 307, 308 Malnutrition, 45, 47, 93, information, 258 240 (see also Maternal Care Programs, 265 Iron deficiency) in China, 255 Beri-beri, monitoring, 253-263, 268, Kwashiorkor, 304,307,320, Marasmus, Pelagra, 323-343 and birth interval, 28, in Sri Lanka, 432-433 39, 55-56, 89, 90 Maternal and Child Health and breast feeding, 20, {MCH) , 46 9, 50 3 161 care in India, 473-482 in Columbia, 56, 90 care in the Philippines, and immune response, 499 183-187 center in Japan, 422-423 in India, 478 center in Shanghai, 406, and infection, 9, 20, 413 179-187, 467 intersectoral approach, Marasmus, 184 461-462, 465 Marriage laws, 84 program in Sri Lanka, 432 Marriage postponement, 84 Maternal death Maternal age, 16, 34-39, definition, 396, 162, 190 classification, 397-398 and child health, 55 Maternal depletion syndrome, in Chile, 33 92 and congenital mal• Maternal deprivation, 168 formation, 34 Maternal health, 16, 307, and education, 324, 343 308 and first post-partum information, 258 ovulation, 221 Maternal health booklet in Great Britain, 55 (Japan), 423 and hyperbilirubinemia, Maternal health card 373 (China), 411-413 and low birth weight, 18, Maternal medications, 55, 160-161 241-246 and family size, 308-309 Maternal morbidity, 2, 9, in Indonesia, 319, 324, 30-31, 36, 43, 89 343 in China, 410 in Japan, 419-420 in Nigeria, 448-450 in and maternal morbidity, 36 Pakistan, 384-385 and maternal mortality, in Sri Lanka, 435 35, 92 INDEX 537

Maternal mortality, 2, 8, Maternal risk factors 29, 36, 43, 51, 92, (continued) (see 96, 162 (see also also Family size, Maternal risk Heart disease, factors) Hypertension, in Asia, 96 Infectious disease, and cardiovascular Literacy, disease, 243, 396, Malnutrition, 410, 420 Maternal age, in China, 410-411 Nutrition, and family planning, 97 Parity, in Japan, 419-426 Prenatal visits, and maternal age, 35, 92 Toxemia) in Nigeria, 448, 451 Medical care factors, 16 and parity, 30, 54, 92 Medical education, 468, 469, in Sri Lanka, 434-436 510 by the year 2000, 253 Medical personnel, 46, 69, Maternal mortality rate, 8, 73, 169, 190, 255, 32, 36, 253 261, 398, 401, 421, in Asia, 162 441, 443, 444, 4, 69 in China, 410 (see also Birth in Columbia, 92, 399 attendants, in Denmark, 43 Community health in Great Britain, 36, 384, workers, Health care 426 personnel, Midwives, in India, 43 Nurses, Primary in Iran, 399 health care workers, in Japan, 139, 426 TBAs, Trained mid• wives) in Mexico, 36 in Family planning, 71, 73 in the Netherlands, 426 in Rural areas, 46 in New Zealand, 426 Melanesia in Nigeria, 447 infant mortality, 158 in Pakistan, 384 Mental illness, 28, 55 in Singpaore, 43 Mexico, 163 in Sri Lanka, 36, 434-436 maternal mortality rate, in Switzerland, 426 38, 92 in the U.S.A., 384 Midwives, 257-259, 291, in venezuela, 36 506-507 (see also in West Germany, 426 Medical personnel, Maternal risk factors, TBAs) 265-305, 422 in China, 405, 411 (see also in Ghana, 444 Anemia, in Indonesia, 10 Birth interval, to insert IUDs, 126 Birth order, in Japan, 74, 140-141, Birth weight, 143, 421, 422 Education, in the Philippines, 114, Environmental 489, 496 factors, 538 INDEX

Midwives (continued) Nurses (continued) and preventive medicine, in Sri Lanka, 433 159, 444 Nutrition, 11, 16, 17, 18, and TBAS, 255 90,93,158,159, training program in Sri 160, 164, 167, Lanka, 254-255, 432, 319-320, 434, 463, 433 464, 468 Mobile units, 129-130 education, 421, 490, 505 Mother health worker (Phil• in India, 475, 477 ippines), 496-501 of the infant, 179, 443 Multiparity, see Parity and infection, 179-183 Mutagens, 228--- in the Philippines, 499 Nutrition programs, 83 Neonatal care, 2, 17, 19 in India, 475-478 Obesity, 173, 221, 225, 422 intensive care units, 19, Obstetrics, 2, 321, 419, 192, 424 507, 510 in Japan, 422 advances, 442-443 Neonatal morbidity, 240, 241 in Japan, 422 in China, 410 in Mali, 4 Neonatal mortality, 16, 17, Oral contraceptives, 67, 70, 18,20,32,55,158, 100-102, 109-114, 160, 281 127 and birth weight, 55, 160, after abortion, 215 442 in China, 75 and infectious disease, in Indonesia, 81-82 422 in Japan, 74, 141-143 and parity, 504 risks, 73, 110 Neonatal mortality rate Organizations in Asia, 158 Internat1. Association of in China, 410 Maternal and in Ghana, 442 Neonatal Health, in Sri Lanka, 437 see IAMANEH Neonatal Risk Score, 350-364 Internat1. Children's Netherlands, 426 center, 462 mortality rates, 425 Internatl. Federation of New Zealand Family Health, 6, mortality rates, 425 259 Nigeria, 26, 53-60, 168, Internatl. Federation of 447-452 Gynecology and Ebeno, 58 Obstetrics (FIGO), Ibadan, 28 6, 259, 263, 307, Imesi-I1e, 58-59 396, 508 Lagos, 59 Internat1. Federation of maternal mortality rate, Pediatrics, 6 447 Internatl. Pediatric North America, 18, 55, 162 Association, 462 Northern Europe, 16, 18 Internatl. Planned Parent• Nurses, 114, 140, 421, hood Association, 6, 422-423 462 INDEX 539

Organizations, (continued) Parity (continued) Japanese Family Planning and maternal morbidity, Association, 74 30-31 Pan American Health and maternal mortality, Organization, 23 30, 54, 504 World Federation of Health and perinatal mortality, Agencies for the 284-288, 504 Advancement of and prenatal visits, 316, voluntary surgical 319, 343, 344 Contraception, 6 in Singapore, 51 World Health Association, Peer review, 261-262 see WHO Pelagra, 183 United Nations, see Perinatal health care, 413 UNESCO, UNFPA, Perinatal hemorrhage, 31, UNICEF 51, 97, 162, 244, voluntary organizations, 271-274, 298, 313, 11,391,511 319, 397, 420, 448, Ovary, 101" 110 476 Overcrowding, 10 Perinatal morbidity, 2, 18 Ovulation, 219-225 Perinatal mortality, 2, 18, Oxytocic, 244, 476 51, 57, 158, 240, 257, 268 Pakistan, 23, 383-391 and anemia, 274-276, 284, health facilities, 387-388 304, 318, 319 life expectancy, 384 and birth weight, 18, 296, maternal mortality, 384 318-319 taxation, 390 and hemorrhage, 298 Paramedics, 127-128, 401, and education, 279-284, 504 298, 420 in Sri Lanka, 433 and maternal age, 437 Parity, 8, 12, 18, 19, 29, and medical personnel, 293 36, 39, 43, 51, 89, and parity, 284-288, 504 92, 190, 258, 316, and prenatal visits, 344 (see also 268-271, 281-284, Birth interval, 298, 317-319 Family size) and type of labor, 288 and birth weight, 18 Perinatal mortality rate and child development, in China (Shanghai), 411 26-28, 54 in Great Britain, 425 and child mortality, in Japan, 419-426 26-28, 54 in the Netherlands, 425 in China, 54, 255 in New Zealand, 425 in Great Britain, 54, 30 in Sri Lanka, 436-426 and health personnel, 436 in Sweden, 425 in India, 89 in Switzerland, 425 in Indonesia, 319 in the United States, 425 in Japan, 419 in West Germany, 425 and maternal age, 324, Perinatal survival, 298 343, 419-420 Perinatology, 348 and maternal health, 29-30 Personal hygiene, 10, 478 540 INDEX

Philippines, 23, 72, 92, Pregnancy (continued) 347-364, 495-501 teenage, 9, 32-33, 35-38, Manila, 4, 5, 372 55, 165 maternal smoking rate, 234 wastage rate in Pakistan Mother Health Worker 385 Project, 496-501 Pregnancy related mortality, Philippine Population 95-96, 97 Program, 112 Prematurity, 27, 32, 55, 89, TBAs, 483-293 165, 241, 410, 413 Physical growth, 26-27, (see also Birth 90-91, 183, 240 weight) and low birth weight, 160 in China, 413 Physical handicaps, 28, 34, and parity, 28 55 and premature pregnancy, Physician shortage, 73, 128, 165 137, 483, 495 Prenatal care, 8, 160, 168, in Sri Lanka, 432 190, 257, 265, 344 Placenta abruptio, 276, 284 and anemia, 343 Placenta previa, 276, 319, and Birth weight, 160-165, 397, 422 343 Plantation sector in India, 474-475 in Sri Lanka, 438 in Japan, 423 Pollution, 10, 239, 246-248 and maternal mortality, Postgraduate training, 20, 420, 450 445 in Nigeria, 447 Postnatal care, 18-19 and perinatal mortality, in India, 477-478 343, 344-345, 420 Postpartum amenorrhea, see and prenatal mortality, Lactational 343 amenorrhea in Sri Lanka, 437, 435-436 Postpartum hemorrhage, 8, Prenatal visits, 268-274, 410, 422, 476 308 complications, 323-324 and anemia, 316-343 in Nigeria, 448 and breech birth, 291 in India, 476 in China, 412 Postpartum ovulation, and education level, 219-225 268-269, 281-284, Postpartum performance 301,302,316,320, evaluation, 350- 354 343 Postpartum visits in Indonesia, 10 in China, 412 in Japan, 423 in Sri Lanka, 433 and low birth weight, 19, Poverty, 46, 93, 161, 263 257-258, 291-298, in Nigeria, 452 317 in Pakistan, 386 and parity, 316, 319, 343, in Sri Lanka, 434 344 Pregnancy and perinatal mortality, first, 8, 9, 12, 162, 321 268-271, 281-284, management, 308 298, 317-319 INDEX 541

Prenatal visits (continued) program for Applied Research and residence, 293-296 on Fertility, 145 Preterm labor, 241-243 Psychiatric evaluation, 374 Preventive medicine, 20-21, Psychological aspects of 157-166, 253, 399, family planning, 421, 468, 505-506 66-68, 76 in China, 406 Psychological tests, 373 in Haiti, 159 Public health, 165, 179 and hepatitis B virus, Publicity, 3, 68, 413 201-203 Puerperium, 219-225 and low birth weight, 18-19, 470 Quacks, 451 and maternal infections, Quality of life, 85 157-166, 167-178, 398, 407, 503 Rabbit studies, 146-149, 154 and neonatal infections, Record keeping 157-166, 407, 443, in Ghana, 444 470, 503 in the IFRP, 508 in Sri Lanka, 433-434 in the Philippines, 498 Primary health care, 2, 441, Referral chain, 291-293, 445 467 in the Philippines, 496 accessability, 19, 265, system, 401, 485 389, 474-475, Registration status, 271, 508-509 276-279, 298 (see and child mortality, 19-20 also Emergency future challenges, 503-511 admissions) integrated strategy, 2, 3, booking, 271, 276, 301, 11,59,110,255, 448 340,389,412, referrals, 271, 276, 301, 445-446, 457, 493 304, 424 and maternal mortality, in Ghana, 444 398-402 Rehydration therapy, 20, models, 11 164, 470, 506 obstetrics, 2, 59, 412, Renal disease, 9, 169, 396, 461 420, 422 pediatrics, 2, 59, 461 Reproductive behavior, programs, 2, 12, 467-468 64-65, 503, 508-510 in rural areas, 2, 82, 407 premarital sex, 55, 67 and sterilization, 128 sexual abstinence, 53, 54, Primary health care workers, 70, 474-475 405, 407, 421-422, Rheumatic disease, 30 470 (see also Risk approach, 443, 464, 484 Barefoot doctors, Risk assessment, 509 Dais, Medical Rural areas, 46, 68, 69, 70, personnel, Mother 82, 85, 126, 127, health workers) 169, 349, 483, Primate studies, 149-152, 504-511 154 perinatal mortality, 293 Probabilistic computer prenatal visit, 293-296 model, 102 542 INDEX

Rural health centers, 452 Socioeconomic development Rural health units, 486, 496 (continued) intrasectoral programs, Sanitation, 17, 163, 167, 465 319, 470, 478, 490, of Sri Lanka, 430 510-511 South America, 402 School performance, 91, 98 infant mortality, 158 School teachers, 11 neonatal death rate, 442 Scotland Southern Europe I.Q. and parity, 91 infant mortality, 158 maternal smoking rate, 233 Spain, 68 Second World Population Sri Lanka, 36, 254, 262, Conference, 80 429-440 Sepsis, 8, 19, 29, 174, 435, demographics, 429-431 448 life expectancy, 430, 439 Singapore, 47-51 malaria, 432 birth order and live birth maternal mortality, rate, 43-44 435-436 ethnic structure, 48 neonatal mortality, population density, 48 437-438 Smoking, 9, 100, 103, Ill, perinatal mortality, 227-236 436-437 and low birth weight, 18, Sterilization, 70, 98-100, 160, 165, 227, 234 1113, 400, 402 (see Social class, 18, 24, 54, also Contraceptive• 160, 190, 388, 420, methods, Tubectomy, 422, 476, 508 Vasectomy) Social factors, 2 (see after abortion, 215 also Overcrowding, in Indonesia, 320, 343-344 Poverty, Sanitation, in Japan, 74 Social class, Socio• in Korea, 98 economic conditions, and maternal mortality, 99 Water supply) mobile units, 127-137 acceptability of family non-surgical, 504 planning, 66, 74, 76 reversible, 145-155 Sociodemographic in Singapore, 48-49 characteristics, Still births, 33, 160, 174, 207, 240 209, 241, 281 Socioeconomic conditions, 2, and low birth weight, 160 47, 93, 320 in Nigerian hospitals, 448 and infant mortality, 16 in Sri Lanka, 436-437 and maternal death, 420 Suburban areas, 88 and maternal health, 9, 18 Sudan and perinatal death, 420 Khartoum, 28, 259 and vertical programs, 11 Sudan Fertility Control Socioeconomic development, Assocation, 259 7, 9, 12, 79-81, Surveillance Research, 261, 83-85, 88, 253-254, 293, 298 389-390 INDEX 543

Sweden, 98 Trained midwives, 257-259, maternal smoking rate, 233 291, 483, 506 (see mortality rates, 425 also Medical per• Unea, 28 sonnel) Switzerland Training manuals, 126, 445 Geneva, 4 Training programs, 60, 129, mortality rates, 425 131, 140, 257, 291, Syria, 23, 30, 32 445, 458, 462-463, 470 (see also Taiwan, 29, 102 Medical education) Provincial Institute of of auxiliary workers, 495, Maternal and Child 503 Health, 23 challenges, 469 Tanzania, 31 in the Philippines, 495 budget allocations, 471 in Shanghai, 413 medical education, 469-470 of TBAs, 400, 421, 458, Teenage pregnancy, 9, 32-33, 483-493, 505 35-38, 55, 165 (see Transportation, 10, 284, also Maternal ag~ 401, 445 Teratogenic criteria, Tubectomy, 98, 128 244-245 Turkey, 23 Textbooks, 261, 470 Thailand, 73, 90, 92, united Nations 130-137 Decade for Women, 465 Bangkok, 56, 131, 132, 135 Development Program, 163 Population and Community Educational, Scientific Development Associa• and Cultural Organi• tion, 130-137 zation (UNESCO), 462 Toxemia, 8, 18, 29, 30, 36, Fund for Population 161, 243, 410, 420, Activities (UNFPA), 422, 426, 435 3, 6, 259, 263, 455, Traditional Birth Attendants 457, 460, 462 (TBAs), 2, 11, 21, family planning study, 66, 69, 98, 169, 23 255, 291, 399, 400, International Children's 442,443,462,469, Emergency Fund 483-493, 506-507, (UNICEF), 165, 462 509 (see also United States, 31, 55, 56, Medical personnel) 74, 92, 96, 99, 100, in India, 473-480 160, 249, 426 in Indonesia, 10, 66 mortality rates, 425 and midwives, 255, 506-507 Nevada in Pakistan, 388 maternal smokers, 234 in the Philippines, New York City, 25, 90 483-493 Seattle, 231 registry in Sudan, 259 Urban areas, 46, 87, 467 selection, 488-489 and abortion, 207 and breast feeding, 55 and family planning, 69, 87 544 INDEX

Urban areas (continued) West Germany and perinatal mortality, mortality rates, 425 293-296 Whooping cough, 159 and prenatal visits, Woman's role, 88 293-296, 423 Women's groups, II, 72, 82, Urbanization 320, 461-462 influence in Japan, 423 in Japan, 423 influence on maternal World demographics, 44-46, health, 10 79, 87, 442, 458-459 influence on sexual World Fertility Survey, 87, customs, 55 457 utero-vaginal prolapse, 30, world Health Organization, 31 6, 7, 18, 36, 113, 163, 259, 391, 462, Vaccination, 159, 164, 407, 508 470, 498, 505-506 birth weight and social Vaginal examination, 69-70, class, 18 164, 174, 176, 475 definitions Vasectomy, 98, 127-137 acceptability, 65 Venezuela, 36, 92 health, 7 maternal smoking rate, 233 TBAs, 483 Vertical transmission of "Health for All", 7, 13, Hepatitis B virus, 256, 388, 441, 461 195-204 "Risk approach", 12 Vital statistics, see World Population Plan of Birth rate-s• Action, 457 Vitamins, 241 Youth groups, 399 Water supply, 9, 157, 163, Youth programs, 83, 165 167, 247, 468, 490, education, 421 498