Inductors, General Technical Information
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Inductors General technical information Date: October 2008 Data Sheet EPCOS AG 2008. Reproduction, publication and dissemination of this publication, enclosures hereto and the information contained therein without EPCOS’ prior express consent is prohibited. General technical information 1 Inductive components for electronic equipment Inductive components store energy intermittently in switch-mode power supplies and DC/DC converters, form parts of RF circuits or RFID systems, match impedances, transform current/voltage, are filter elements and last but not least interference suppression components to ensure EMC. The requirements on inductors depend on how and where they are used. RF circuits need coils with high quality factors and resonant frequencies. EMC applications require high inductance to achieve good interference suppression characteristics, low Q factors being more desirable here due to the need to avoid resonance. EPCOS provides suitable inductive components for all applications. This data book contains a wide selection of standard components, from SMT types (starting with SIMID 0402) through 4-line high- current inductors for power electronics applications to transformers. Attention is drawn to the excellent RF characteristics and extremely high reliability of the components, achieved by large-scale production automation and many years of experience in the manufacture of this kind of component. 2 Typical applications for inductors and chokes Application Inductance Current Resonance Q factor DC rating frequency resistance RF circuits, low low very high very high low resonant circuits EMC high high high low very low RFID ∗ low high high low DC/DC converters ∗ high medium high low Transformers in DC/DC ∗∗medium * low Signal processing ∗ low high — medium ∗ depends on the specific application 2.1 RF circuits The SIMID product range and leaded RF chokes are especially suitable for RF and other high- frequency circuits. Typical applications are resonant circuits and frequency-selective filters of the type increasingly used in telecommunications engineering and automotive electronics. EPCOS also offers double-aperture transformers for use as directional couplers and splitters. 2.2 Filter circuits When inductive components are used for filters in power supplies for electronics, high inductance, the lowest possible DC resistance and a low Q factor are required. The impedance should have a wideband frequency characteristic. In addition to the current rating, the maximum permissible pulse current (switching transient currents) and adequately high core material saturation are of importance. Chokes of all type series presented here can be used for this range of applications, from the SIMID types right up to chokes with powder cores and one or two lines. Please read Important notes and Cautions and warnings. 2 10/08 General technical information 2.3 RFID systems RFID systems allow contactless identification without direct line-of-sight contact. They are used for wireless data transmission in a range of a few meters. Examples of their application include the automobile industry, logistics, agriculture, medical engineering and security systems. The range of EPCOS transponder coils is especially designed for high mechanical stability and high sensitivity as required in the automobile industry for immobilizers, car access systems and tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS). 2.4 Switch-mode power supplies, DC/DC converters Inductive components are used for magnetic energy storage in all kinds of switch-mode power supplies and DC/DC converters. Depending on application, a broad range of different components starting from high-current SIMID and SMT power inductors up to toroid chokes and transformers can be used. Overview Application Typical circuit diagram Components Step-down ■ Ring core chokes with iron converters powder core ■ SMT power inductors ■ HPI 13, ERU 25 (SMT power inductors) ■ Transformers based on E cores (EF, ER, EV, EHP) Single-ended ■ Transformers based on flyback E cores (EF, ER, EV, EHP) converters ■ Ring core chokes with iron powder core Single-ended Transformers based on E cores forward (EF, ER, EV, EHP) converters Please read Important notes and Cautions and warnings. 3 10/08 General technical information Application Typical circuit diagram Components Push-pull Transformers based on E cores converters (EF, ER, EV, EHP) Electronic Transformers based on E cores lamp ballast (EFD, ELP, EF) devices 2.5 Signal processing Among other things, signal transformers are notable for being able to transform signals in a large frequency range. They are consequently used in particular in high-speed data transmission (e.g. xDSL) for matching and electrical isolation. Innovative materials and a special winding and coil former design result in low losses, good total harmonic distortion, and fulfilling the requirements on creepage and clearance distances. 2.6 EMC applications For broadband interference suppression, current-compensated chokes with different core shapes are especially suitable, e.g. ring or D cores and powder core chokes. Apart from use as filters in mains and other power supply lines, such chokes are important for data lines as used in telecommunications engineering, e.g. in NTBAs (ISDN), in line cards in telephone exchanges (digital and analog) and in automotive electronics for FlexRay®1) and CAN bus applications. For FlexRay with a gross data rate of up to 20 Mbit/s, the bus consortium selected the SIMDAD 1812, 100 µH as its reference type. Almost all component families are approved in accordance with the main international standards. All chokes for low-frequency mains networks are dimensioned and tested in compliance with applicable EN and IEC standards. 1) FlexRay® is a registered trademark of Daimler AG Please read Important notes and Cautions and warnings. 4 10/08 General technical information Inductive components with particularly good RF characteristics are achieved by the use of ungapped cores. The manufacturing methods developed by EPCOS lead to good reproducibility of attenuation characteristics and enable production of high-quality components at an attractive price. The company’s many years of experience guarantee that customers fast obtain an economical solutions to match their EMC problems. Our own EMC laboratory in Regensburg or one of our other European EMC partner laboratories is at your disposal at all times to help with professional advice and in carrying out measurements (see chapter “EMC services”). 2.6.1 Propagation of interference Interference voltage and current can be grouped into common-mode, differential-mode and unsymmetrical: 1a 1b 1c Vs Vas Vus1 Vus2 Asymmetrical Symmetrical Unsymmetrical propagation propagation propagation IND0821-C-E Figure 1 Propagation modes 1 (a) Common-mode (asymmetrical interference): – occurs between all lines in a cable and reference potential; – occurs mainly at high frequencies (approximately 1 MHz upwards). 1 (b) Differential-mode (symmetrical interference): – occurs between two lines (L-L, L-N); – occurs mainly at low frequencies (up to several hundred kilohertz). 1 (c) Unsymmetrical interference: This term is used to describe interference between one line and the reference potential. 2.6.2 Characteristics of interference To choose the correct EMC measures, we need to know the characteristics of the interference, how it is propagated, and the coupling mechanisms. In principle, interference can also be classified by its propagation mode (figure 2). At low frequencies it can be assumed that interference only spreads along conductive structures, at high frequencies virtually only by electromagnetic radiation. In the megahertz frequency range the term coupling is generally used to describe the mechanism. Accordingly, conducted interferences at frequencies up to several hundred kilohertz is mainly differential-mode (symmetrical). At higher frequencies it is mostly common-mode (asymmetrical). Please read Important notes and Cautions and warnings. 5 10/08 General technical information This is because the coupling factor and the effects of parasitic capacitance and inductance between the conductors increase with frequency. X capacitors and single chokes offer effective differential-mode insertion loss. Common-mode interference can be reduced by current-compensated chokes and Y capacitors. But this will require a well designed, EMC compliant grounding and wiring system. The categorization of types of interference and suppression measures and their relation to the frequency ranges is reflected in the frequency limits for interference voltage and interference field strength measurements. IND0815-W Interference Differential mode Common mode Field characteristic Interference Line Coupling Field propagation X cap Y cap Ground Shielding Remedies DM choke CM choke Interference voltage Field strength Limits __ 102 101 10 0 10 1 10 2 MHz 10 3 f Figure 2 Frequency range overview DM choke = Iron powder core chokes, but also all single chokes (differential-mode) X cap = X capacitors CM choke = Current-compensated chokes (common-mode) Y cap = Y capacitors 2.7 Safety regulations When selecting EMC components – in particular for power line applications – the safety regulations applicable to the relevant equipment must be observed. Please read Important notes and Cautions and warnings. 6 10/08 General technical information 3 Safety approval marks Now that the various national standards in Europe have been superseded, chokes are only tested to the current European standard