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Ceremony and Ritual at the Site of Cerro Santa Rita, Chao Valley, Peru

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Ceremony and Ritual at the Site of Cerro Santa Rita, Chao Valley, Peru University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 6-1-2009 Hilltop Archaeology: Ceremony and Ritual at the Site of Cerro Santa Rita, Chao Valley, Peru Richard A. Busch University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Busch, Richard A., "Hilltop Archaeology: Ceremony and Ritual at the Site of Cerro Santa Rita, Chao Valley, Peru" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 103. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/103 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. HILLTOP ARCHAEOLOGY: CEREMONY AND RITUAL AT THE SITE OF CERRO SANTA RITA CHAO VALLEY, PERU ____________________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Social Sciences University of Denver ____________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of the Arts ____________________ by Richard A Busch June 2009 Dr. Lawrence Conyers Author: Richard A. Busch Title: HILLTOP ARCHAEOLOGY: CEREMONY AND RITUAL AT THE SITE OF CERRO SANTA RITA, CHAO VALLEY, PERU Advisor: Dr. Lawrence Conyers Degree Date: June 2009 ABSTRACT The Site of Cerro Santa Rita is located in the mid-valley region of the Chao Valley on the North Cast of Peru. Occupied by people during the Gallinazo, Moche and Chimú time periods, Cerro Santa Rita fulfilled a role similar to that of a huaca, or temple. The people of pre-Hispanic Peru were deep set in their traditions, many of these traditions are still practiced by Peruvians today. The traditions of ancestor veneration and feasting are no exceptions to this. Cerro Santa Rita was a burial complex that had plazas and courtyards associated with the tombs of ancestors. Not as elaborate or large as the huacas to the north in the Moche and Chicama Valleys, which served as regional, administrative and religious centers, Cerro Santa Rita was more oriented to local ceremony. Ceramic and biological evidence suggests that parts of Cerro Santa Rita were unitized as designated areas for food and beverage production, these areas lack plazas and demonstrate a limited variability in ceramic morphologies. These practices demonstrate that public ceremony and feasts provided the social cohesion on a local level that was required in the outlying valleys, such as the Chao. This was necessary if Gallinazo, Moche and Chimú power centers to the north were going to maintain access to and influence over trade networks. ii Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my grandparents for providing me with the financial support to complete this project and my degree, sadly, neither of them lived to see it completed. I would also like to thank my parents for their love and care as I traveled back and forth to Peru, pursuing my studies. This work would not have been possible without the knowledge, support, constructive criticism and trust of my friend and colleague Dr. Jonathan Kent, who allowed me to work at his site use his resources and run my own project at Cerro Santa Rita. I would also like to thank by mentor and colleague at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Jeff Stephenson for his encouragement and keen interest in my work, his enthusiasm to learn kept me going over the last 6 years. Next, Victor Vasquez Sanchez and Theresa Rosales Tham with the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo were extremely helpful with the artifact analysis portion of this project, I could not have completed it without them. Finally, I want to recognize all of my friends for being there for me, pushing me through at times when I wanted to quit. Alison for reading and copy editing at all hours of the night, Jennie for encouraging me not to lose faith in my advisor, Greg for giving me a hard time for not finishing sooner and all of you others who kept me sane over the last few years. Finally, I want to thank Dr. Larry Conyers for teaching me to write and who never stopped believing that I could finish this thesis. Thank you all for all you have done for me. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction………………………………………………………………….1 The Moche………………………………………………………………………..5 The North Coast of Peru…………………………………………………………11 The Chao Valley…………………………………...…………………………….15 Archaeological Sites in the Chao Valley……………………………...…………17 History of Work in the Chao Valley……………………………………………..18 Cerro Santa Rita………………………………………………………………….20 Chapter 2 – Major Archaeological Components of the North Coast of Peru………...….23 The Cupisnique and the Importance of the Initial Period………………………..26 Cupisnique Architecture………………………………………...……….28 Cupisnique Iconography………………………………………………....30 Cupisnique Ceramics…………………………………………………….31 The Gallinazo and the Beginning of the Early Intermediate Period……………..32 Gallinazo Architecture at the Gallinazo Group Site…………………..…34 Gallinazo Ceramics………………………………………………………35 The Problem with Gallinazo………………………………………..……37 The Moche and the Early Intermediate Period…………………..………………39 The Recuay: Highland Contemporaries of the Moche……………………..……43 The Chimú and Their Origins……………………………………………………49 Chapter 3 - Traditions of Power and Social Cohesion: The Materialization of Ideology on the North Coast of Peru………………...….57 The Architecture of Power……………………………………….………………59 Plazas and Power……………………………………………………….………..64 Ceremony and the Creating of Iconography……………………………………..68 Sacrifice, Food and Ancestor Worship…………………………………………..72 Chapter 4 – Previous and Ongoing Archaeological Projects in the Chao Valley…..……85 Mercedes Cardenas Survey………………………………………………………86 Chavimochic Inter-Valley Canal Survey……………………………………...…87 Cerro la Cruz……………………………….…………………………………….88 Santa Rita ‘B’…………………………………………………………………….90 Cerro Pucarachico…………………………………………………….………….95 Huasaquito……………………………………………………………………….96 Cerro Santa Rita………………………………………………………………...107 Investigations at Cerro Santa Rita and in the Chao Valley……………………..111 iv Chapter 5 – Methods and Excavations on Cerro Santa Rita: 2004 and 2005 Field Seasons…………………………………...………...……113 Excavating Zone 3……………………………………………………………...118 Lab Analysis Methods……………………………………………………….…122 Radiocarbon Dates……………………………………………………...122 Ceramic Analysis…………………………………………………….…122 Skeletal Analysis…………………………………………….……...….124 The Excavations in Zone 3 of Cerro Santa Rita…………………………......…125 Unit 1………………………………………………...…………………125 Unit 1 Extension 1……………………………………………….……..127 Unit 2 and 2 West……………………………………..………………..128 Unit 3…………………………………………………………………...132 Unit 4………………………………………………………………...…138 Unit 5…………………………………………………………………...144 Unit 6…………………………………………………………………...147 Unit 6 Extension 1…………………………………………………...…151 Unit 7…………………………………………………………………...156 Chapter 6 - Discussion of Excavations in Zone 3 on Cerro Santa Rita…….…………..162 Radiocarbon Dates from Zone 3 of Cerro Santa Rita...…………………...……162 Ceramics Recovered from Zone 3 of Cerro Santa Rita………………………...165 Feasting in the Andes……………………………………………………….......170 Ancestor Worship……………………………………………………………....172 Evidence for Feasting and Ancestor Worship on Cerro Santa Rita………….…173 Foodstuffs Recovered from Zone 3 of Cerro Santa Rita……………………….175 Burials on Cerro Santa Rita and in Zone 3………...……………………….…..181 Synthesizing Cerro Santa Rita………………………………………………….184 Contextualizing Cerro Santa Rita……………………………………………....196 Chapter 7 – Cerro Santa Rita: Concluding Remarks……………………………….…..201 Works Cited………………………………………………………………………...…..210 Appendices Appendix A – Ceramics from Zone 3 of Cerro Santa Rita……………..………219 Appendix B – Floral Remains from Zone 3 of Cerro Santa Rita…………….…226 Appendix C – Faunal Remains from Zone 3 of Cerro Santa Rita……………...231 Appendix D – Gaither’s 2005 Osteological Report of The child burial in Zone 3……………………………………....236 Appendix E – Excavation Permits and Exportation Permits for this Project…..241 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Peruvian North Coast Chronology………………………………….……24 Table 6.1 Radiocarbon Dated from Zone 3 of Cerro Santa Rita……………….….163 vi List of Figures Figure 1.1 The North Coast of Peru…………………………………………..………2 Figure 1.2 The Sites of Cerro Santa Rita and Santa Rita ‘B’……...………………….5 Figure 1.3 Moche Stirrup-Spout Bottle……………………………………………….9 Figure 1.4 The middle Chao Valley and its Archaeological sites………………...…16 Figure 1.5 Aerial Photo of Cerro Santa Rita and Zone 3……………………………21 Figure 2.1 Huaca de los Reyes – Precermaic Period…………………………......….29 Figure 2.2 Cupisnique, Feline-themed Ceramic……………………………….….…31 Figure 2.3 Castillo Tomoval at the Gallinazo Group……………………….……….33 Figure 2.4 Diagram of Castillo Modelled Ceramic……………………….…..……..36 Figure 2.5 Gallinazo Negative Ceramic……………………………………………..36 Figure 2.6 Key Moche sites in the Moche and Chicama Valleys…………………...41 Figure 2.7 Map of the center of the Recuay Culture……………………………..….43 Figure 2.8 Architectural Zones on Cerro Santa Rita……………………………...…46 Figure 2.9 Recuay Ceramic………………………………………………………….47 Figure 2.10 Melted Adobe Bricks at Huaca Cao Viejo……………………………….48 Figure 2.11 Key Chimú sites in the Moche and Jequetepeque Valleys…...............….50 Figure 2.12 Plan Map of the site of Chan Chan……………………………………....53 Figure 2.13 Chimú Ceramic…………………………………………………………..54 vii Figure 3.1 Chavín de Huantar…………………………………………………….…59 Figure 3.2 Maker’s Marks at Huaca de la Luna……………………………………..61 Figure 3.3 Plaza at Chan Chan…………………………………………………..…..64
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