UNESCO and Public Opinion Today

Home , UNESCO

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CONTENTS Page Introduction. m- ...-.. -..- -. -- n .. -..- m -. mm--m " 2 Summary. ,...... - 3 Part I World War il? .m--...... --.-.-..--...--.--'--.--...------m 5 Fear of War...... --.--....----..--....--.....----...--.....--.....-- 5 The Prevention of War...... m.....m.mm....mm--.. 6 What Can Individua5s DO?....--...... m...... 6 What Can the United States Do?....--...... ,.... 6 The Role of Clubs and Organizations.....--...... 10 The Role of Scientists...... m""'--"''''''h''''' 11 Conscription and/or a World Police Force...-- 12 , Part Peace the UNESCO WaY...... --... ,.....m...... --. 15 Freedom of Communications..--...... --....--..---- 15 Race Prejudice in Our Own Land...... --. :,.. 18 An Index of Prejudice...... "..-- 18 International Implications ...m..----...... ,--m.. 18 Part II Five Proposals for Increasing Understanding among Peoples """"'--""--""""""""""""""'" 21 The Projects ...... _....m...... '.",,,""."'--.""--'" 21 The Pattern of Public Opinion.m.. ,..--...... 22 - Priorities ....--.m' ''''h'''''' ' 24 Over.aIl Support of UNESCO...... m..----..._...... 24 Part IV' An Exchange of W_orkers between the United States and Other Countries? m--.--mm"--..m.--. 26 Acceptance of the Idea in Principle....._.m.m....---- 26 Acceptance of Specific Applications....----.,.m--... 27 Reasons for Disapproval of an Exchange..--...... 29 Prejudice against Negroes and Foreigners.....m.m 30 Part V Group Membership and the UNESCO Program.... 32 Discussion Groups """""""""""'--"""""""..m.' 32 Veterans . _h' """'----"'--' hhh... --.-.. "-'-'-"'---"""-----' Labor Unions ____'h""'_------"_ c...._.... 33 - Churches "" '-"""h"""""'"'' :.. 33 Part VI Information and Attitudes: The.r Implications for UNESCO ..m.m..._..m..--...m....._._.....m...... :: 34 The level of Popular Information on World Affai rs ,.....u...... '"""""""", 34 Level of Information: Group Comparisons...... 35 Education and - Attitudes.... :...... 36 - Part VII Youth-the Key to the Future....._.m...... 37 War and Peace...... mm...m...m..um_....._..... 37 The UNESCO Viewpoint..,m... :,,,,,,_,,,,,,, 38 Specific UNESCO Projects...... --...... m.. 39 information and World Affairs.....m...... 39 The Cross-Section m...m......

Append ix ...... n...... u",,', --. ','.u" ...... --...... ".un..... 41 Pub I icat ions..... --...... n." n...... , --...... "" '_u._u.. .-... 72.-

The United Nations Educational, Scientifc, and Cultural Organhation is an international organization to which 30 countries now belong. Its purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting sense of .unity among the peoples of the world through the media of educational , scientific, and cultural inter- change. UNESCO believes that the maintenance of peace and security is dependent upon more than economic and political agreements between governments-that it is dependent also upon the mutual understanding among the peoples of the various nations of the world.

The basic assumption of UNESCO is "that since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed. " Historically, ignorance of each other s ways and lives has contributed to suspicion and mistrust-the preludes to war. Ignorance and prejudice, contributing to the denial of the "democratic principles of the dignity, equality, and mutual respect of men," made possible the war which has just ended.

The realization by the peoples of the world of the dignity, equality, and mutual respect of men-the values basic to the UNESCO program-is a goal efforts toward the achievement of which are assumed as a responsibility of the member nations. To attain the ends of mutual understanding between peoples proposes:universal respect for justice, rule of law, human rights, and fundamental freedoms for all peoples, UNESCO Fun and equal opportunities for education for all people. Free exchange of ideas and knowledge. Unrestricted pursuit of objective truth.

Ths report, based on a survey of public opinion in the United States conducted by the National Opinion Research Center between April 28 and May 10, 1947, provides those interested in the UNESCO program with a description of opinion, both over-aU and among special groups, regarding various aspects of the' work of UNESCO. The study was designed to: 1. Evaluate .attitudes relating to the basic philosophy of UNESCO. 2. Provide an indication of public support of various specific projects which might be sponsored by UNESCO. :I. Analyze the relationship between opinions regarding UNESCO and participation in various groups and organizations that, through their interest in international problems, might serve in carrying out UNESCO programs. 4. Study the attitudes of youth in relation to the above subject.

(2 J Fear prevails in the minds of men-fear of another People are not yet ready to pay the price of peace war, fear that this nation may be attacked, fear of in fact they know nothing of the dynamics of the atomic bomb. Most people believe the United peace. For example-three,fourths of the American States will be involved in another war within 25 public say they favor this country s participation in years. Half of the people believe another war is an international police force. Yet three-fourths of inevitable-that there is nothing they can do per- those who would favor such participation say that sonally to prevent it, nothing scientists can do the armed forces of the United States should equal nothing the United States as a whole can do. or surpass those of the international police force. People s reactions to their fears take many forms. Confronted with serious inconsistencies in popular A small group would withdraw from international thinking, UNESCO faces an enormous task. Even affairs into political and cultural isolationism, would in a country with a tradition of guaranteed human hope thereby to escape the world and wars. Others rights, people fail to recognize the fundamental value turn to the "armed peace to piling up national of those rights, or to apply them to specific problems, armaments and to developing the atomic bomb to To extend such value into the international sphere stil grater effectiveness. These people would have people must simultaneously learn to understand the government of the United States follow a "firm their own national problems and to realize that foreign policy. They wish to impress upon the rest they themselves are also citizens of the world. of the world the military strength of this country w In the United States UNESCO has little positive that no one dare attack it. opposition to face-fear, ignorance, prejudice But most of those who feel that something can be apathy are the enemies. Many educated, informed done turn to international cooperation, education interested people are already sold on UNESCO and understanding. They put their faith in .methods philosophy and the means to the desired ends. on which UNESCO bases. its programs. Further Among the uninformed, the less well educated, the findings, however, show that much of the support of apathetic, and the fearful-the principles upon UNESCO projects is passive rather than active. which UNESCO rests are not whole-heartedly Since the thirties, United States opinion has grown accepted, and the specific applications of the prin' increasingly favorable to international cooperation ciples find even less support. The patterning of in the cause of people regard the peace. Many opinion through the various strata of society sug- United Nations as the hope of the future. People gests the need for various distinct levels in are wiling to subscribe to the basic principle UNESCO' s educational programs: of UNESCO philosophy-mutual understanding among peoples. The college-educated, professional, and managerial through increased communication workers, and those in . the upper income bracket do exchange of ideas They say they believe in the free not need to have the principles of international and information as a means. of increasing under- understanding stressed. These groups are aware of standing. They believe the United States should the fundamentals necessary for the success of the help the United Nations to carry out several specific UNESCO program. In approaching these groups projects to this end. This is in itself a hopeful -pros, there is need for more specifc implementation of the pect for proponents of UNESCO ideals-if inter' broad principles-action should be the main point of emphasis. national cooperation has become part of the basic , the man- thinking of the American people, much progress The less well educated, the poorer people ual workers and farmers need to be convinced that has been made since the days when isolationism was there is a way to peace. These are the people that the accepted philosophy. UNESCO may forget about, or not know, because But mere verbal acceptance of a philosophy is not they are the hardest to reach. They do not belong to enough. Many people who say they believe in organized groups and they are relatively inarticulate, UNESCO ideals are unwiling to accept some rather They are the kinds of people who did not know a obvious specific applications of those principles. war was imminent until Pearl Harbor, but who were mobilzed in support of the war the national level people must do more than pay effort. They are the people who have not yet heard of UNESCO lip servce to democracy to make it work; to make but . who must now be mobilized for true world international cooperation a reality they must learn cooperation. They must be reached before UNESCO how to apply principles to concrete situations. can promote a real people peace program.

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Part I

tP ev III?

FEAR OF WAR Earlier surveys have found domestic problems para- l Today, however Fear of war is one of the most important. psycho, mount in popular attention. , it logical factors with which UNESCO must deal in is probable that people are much more aware of its educational programs. A complacent people, international problems than they were a year ago. with no recognition that international tensions do In answer to the questions: exist, might not be receptive to programs designed When you thin of the problems facing the to lessen the danger of war. On the other hand United States now, which one comes to your people mastered by fear may have so many doubts mind fi'(st? What other problems do you thin of?" suspicions, and prejudices that they are psycholog- 72 % in an mentioned international problems; ically incapable of cooperating with other countries 56% mentioned international problems first; in any efforts toward peace. 17% mentioned only international problems. 79% in all mentioned domestic problems; Expectations 39% mentioned domestic problems first; 22% mentioned only domestic problems. The fear of war still dominates the American All but a few of the answers given in an "interna- people-6 out of every 10 expect this nation to tional frame of reference" dealt with problems of fight in another war within 2') years. One-third another war or how to keep the peace, rather than say they are "fairly sure" the country wil be in with international trade, labor, and the like. In the a war within that time. The questions: table below, domestic problems of reconversion and living costs lead the list of specific problems, but Do you expect the United States to fight in another war within the next 25 years?" international pr blems are mentioned with almost (If "Yes How strongly do you feel that the same frequency as are domestic ones. ll fight in another war within the next 25 years-are you fairly sure, or do you 72% named thin that it is just li ely?" IN'TERJA'TIOJ\AL PROBLEMS; Yes, expect war in 25 years.w...... w. 63% among these. . . Fairly sure ...... w...... w...... 32% 33% emphasized United States relations with Just likely """",,"...... w....w. 30 Don t know how sure...... 1 Russi and the status of agreements be- No, do not expect war.-...... w...... tween the two countries; Don t know ,.-...... w 23 mentioned peace and war in rather general terms ; 100% answered international problems Even before the end of World substantia! 10 without War II a more specific explanation; porton of people in the . States expected United named the atomic bomb; another conflct within 25 years. Since March of stressed stopPing communism, with fre- 1945 the pessimism has steadily increased. quent references to the Truman Doctrine and aid to Greece and Turkey; Fear of another war prevails among. all types of saw as the most serious problems ing people-young and old, men and women, rich and the peace treaties (the Moscow Conference poor, alike feel we wil be in another war before was often mentioned), occupation policies many years. (See Appendix, Table 1.) and relations with the Axis countries; mentioned the rehabilitation of Europe International 01'ientation feeding foreign peoples, or foreign trade; Another indication of a growing awareness of the felt ing the United J\ations wor can. tense international situation is the frequency with stitutes a major problem; which people specify international problems when named the Palestine problem; and asked to . name the paramount problems facing the suggested other problems, including fascism; United States at the present time. Today s domestic cartels, and monopolies. problems are many and occupy the attention of 98%2 many people, but international problems are in the ';+Less than 0. forefront of consciousness of over half the American 'See particularly5%. AIPO release, August 3, :.Sillce many persons named more than one1946. problem, percentages public. total to more thal1 72. (5) "'."'. ..."...""'.'.." ''''..,.-,.",.

79% named DOMESTIC PROBLEMS; among When those who answered "Yes" were asked a these. . . further question What can you do?" educational activities tied with political action for fist place in 35'% answered in terms of reconversion problems: the high cost of living, price controls popular emphasis. Answers grouped themselves as and scarcities; follows: 32 mentioned stri es and other labor diffi- culties; Participate in educational activities; teach peace to children and adults; join 10 answered depression or unemployment organizations working for peace; become cited problems of national economic policy: informed about other peoples; study to balancing the budget, the national debt achieve understanding and tolerance.... 9% high taxes, and changes in running the government; Take political action; use my vote right; change the present set-up.m...... mm...... 9 mentioned housing; Stop tal ing and think,ing war; stop spoke of general social problems; such as propaganda; mind my own business...... 8 education, health, social maladjustment; Practice Christianity and the Golden merely answered domestic problems Rule; pray; get more people to join the named racial problems; church; refuse to fight if war is declared 7

mentioned varous veterans' problems; and Promote good wil and tolerance; de- spoke of national security, conscription velop character "'"-''-''''--'--'.''''.' ''''''''''' 6 armaments. Other answers ''''''..--m''''''.--m''_''''--m... 7

116 46%** 5'% said "I don t know " or gave inspecmc or ambiguous answers. This analysis of popular thinkig on the individual level suggests that, while some people have been Women, the poo , and the less ed cated-tradition' thinking within the "UNESCO frame of reference ally those groups somewhat limited to immediate many more need to be oriented into this new ap- interests-stressed domestic problems. Nevertheless proach to the solution of world problems. the divergence was not great. All segments of the population mentioned both international and na- What Can THE UNITED STATES Do? tional problems. The awareness of international tensions cuts deeply from top to bottom of the social The spring, 1947, study indicates that almost a third structure. (See Appendix, Table 2. of the public are convinced that there. is nothing the United States can do to prevent a war, and half THE PREVENTION OF WAR as many answer "I don t krow -makg almost half the people in the country without confidence in Another aspect of the fear of war is the atttude the ability of the United States to help prevent an- toward its certainty-can anything be done to other war. prevent it?

'the question read: hat Can INDIVIDUALS Do? Do you think. there s anything the United A National Opinion Research Center question asked States COUil do to prevent a war?" a year ago found that almost two-thirds of the adult Yes ..uu...... mu-m'''.,''.'m...... m...... mu.. 55% cross-section interviewed felt there was nothing they No ...... m...... 30 could do personally to prevent another war. People Don t know...... 15 were first asked; 100% Can )'OU thin of anything that you personally can do that would help prevent another College-educated people, those in the upper eco- war!" nomic bracket, and young people most often gave

Yes ""'...""."m'...'... .", 36% suggestions about what the United States could do No :"."'."".'...... m...... 64 to maitain peace. More veterans than non-veterans 100% think the United States can do something. (Table 3. )E* Since many persons named more than one problem, perc(mtage5 Because some people made more than one suggestion, the per total to more than 79. centages total more than 36.

I 6 J War in 25 years

DON'T KNOW . .

. What can the United States do? Those who had suggest a wide acceptance of the basic philosophy said something could be done were asked to suggest of UNESCO. The importance of international what th country could do. Most of the suggesions organization-particularly the United Nations- fell within the UNESCO frame of reference of occupied the minds of a sh;able group: friendly cooperation with other countres. 'This country sho ld cooperate fully with the United :Nations and not bac7t down because Two other groups of answers, however, are in political influences within the United States. direct conflict with the UNESCO point of view (Housewife, Paterson, New Jersey) as to how to keep the peace. A few people advocate We should try through cooperation with other countries to spread friendshiP and good feeling a "get tough" policy, including building up our and understanding for one another s economic armaments and adoptig a "firm" foreign poHcy. position, so that we would all have sympathetic understanding of the problems of other peoples Fewer stil would revert to isolationist doctrines and as we have for our own. (Hotel manager, New stay out of foreign affairs. Answers grouped York City) themselves as follows: We should work. for better cooperation at the United :Nations conferences. (High school girl Portland, Oregon) 39% suggested methods within the P1\ESCO 'There is only one defense against another war-a of reference. strong United :Nations. (Housewife, Rocky River frame Ohio) 16% mentioned compromise, cooperation strengthening the United N.ations; Various types of educational activity were also 12 named educational activities such as ex- emphasi2;ed by those interviewed: change of literature and workers, or teaching to promote international un- An educated person doesn go for wars or for derstanding; violence. 'They nOUI that they aren t profitable, so we must help educate the foreign countries that advocated deve10 ping more friendly we 0.11 are much more prosperous in peacetime and , tolerance attitudes love , prayer; not 0.11 torn up and starving to death. It seems me it's more a matter of education than anything suggested cultivating a more friendly else:' (Auto re.builder, Minneapolis) attitude toward Russia; Education-teaching people history and the lan- mentioned aid to needy countries; guage of other nations. 'Then we d see our own problems RELA'TNELY- in the light of the experience of other people. (Postal employee, 26% named methods not compatible with the New York City) UNESCO viewpoint... We are trying everything we can. We ve got help educate people in other countries. It wi! 11 % thought this country . should work for tak.e a great deal of time, money, and patience:' military supremacy by building un de- (Dentist, Ohio) fenses, increasing armaments, and mak- We should mak.e a definite effort to mak.e peace ing more atomic bombs; attractive:' (Salesman, Buffalo) Stop so much tal over the radio in regard to war. said the United States should mind its Don t discuss it so much. 'T al more peace in the own business and withdraw from inter- papers, over the radio, and in the home:' (Wife national affairs; concentrate on solving of brickJayer, Washington, D. C. domestic problems; advocated a firmer foreign policy; and An understanding that our relations with Russia recommended a firmer attitude toward are of utmost importce seems widespread, ap- Russia. parent in comments in many different groupings. 2 % made still other suggestions, or said they knew number of people believe. that this country of no way to prevent war. should make a definite efort to bring about" an increased unders nding between the United States

67%* and Russia. For example:

What the People Say We must malte a despe'rate attempt to understand and be understood by the Russians. (Oiler, Many of the methods people recommended by Buffalo, New York) which the United States might help prevent war W orlt out some program with Russia-see what Russia wants. It s a give and ta e. '!t s the only country we could have a war with. (House- -;+Because some people made more than one - suggestiQn, the percentages add to more tban 55. wife, Chicago)

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Can you think 9f anything that YOU PERSONALLY ?II can do that would help prevent another war

YES 36 % Q 0 NO . D I I 8 64 %

think there' 'fou aVlythitlg the UNITED STATES couJd do to prevent a war ?"

Y ES 55 %

30%

DON' T KNOWI?d I? /5 0 ...

'There IS little evidence of aggressive militarism- crhe Role of CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS not even among the replies opposed to UNESCO UNESCO proposes that various clubs and organiza- methods of acheving peace. These people advocate tions within the community assume de:fite educa- getting tough" or buildig up defenses because tional responsibilities in workig for peace. Half they are afraid of being attacked. There is evidence of the people in the United States think that such less of desire . for actual aggression than of dominat- organizations as businessmen s clubs and women ing, almost panic, fear. But it is equally tre that clubs could do something to help prevent wars. But fear and insecurity are the parents of aggression. only a fourth know of anything that such clubs arc Once a certain almost indeterminable point has been now doing. reached in the psychological processes through which fear becomes aggression, there is no turning back. Popular opinon about the role of such clubs uncomfortably large segment It is possible that an quite in line with UNESCO's concept of the part though stil a minority-of the American people these groups should play. Most people stress the is already dangerously close to that "point of no educational activities by which the groups could " How shown return. strongly some people feel is increase mutual understanding and good wil by suggestions such as these: among nations. An almost negligible minority (only Build our defenses strong enough to malte all 2 per cent) feel that clubs should advocate prepared- countTies afraid of us. (Meat packer, Salt Lake City, Utah) ness-an increase in armaments. 'They could be prepared. AU divisions of the Army could be on their toes. We could lteep the The differential between what people think clubs secrets we ltnow because the U. S. A. is not the are doing and what they could be doing is apparent aggressor. (Apartment house manager, Pasa- dena, California) from the table below. People have no new types of 'There s only one thing and that is we must be activities to suggest, beyond what they think the prepared so that an aggressor nation would thinlt before they attaclted us. (Ditch-digger, Minne- groups already do. apolis) We could show them that we are powerful enough All those interviewed were asked: that they would be afraid to fight in another world war. (Widow, Purcell , Oklahoma) Do you now of anything that businessmen Don t tel! al! our secrets and progress with the dubs, women s dubs or such organizations bombs. (Farmer, near Bloomingdale, Indiana) are doing to heIp prevent wars?" Do you thinl( there s anything that dubs and A comment of a type fortunately rare exemplifies groups COULD do to help prevent wars?" develop into a how the. defensive feeling may CLUBS dangerous spirt of aggression: Are Doing Could Do 'Nothing; don t know whaL..onon...... 74% 47% The . United States should go over to Russia and Promote educationaJ activities: ex- blow it off the top of the earth. (Track worker change literature, teach to further New York City) international understanding, support the United Nations and UNESCO ...... _on...... ''''",--''.' 10 The spirit of isolationism is apparent in a few Lend material assistance to other answers: countries ...mm...... m....on.. 6 Encourage more good wi! and toler- We could begin to talte care of our own affairs ance toward other countries...... 4 and lteep our noses out of other countries' bus- Promote pacifist activities; preach ness. (Ho sewife, Cleveland) and think peace; educate people 'This country should mind its own business and as to the horror and futility of war talte care of the U. S. A. first. (Housewife, Facilitate international exchange Buffalo) worlters, speakers, students; have international clubs ...... , 2 Since most of the s estions are in harmony Encourage political action; write with the UNESCO point of view, and few Congressmen m..,..m..""'"''''''''' 1 people would advocate either a "get tough" Work for military preparedness..... policy or one of isolationism, it is apparent Promote international unity.on...... * that what UNESCO has to contend with is Other answers ...... not so much positive opposition to its basic 104%** 108%** priciples, but rather ignorance and defeat. Less than 0. 5 per cent. ism. So many people do not 1(now what can **Be ause some people mentioned more than one activity, per" be done-or fear nothing can be done. centages add to more than 100. (10) . .

The Role of SCIENTISTS. 4% said scientists should educate people to the horrors of another war; or tell other Since the discovery of the atomic bomb the scientist's nations about our weapons so they wil responsibility for war and peace has been the sub, be afraid to start a war. . . ject of much debate. Half the people think there Impress upon the people of the world what the is nothing that scientists as groups could do to help next war would be lil(e from their standpoint. prevent war, or don t know what they could do. (Insurance agent, Pennsylvania) Help spread J,nowledge of the deadliness of war Among those who think scientists could help main' weapons now. (Businessman, Sylvania, Ohio) tain peace, the emphasis is divided between the two 4% advised scientists to share their nowl' opposite policies of increasing armaments by invent' edge with all scientists everywhere... ihg more powerful weapons of war, and of refusing to invent destrtctive weapons. Scientists are en' 'They could have something to. promote better understanding between the scientists of different joined by some to keep the secret of the atomic countries. (Electrician, Chicago) bomb, and, by about equal numbers, to share all Have the truth out in the open on the advance- their knowledge with other scientists. ment of all inventions and let ever one I(now they are trying to do the right thing. (Housewife, Denver) In answer to the question: 'They could form a council of nations to de' How about groups of scientists-can you velop science. 'That way no one would get ahead of anyone else. (School girl, Milwaukee) thin of anything they COULD do to help prevent wars!" 2 % said scientists should work for interna- people gave the following sorts of answers: tional regulation or supervision of the atomic bomb... 1 5 % of those interviewed said scientists should e only peaceful inventions; Scientists should band together and demand inte.' national control of atomic energy. (Furrier, make things to help mankid live a Carlisle, Pennsylvania) better life; make things to improve Our own scientists should get together and find health and living conditions; refuse to some way to control. the atomic bomb. By con- invent destructive things; turn wartime trolling the bomb they would help to promote inventions into peacetime uses. These peace. (Farmer, near New Iberia, Louisiana) answers are representative... 'rhey should put their efforts toward diverting Only a minority of the people feel that the their warli e inventions to peacEtime channels. scienti"t's role in the prevention . of war should be 'They should harness atomic energy for everyday use-to help wor ers and farmers. (Druggist, through his efforts to build up national armaments. Huntington, West Virgini\t) Instead of using atomic energy for bombs, put it 11 % said that scientists should ma1ze more to use in running machinery, getting bate?' liv- bombs, or more ing conditions for people. (College student . horrible weapons to Paterson, New Jersey) counteract the atomic bomb; they. 'They . could wor on beneficial things instead of should help to build up superior de- destructive weapons. (Jewelry salesman, The fenses . . . Bronx) Let them work for life and health instead of Build the biggest and the best atomic bomb in death. (Merchant, West Lebanon, New Hamp' existence. (Cattle buyer, Talladega, Alabama) shire) Make atomic bombs and have them ready. 'That Sure-if they invent a lot of good things-you wou1d prevent war because other countries are I(now, something scientific, foods, and clothes. scared of atomic bombs. (Farmer, near Rock everybody s living an right there wouldn t be Hill, South Carolina) wars. (Student, Chicago) Scientists sure the hecJt could do something. 'The Develop more things to raise the standard of liv- atomic bomb. research should go on fun ing among nations that have low standards force even if we have to increase taxes. (Farmer, near living. (Armature winder, Decatur, Georgia) Avon, Ohio)

5% thought scientists should stop ma1zing Invent something so powerful it would sca're hell out of Russia." (Engineer, Portland, Oregon) atomic bombs; destroy and outlaw all war weapons. . . Scientists should I( ee p worl(ing on all scientific discoveries so we ll be prepared. Countries wiT If they would do away with the atomic bomb hesitate to fight us if they thinJ, they can t win:' they would prevent wars. (Widow Clarksdale (Teacher, Nashvile, Tennessee) Mississippi) Develop some scientific method of being able Scientists should quit inventing explosive things stop the atomic bomb-some defense. because the -they already have enough to destroy the world. next war wil be an atomic one." . (Printer (Mechanic, Da!1as) Dubuque, Iowa) ( 11 J ''''.''''.''.'.'''.'.'''--.

5% said that scientists should help keep the regardig the issue is found between men and . secret of the atomic bomb and all mili- women, or according to the age, education, or ec' tar secrets. . . nomic standing of the respondent. (See Appendix Yes, scientists in America could ileep their secrets Table 4. to themselves. If they had kept their big yaps shut about the bomb, everything would have been all right. (Carpenter, Wellington, Ohio) Another consequence of the fear of war is the They ought to lteep their secret inventions for popular wish to establish an international police thei1 own country. (Farmer, near Oklahoma City) force to maintain world peace. In line with opinon increasingly favorable toward world organiation '53% of the people answered that they had during the last few years, three,fourts of the peo' . no idea of what scientists can do to pIe approve the general priciple of United States prevent wars or said there is nothing scientists an do . . . participation in an international police force:

They have already caused the trouble. 'They have to already invented too much. (Nurse, Reagan Would you lil\e see the United States join Texas) in a movement to establish an international police force to maintain world peace?" thinlt they better stop where they re at now. The')' stirud up enough trouble with the atomic bomb. (Farmer, near St. Charles, Missouri) Yes 75% No 17% Don t ltnow 8%=100% )'0, scientists are just talent. They can be hired (Housewife, Leesburg, Virginia) for any job. The majority of people in all population groups (See can see that there s anything they can do. The '5) subscribe to the principle of decision of the next war rests in the hands of the Appendix, Table pdJitician and economist--ot the scientisC' an international police force. Yet they also approve (Chief radio operator, Chicago) of universal miltary training for this countr. can t think of anything scientists could do to means of guaranteeng prevent war. can thinlt of a lot of things they is obvious that these two could do to cause it. (High school student, Ohio) peace are somewhat inconsistent with each other. Usually scientists are helping to malte war by in' The reason for the inconsistency in people s thking ventions. don t ltnow what they could do to is prQbably that they are so beset with fear they prevent war." (Laborer, De Soto, Ilinois) are ready to approve almost any measure they think Conscription and/or a World Police Force wil lessen the danger of another war: They have no dear'cut and consistent view as to what is the An almost inevitable result of the fear of war and best method. the feeling that nothing can be done to prevent war is a depel'dence upon " compulsory military training to build up a large armed force to protect this People are unwiling to approve of the real essence country when the war does come. Since 1940 of an international police force-that it should numerous surveys conducted by various public outnumber the almed forces that any nation could opinion polls have found majorities approvig such put in the field against it. Even though thee,fourths a measure.1 On this survey the National Opinon of the public pay lip service to ths priciple of Research Center found almost t\vo,thirds of the collective security, only 1'5 per cent are willig public advocating universal miltary training: to see the United States forces smaller than those of an international police force: Should every able' bodied American twenty years old be required to go into the Army or If an international police foice is set up, N.avy for one year?"2 you thinl\ the United States should keep armed forces that are larger, smaller, or about Yes 65% )'0 32% Don t know 30/0=100% the same size as this international police force?" Over half the . people in all the population groups studied are in favor of compulsory miitar trning. Larger .--...... --...--...----...... --... 31% The least degree of approval is found among farm' Same si2;e 00..00". ",,,,,'.0000'''00''.. '''' 39 difference of opinion Smaller '--'''''''00'. '''0000----00'''.'''''.''' ''' 1') ers and Midwesterners. Little Don t know "",-,.",,,,--.,,'''''''0000 '''''..--'' 1') IFor a detailed analysis of current opinion and trends, see Opinion News, Vol. 9, No. 2, AUg1st 1, 1947. 100% 20riginal!y asked by the American lnstitnte of Public Opinion, December 1938. At that time only 37 per cent of persons with "The Roman maxim quis custodiet ipsos custodes? ("\Vho shall opinions tavored conscription. watch the guardians?" ) was never better exemplified. (12 ) '~~~ ,.. ,, ,, , , ,

Would 'lOU like to see the UVlited State$ join a mOYeWleVt to establish al1 il'ternatioi1al f)o!ice force to maiYttaiY1 world j:eace

YES 75%

NO Cd 17%

DON' T KNOW f? g %

LARGER It 31 % SAME SIZE QIt . 39 %

SMALLER. 15 %

DON' T KNOW (D 15 %

Should every able- llli bodied AW1erjca twenhf years o ld be reQuired to into the Army or avy for one year

YES it II 1 . It , 65 %

NO Cd LJ 32 %

DON' T KNOW r? 3 %

( 13 J ......

However, at those who want the United States to should be kept smaller than the world police force. Join an international police force, only 17 per cent The inconsstencies in popular thinking are sug- approve the essential point-that national forces gested by the following table:

Of those who W AN'T the United States Of those who DO NO'T W AN'T the United join an INTERNA'TIONAL POLICE States to join an JJ'TERlA'TIONAL PO- FORCE. LICE FORCE.

32% stil think the United States forces 37% think the United States forces should should be LARGER; be LARGER; 41 % th the United States forces should 36% thk the United States forces should be the SAME SIZE; be the SAME SIZE; 17% think the United States forces should 9% thik the United States forces should be SMALLER; and be SMALLER; and 10% are undecided. 18% are undecided.

100% 100%

It would not seem unreasonable to call such a state ) Even among college-educated pebple, usually of mind a mere, pious gesture toward international the group most consistent in their thg and most order. in favor of international coopertion, only 26 per cent say our forces should be smaller. Only 13 per cent of aU the people want the United States to join in an interntional. The relationships between opinion on universal police force and are also wiling to have the miltary training and the international police force police force outnumber the armed forces this country. point strongly to at least two type$ of opposition to military training--pposition from those who The esential principle of an international police take an isolationist point of view, and from those force-that it should outnumber the armed forces who would want the United States to disarm in of the United Statesis approved only by minorities favor of an international police force. The table in all the population groups. (See Appendix, Table shows the relationship:

Of those who APPROVE compulsory mili- Of those who DISAPPROVE compulsory tary training. militar.y training.

79% still want the United States to join an 67% want the United States to join an international police force. international police force. 12% stil think the United States forces 21 % thik the United States forces should should be smaHer than the interna- be srrwJ!er than the international police tional police force. force.

(14 J ...... "

Part II

lJea UNESCO '3at

FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATIONS Most prevalent is the feeling that the cultural, eco- Basic to UNESCO phiosophy is the concept of a nomic, and political patterns of the two countries free exchange of ideas and information among the are so dissimilar that increased knowledge of each various countries of the world-to the end that other s ways would only lead to more quarrels, people may grow in understading of each other. jealousy, and even war. The belief that cutual The UNESCO preamble states that: isolation is desirble, and that the status quo should not be disturbed, is evidenced in replies such as ignorance of each other s ways and lives these: has been a common cause, throughout the history of man ind of that susPicion and I thin it would ma e us ,nad to have them watch mistrut between the peoples of the world us, and we wouldn t !i e what we see and hear through which their differences have all too over there. (Student, Huntington, West Vir- often bro en into war; ginia) 'The more we would know about each other the In view of traditional freedoms guaranteed the peo- bigger mess it would be. (Farmer, near Talla- ple of the United States, they might be expected dega, Alabama)

to endorse the principle of international freedotl 'There s different things said and done that other people wouldn t understand. We have such dif- of communication. Previous research, however, has ferent standa,.ds of living don t see how indicated that substantial segments of the American could get together. (Housewife, North Olm- stead, Ohio) population are not in wholehearted accord with 'The,.e would be another wa,.. Each country should the principle or practice of these basic human rights sty on . its own side of the fence. (Laborer on the national level, as defned by the Constitution Milwaukee) of the United States. Regarding international. communication also, many Americans concede to Some expressed the opinion that the press both in national governments the right to censor news com- the United States and in Rusia, tends to distort ing in or going out of the country. the news so that mutual understanding cannot be improved through the medium of the press: Censorship and Mutual Understanding Reporters like to sensationalize news and if there Two-thirds of the people believe that a free ex- isn t news tney ma e up some. 'There are too change of news between Russia and the United many anti-Russian interests in the United States press. It would cause friction without a doubt. States would make for better understanding between (Student, Brooklyn) the peoples of the two countries: 'Too much misunderstanding has come about from bad newspape,. wor say no-not let the tYee If our news reporters in Russia..nd Russian press go that far." (Farmer, near Blacksburg, reporters in this country-were allowed to Virginia) report on everything that goes on do you thin this would mt e for better or worse A third fear, directly connected with national secur- understanding between the people of Russia ity, was expressed by those who said that the Rus- and the United States?" sians would take advantage of such reciprocity to Better understanding ,,,,,..u,,,.,,,,,,,,"""''''...u''' 66% Worse uuu...... m...... m...... _u 22 learn our military secrets our inventions and te Don t know """,,',u,,,'...... m...... uu...... 12 nical know-how for use against us in war. For 100% instance:

The minority who deny one of the most funda- Well, thin they now too much now. If they premises by saying that an were ove,. here snooPing a,.ound, they d find out mental UNESCO too much about the bomb. and we sure wouldn exchange of news would be detrimental to mutual that." (Contractor, Huntington, West Vir- understanding, in answering a furter question ginia) . game square because Why do you thin that?" reveal thee main pat- Russia would not play the her reporters would be sPies." (Plastic tech11cian, terns of thought: Cleveland) See NORC Report No. 34, Where UNESCO Begins, pages We have secrets we must guard and protect. 63, 64. (Salesman, Pasadena. California)

(15' J - ----"--- -"------' ---.. -... .._ ' . . . ._-_.- -_. ="' .__.------.., d_ U_' - - --- u

While a majority of people in each of the different censorship to American publiers they tend to give population groups studied feel that reciprocity of Russian publishers the same privilege: news reporting between the two countries would 41 % thik that both United States and Russian improve international understanding, there are dif- publishers should have the right to send ferences in the degree to which the various groups their maga::ines and newspapers into each adhere to the principle. Eight out of every 10 other s countries.

college-educated people in contrast to barely half think that both the United States and Rus- sia should have the right to keep out of those with only a grammar school education hold publications with which they do not agree. the UNESCO point of view. A similar pattern is think that one government should have the found in comparing opinions of people in the upper right of censorship, but not the other one. economic level and in professional and managerial have no opinion on one or both questions. positions with those of poorer people and of manual workers. Three- fourths of the veterans interviewed' 100% subscribe to the principle of free exchange of news. (See Appendix, Table 7. Many of those who subscribe to the principle of free exchange of news between the two countries would give to the government of each country the Exchange of Publications right to censor incoming publications. This group , however, naturally less inclined to approve of Endorsement of the free access of United States the censorshp than are those who feel that free reporters to Russian news, and vice versa, does not reporting of news would only make understandig necessarily mean endorsement of the basic priciple between the two countries worse. The exact of a free flow of information and ideas between the comparion: two countries. Only half the public feels that Of those thin ing exchange of reporters be- American publishers should have the right to send tween Russia and the United States . would any publications they choose into Russia, and half e for BETTER understanding... feels the United States should have the right of 41 % would. give the United State censorship censorship over Russian publications entering this rights. country: 34% would give Russia censorship rights.

Do you thin American publishers should Of those thin ing exchange of reporters between Russia and the United States would have the right to send their magazines and newspapers into Russia, or should Russia e for WORSE unde'(standing... have the right to eep out things it doesn 68% would give the United States censorship agree with?" rights. 58% would give Russia censorship rights. Do you thin Russian publishers should have the right to send their magazines and news- Group Consistency papers into the United States, or should the United States have the right to eep out People who have attended college are more likely things it doesn t agree with?" to believe in the right of international freedom of communication than are those of less education. U. S. Publications Russian Publications The better educated are also more consistent in their into Russia into U. Publishers right to send... 50% 44% view that freedom from censorship should be two- Country s right to keep out 40 way-that it should be granted to both Russian and Don t know ...... --""'''..'' 10 . 8 United States publishers. (See Appendix, Tables 8 100% 100% and 9. ) Women, manual workers, poor people farmers, Southerners, and non-veterans are the most likely to believe that the United States, and, to a Most of the people are consistent in their point of lesser degree, Russia, should exercise the right of vie-y-if they grant the right of freedom from censorship. (16J . . (?

\\ Do you think American publishers should have the ri-ght to send their maRazines and newspapers into Russia, or should 'Russia . have the ht to 'keep out th in'gs it doesn't a ree with.

AMERICAN PUBLISHERS RIGHT TO SEND--

RUSSINS RIGHT TO r1 ft

KEEP THEM OUT..

DON' T KNOW- (? 10 %

\\ Do you think Russian publishers should have the right to send

their ma azines a d newspapers into ' the United Stat ) or should

the United States have the ri ht to keep out thiV1gs it doesn't agree Wit

RUSSIAN PUBLISHERS Rl6HT To SEND it , 44%

. AMERICA'S RIGHT TO KEEP THEM OUT I . t 48 %

DON'T KNOW- " ......

RACE PREJUDICE IN OUR OWN LAND International Implications

the great and terrible war which has It is obvious that, in ths modern world, at leat now ended was a war made possible by the some people in other countries have heard about denial of the democratic principles of the the Negro problem in the United States. It is dignity, equality and mutual respect of men and by the propagation, in their place, equally obvious that informed people all over the through ignorance and prejudice, of the doc- world may consider our solution of the problem t'fine of the inequality of men and races; in evaluating our democratic form of goverment. Slightly over a third of the people in the United Thus in its preamble the UNESCO constitution States recognize that the Negro problem in this emphasizes the folly of race prejudice at home and country has an effect on the attitudes of other abroad. That the American people as a whole do countries toward us: not live up to the high ideals of UNESCO is obvious, and perhaps in no situation more obvious Do you think. the way Neg-roes are treated in tha in their treatment of Negroes. . this country has any effect on the attitudes people in foreign countries toward us?"

No 45% Don t know 19%=1000/0 An Index of Prejudice Yes 36%

Almost half of the people would deny to Negroes Those who recognize the international implications in this country the same opportunities for employ- of the problem point out that we lose the respect ment that white people have. Previous research. of other countries by not practicing democracy at indicate that anti-Negro prejudice may be lessen ing;1 but the high proportion of prejudiced people home. In answer to a further question What is an inesapable indictment of a country which effect do you think. it has?" specific reasoning went pays lip service to the priciples of freedom and like this: equality of all men. The question on ths point People in foreign countries say we read: don t practice democracy; they think we don t have freedom and equalty, Do you think. Negroes around here should that we are unfair to the Negroes have as good a chance as white people to get prejudiced and intolerant...... m...... 18% every k.ind of job, or do you think. white people should have a better chance?" Our attitude mak.es themdislik.e us; they decide we are haughty, arrogant; ...... mm.mmm...mm...m. 52% As good as whites. it lowers our prestige...... --...... 9 Whites should have better...... mm..m...... 45 Don t know ...m...... """"" 3 People in other ' countries fear that they come over here we wil treat them 100% the same way we treat Negroes......

College-educated people, young people, veterans Foreigners use our attitude as propa- residents of large cities, and of the norteastern and ganda against us; they use ths attitude western sections of the country show less prejudice as an argument against democracy and than do the less well educated, older people, non- in favor of other types of government :, veterans, residents of small town and farm, and Our attitude wealzens our relations with other countries; other nationalities those from the South and Midwest. (See Ap- say we should not try to tell other pendix, Table 10. countries how to live or act; they feel persecute any country overwhelming majority of the public recognizes that we would An where we have authority or leadership 2 the fact that employment discrimition does exist. People of other countrie think. we are In answer to the question: In general if a Negro liberal and generous with J\egroes; and a white person with the same training were they may respect the United States for trying to get some good job around here, which one this attitude, or they may think we are do you think. would be lik.ely to get it?"-"9 out of inferior because we . associate with every 10 respondents say the white person would Negroes _..._m""'m""",'..m'_m",,'_m.mm 2 get the job. Other answers or don t know...... 1 'See NORC Report 34, Where UNESCO Begins, page 20. 39W "Tbe anatomy of race prejudice in this country is analyzed in: Samuelson, Babette, "Mrs. Jones s Ethnic Attitudes: A Ballot Analysi. " The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 8Sillce some peop.le gave more than one reason, percentages add Vol. 40. No. 2 (April, 1945). to more than 36. ( 18J ?" (?, ...... , ;"

this country po you think that the way Negro are treated toreigt1cout:t.rie$ . ha any effect: on the attitud-es pf1o.ple jn t(-. .

ward us

YES I 36%

45%

OONT KNOW 19 % . .

People having an international frame of reference frame of reference is purely domestic. The inter' in regard to problems facing the United States nationally mided people are also less prejudiced now* are more aware of the international implica' against equal job opportunities for Negroes. This tionS of our Negro problem than are those whose is the comparison:

. Of those who mention only INTERNA' Of those who mention only DOMES'fC TlON.AL problems. problems.. . 39% beieve that the way Negroes are treated 28% believe that the way Negroes are treated in ths country affects other countries in this countr affect other countries' at' attitudes toward the United States. titudes toward the United States.

57% say Negroes and whites should have equal 46% say Negroes and whites should have t:qual chances for jobs. chances for jobs.

Table 11 (see Appendix) shows that awarenes of wealthy, the young, and residents of the New the fact that the Negro problem in the United England and Middle Atlantic states than is the State has a bearg on intetional relations is among the les educated, the poor, adults, and more prevaent among the college'educated, the residents of other seions of the countr.

When asked. the question, "When you think of the problems only international problems and 22% mentioned only domestic facing the United States now, which one comes to your mind problems. (See pages 5, 6, this report. first? What other problems do you think of?" 17% mentioned

(20) j . ~~~ , "

Part II

?We ("9 7Jeo4

Findings presented in the previous sections have believe this is the most important of the five indicated that people in the United States subscribe projects tested. only partally to the basic philosophy of UNESCO Warld-wide Radio Broadcasting Peace though understanding." It is also impor- The Paris UNESCO conference included in its tant to know to what extent the public endorses the basic program "a study prelimiary to the employ' methods UNESCO proposes to u,se in implementing ment, . on a planetary scale and for the purpose its program to increase understading through com- understanding, of the and munication among the various peoples of the world. of planetary new revolutionary developments in mas communication If UNESCO is to be a "people s program " it must which have made it possible for the first time be able-in the working out of its projects- count upon the cooperation of men and women from human history, to conceive of culture il planetary terms. A world-wide radio network at the disposi- all strata of society. The National Opinion Research tion of UNESCO and the United Nations is one Center study measured the popular acceptance l of the possibilties which wil be investigated. five representative program projec , typifying the UNESCO way of working toward the attainment Again, a substantial majority-two-thirds- of peace. of the people feel that the United States should put up money to forward the estab- THE PROJECTS lishment of "a United Nations broadcastig majority of the public would have the United station that would send radio programs to all countries, telling the people what's going States cooperate with UNESCO in each of the five on in the world." One-ifth think this is the types of activity proposed: educational rehabilitation most important of the five projects suggested. and reconstruction, world-wide broadcasting, text- Revision of 'T extboo book revision, international exchange of persons, and exchange of art and museum exbits books The Paris conference recommended, for UNESCO' and maga:oines. first year plans for a comprehensive revision of textbooks and teaching materials in the interest of Educationa! Rehabilitation and Reconstruction international trthfulness, international understand- education program advocated by Within the entire ing and international peace. This project involves over-riding priority first UNESCO, " -during the a number of separate steps beginning with the estab- year-is accorded to "giving assistance toward such lishment of a clearing house for the collection and rehabiltation and reconstruction work, direct or dissemiation of data on the analysis and revision indirect, as UNESCO can suitably undertake, in of textbooks and other teaching materials, to be fol- connection with any of its projects. "1 Because of lowed by a study of these materials with the assist- its limited budget and staff, UNESCO conceives ance of the national commisions, and the drafting of its function in relation to educational rehabili- of codes of principles or ethics by which member tation and reconstruction in war-devastated ar states may analy:oe their own books and materials. as thredold: (1) publiciing the needs; (2) stimu- latig member governments, private agencies, and Ranking third in popular approval is the individuals to aid the program; and (3) coordinating proposal that the school books used in all countries be examined to see that they do not and .a.sisting efforts made by others. build up misunderstandings among the peo- More than two-thirds of the people in this ples of the world. Sixty-four per cent would country believe that the United States should approve of the United States' spendinCf put up money to help rebuild schools and money on ths project, and 17 per cent dee colleges destroyed in the war. Almost a thd it the most important of the five. "First Session of the General Conference of UNESCO Revort of 'Ibid. , vage 12. the United States Delegation, (Paris, December, 1946\ page 10. 3Ibid., page 11. (21 J ''''-'' ...

International Exchange of Persons THE PATTERN OF PUBLIC OPINION

Highly favored by UNESCO as a method of increas- In studyig public acceptance of the various ing understanding through communication are. plans projects, the National Opinion Research Center for "international exchange of persons representa- asked two dierent questions of respondents, who tive of the lives and cultures of their peoples, par- were handed a card listing the five projects in the ticularly with a view to re-establishing the trained order and wording given below: personnel needed for teaching and study, and to facilitate direct human relationships between students and specialists and schlars and techicians and It has been suggested that each country in workers in the several nations. the United 'Nations put up some money do the things on this card. Do you think. the United States should put up money to do any About 6 out of every 10 Americans look with of these things?" "Are there any of these favor on a program of exchanging teachers and things that you think. we should 'NOT put workers with foreign countries, but about half as up money for?" many expres active disapproval: Should Furher questions2 show that about 6 out of every Should Not Undecided 10 people feel that a program of temporary exchange 1. 'To help rebuild schools and colleges destroyed of workers between ths countr and foreign in the warL,...... 68% 22% 10%=100%

countries would make for better mutual understand- 2. To 100Jt over the school ing, but only a third of the public would approve booJts used in al! coun- of such an exchange with tries to see that they all nine countries men- don t build up misun- tioned as possibilties. Only half of those inter- derstandings a m 0 viewed would approve an exchange with Russia countries? '-'.m...' 64 24 for instance, probably the most important country 3. " To help all countries exchange with each in ters of NEED for mutual understanding. other such things as booJts, magazines, art, and museum exhibits? 58 Exchange of Boo1(s, Magazines, 4. 'To send teachers and Art, and Museum Exhibits worJters to foreign countries on an ex- activities recommended by the Paris change arrangement Oter confer- in which other coun- ence include "the establishment of an international tries would send their inter-library loan system to make printed materials teachers and worJters here? '....u...... m_.....m 61 in any part of the eart accessible. . . to readers in 5. H 'f 0 help pay for a any other part of the eart. . . asistance to libraries United 1'ations broad- and schools in their efforts to obtain books, museum casting station . that would send radio pro- materials, scientifc materials and works of art from grams to all countres other countries... encouragement in the establish- telling the people ment what going on in the , where they do not now exist, of public and world?" ,..,mm...... 67 popular libraries and muss as aids in the labor of mass education. This wil be closely related to the progras of fundamental education and of education for international understanding. As might be expected, the same groups that are most in sympathy with the basic ideals of UNESCO are similarly higher in approval of The international exchange of books, maga:;ines specific projects art, and museum exhibits is regarded as the least than are the groups lukewarm to UNESCO ideals important of the five projects. However, a clear The college-educated, the wealther people, the majcirity-- out of every 10 people-thin the young, white-collar workers, and residents of large United States should help fiance such a program. cities and of the New England and Middle Atlantic states are again more favorably inclined than others. 'Ibid., page 13. 'See page 26, ths report. (Tables 12-18, Appendix, show the detailed com- "First. Session of the General Conference of UNESCO, Report of parisons. ) the United States Delegation, op cit, page 14. (22 J ,.

Should the United States put up money to do flny of these thjn s ?

10 help rebuiJd schoo ls and col/e,!es destroyed in th war. YeS II EI' IiLltlL' 68%

No (& G 22 % f)J.i kNOW(f 10 %

To look over school books to see that they don t build lip WljsuV!derst8YJdiV1 al'oYl cout1tries.

Y!S EI(I (I(ltlrll! 64%

No I& 12 24 %

PON'T kNOW II /2 %

To help all 'ou tries exchal1 with each ather,

books) J1-gazil?es and museum exhibits

YES mLl 58%

NO f&1& 25%

#T KHowII rz /1 %

To exchaVJ"ge teachers and workers with forej countri-es

Y&S fll'lI t' rJl 6/%

NO (8 r& 28 %

:017#T KW;y(1 III %

To help pa,; tor U. N, radio hroadcastiY1'g statio..;;

pYo t"aVl$ 011 world activities for all coul1tries 1/ l'L' (ll' 67% NO 18 r. 23%

'f(J1I7 K#OWIf 117 % Do you think the United States should help the United Nations

o this, even if it meant our vernment couldn't /ower the income taxes people are MOW pavh1g ?

Y4S L' L' l' LW. LW l'l 61 %

#0 (8 /3%

LlN'ac/lJ,flJ (i 5 % (2/% favored none or only one of the proposed Projects) ...

Priorities that United States cooperation would involve financial support-a burden eventually borne by the Every project in the list is approved of by a majority taxpayers. A clear majority-61 per cent of the of the public , but when people are asked to name public as a whole-still indicated their approval in the they consider the "most importt " some one response to ths question: striking differences show up.

Do you, think. the United States should help Rebuilding educational facilities in war-torn areas the United Nations do this, even if it meant which 68 per cent of the population think we should that our government couldn t lowe ' the income taxes people are now paying?" help do, is deemed the most important project by 29 per cent of the total population. An exchange United States should stil helpm__...mm---- ..m 61 % Should not help.m-.._----m.-...--.---....m---..--..... 13 of , magazines, art, and museum exhibits book.s Undecided ...... ---..------....---....._--...um 5 approved of by 58 per cent of the people, but In favor of none or, only one of proposed projects ...... mu.._.:.m.....mm__...... m--.. . 21 only per cent rate it as the one most important item. The question read: 100%

Of the things you d lik.e to see the United From a combination of the results on the above States help do, which one do you consider intensity question and answers to the specic propo- most important?" sitions people were grouped on a five-point scale of Help rebuild schools and colleges.m_.. 29%* approval-opposition toward the UNESCO program. Help pay for a United Nations broad- Among the public as a whole, the gradations from casting station m.m.....m.m....m--""m'" 20 wholehearted support to opposition appear to pro- Send teachers and workers to foreign gress in the followig manner: countries _....m'--"""--""__..m""..m.."" 18 Look over school books used in all High suppo.(t-those who said the countries ''''''--''''-,'',''''''.m.--..--.mmU' 17 * United State should do all five of the Help countries exchange... books projects , and answered Yes to the in- maga ines, art, museum. exhibits...... 3 tensity question ",,,m,,_'.m..m'm",',,",, 28 should not help do The United States Considerable support-those who said these...... m_.._m...... _...... m.... 9 any of the United States should do two, No opinion ..um..U----.h----h""-.--__h.....- 4 three or four of the projects, and answered Yes to the intensity ques- 100% tion ...mm..mmm",_"mn'm'--,'..--m_m." 31 Q,ualified support-ilose who said the should do two, three Over-all Support of UNESCO United States fow' , or. five of the projects, but answered to the intensity question 13 The five projects listed can be considered repre- Slight support-those who said the sentative of specific aspect of the UNESCO pro- United States should do only one of the gram. Support of all five programs, then, might projects. (These were not asked the be interpreted as effective support of UNESCO '1S intensity question. ) _nmum....m..nm... 9 a whole. Contrarily, disapproval of all five items Opposition-those who said the United would probably indicate opposition to the UNESCO States should not do any of the movement as a whole. But this assumption would projects ..nm....m.....--...... n.__.._...-_..... 9 hold only if all people were equally sincere in their Undecided-those who answered recommendation that the United States put up Don t know" to either of the questions 10 money to help the United Nations carry out the 100% projects.

People who reveal the highest degree of support To provide a rough measure of intensity of approval thos who said the United States should help do two for UNESCO tend to be most in favor of freedom of communications between the United States and or more of the projects were asked a further ques- Russia. They are more sure tha others that our tion, which included concrete reference to the fact race problems at home have an effect on interna-

"Included in the figures. are the people who named this as the tional relations; they are less prejudiced only project we should help do. against (24) Negroes. They are more optimistic about what the the priciple that such a force should outnumber United States can do to prevent another war. They our own. tend to emphasi e the international aspects of prob, lems facing the United States now, favor the par' The following table shows how support of UNESCO ticipation of this country in an intenw,tional police projects is related to opinion on the more generalized force and show a higher degree of acceptance of aspects of UNESCO philosophy:

OF THOSE WHOSE ATTITUDE TOWAR UNESCO IS ONE OF: High Considerable Qualified Slight Support Support Support Support Opposition

58% 45% 43% 40% think American publishers should have the right to send material into Russia.

think Russian publishers should have the right to send material into the United States.

believe an uncensored exchange of news with Russia would lead to better understanding.

feel that an exchange of work.ers with other countries would lead to better understanding.

say Negroes and whites should have equal chances for jobs.

believe the way Negroes are treated in this country affects other countries' attitudes toward the United States.

tend to thik in an international frame of reference.

think the United States can help prevent war.

think the United States should join the world police force.

believe the world police force should outnumber the United States armed forces.

Thes respondents named at least one international problem in What other problems do you think of?n (See analysis on page answer to the question "When you think of the problems facing 5, this report. the United States now, which one comes to your min first?"

(25 j ... . .

Part IV

;4tt oI1(

Ue Sta eud A workable plan for the exchange-between COUll 'The workps would not come in contact with enough people to mak,e any impression or in- tries--f individuals representing the lives and fluence the greater number. (Housewife, Wash- cultures of thei homelands could be a key method ington, D. C. of increasing understanding among peoples It would tak,e longer than a few months to learn the language and understand the people. (Auto UNESCO believes. Because this is potentilly such mechanic, Denver) a promising program, various approaches were em' It would be too long a process to get results. More time and money should be spent on broadcasting, ployed in the study to measure the acceptabilty of newspapers, and magazines. (Lawyer s wife, such a plan to the people of the United States. Georgia) ACCEPTANCE OF 3 % say that other countries are satisfied THE IDEA IN PRINCIPLE with their own ways, that foreigners are hard-headed, uncooperative, or sus' Almost two,thirds of the public subscrbe in prin- picious, and that they do not want to ciple to the hypothesis that such an exchange of learn about us . . . workers would bring about better understanding People are educated in their own ways and have between the people of the countries involved: no desire to change. (Schoolteacher, Indiana) If this country had different k,inds of wor Other countries think, they I1now it all; they ers trade places with wor ers in foreign wouldn t be wi1ing. to tal1e advantage of ideas work,ers might bring over. (Seamstress, Balti- countries for a few months-such as teachers, more) office wor ers, factory wor ers, and farmers 2% feel that each country should ta e care do you thin this would bring about a of itself. They say we need our workers better feeling between the people of this , and other countries need their country and other countries, or not?" here own workers there. Yes m.h.. .mu..m-._..m.mumh..mum_.um..mU.. 64% No m.m.....m..mu..numm...um-...... um_m . 27 2% fear that under such a plan the foreign Don t know .m..._mm_ ..umm...n_...... nn..n.m 9 wor ers would become dissatisfied they own 100% would not want to live in their country again jealous of the mi- , or would be Asked, Why don t you thin it would?" our standard of living. nority who do not think the plan as described would 2 % are afraid the plan would disturb the be a success give a number of reasons for their pobt status quo of this country by bringing of view. A few of the actual answers enliven the in Communists and Fascists, low wages statistical analysis: and low standards of living, or that

6% say there are too many differences among labor trouble would result. They fear countries to be reconciled in this way. that the foreign workers would try to They emphasize the fact that each coun' influence us. try has different customs, ways of living, I % are afraid foreign countries would send its own language and government-all sPies to learn our miitary secrets. of which may result in inconveniences I % believe we are already superior and antagonisms, and resentments. could not learn anything from foreign Weare so different in every way that we wouldn countries. get aJong. 'They do their work, one way and we I % fear that our wor ers wo;'ld not be do ours another. (Farmer, near Mulvane, Kansas) . happy workig in a foreign country I don t believe we could ever understcnd each condi- other s way of Jiving. (Housewife, Detroit) under poor living and working 5 % say that the plan as described is. not tions. feasible that a few months is too short 6% give other reasons, or are unable to give a time to accomplish anyting, or that any reason at all for their point of view. a few workers could. not accomptish enough. Some point out that having 29%* had foreigners here in the past has not ""Because some people gave more than one l"eason ) peTcentages increased mutual understanding.. . add to more than 26. (26) j . '''-,...- j,'"".""'-'......

The, belief that increased communication between Varying majorities, however, would approve peoples makes for mutual understnding is the basic an exchange with every country listed except philosophy underlying proposals for exchange of Japan, in which last instance only a bare news and information whether through the printed plurality would endorse an exchange arrange' ment. People are most undecided about page or though direct exchange of people. Accept- Greece. ance of the two proposals, then, is somewhat inter- related: How people answered regatding each of the nine countries is shown below: 72 % of those who believe that exchange of news with Russia would lead to better Suppose otlr government does as workers understanding believe als that an inter- from other. countries to trade places with national exchange of workers would work.ers in the United States for a few result in "better feeling " among the months. Are there any of these co.untres countries; you d like to have send some of their workers to the United States?"* AND ONLY Are there any of these countries that you 54% of those who feel that exchange of news would NOT like to have send workers to the with Russia would make for worse United States?"* understanding express their approval of Would Would an international exchange of workers. Like Not Like Opinion England '.."'''.''' ''''-.. 64% 17% 19%=1000/0 The by now familiar pattern of group opinion is Sweden ,...-...... ,.--,..., 62 14 again apparent in that the better educated France ....----...... -,...., 61 15 , younger China '....--- ..,.. 57 21 and professional people are more apt to subscribe Mexico 'w'-'' '... 56 19 Greece ".n_.. '''.'' 54 17 to the UNESCO point of view than are the less Germany -...... n_....., 54 28 well educated, the adults, manual. workers, and Russia "."n'.'."...n '..n- 53 31 farmers. (Table 19, Appendix, shows the exact Japan ""."" '...-. 43 40 percentages. ) Veterans' opinions are about the same Persons under 21 , the college-educated, professional as those of non'veterans, except that veterans people, and white-collar workers are the population register approval of an exchange with Russia more groups most receptive to the idea of an exchange of often than do non-veterans. workers between countries. Many of the group differences are undoubtedly due in large part to ACCEPTANCE OF ignorance on the part of the poorer, less well, SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS educated people who are unable to express an opinion as to active prejudices against foreigners. Approval of the general principle of international (See Appendix, Tables 20- , for detailed com' exchge of workers does not necessarily mean ap' parisons, ) proal of an exchange with every COtlnt1'Y. Logically" a full approval and understanding of the purpose The pattern of popular opinion regarding an ex' of the plan would mean perhaps an emphasis on the change of workers is another example of inconsistent countries with which we do not now have full thin ing, of subscribing to a general priciple, but mutual understanding. Actually, e prejudices negating it by not accepting the specific application dislikes, and unfavorable stereotypes which people of the program. Although 64 per cent of the carry around with them operate to negate in actual public as a whole believe an exchange plan would application the principles to which they pay lip bring about better understanding among nations service. and 61 per cent think the United States should put up money to help the United Nations work out "Nine Cotmtries such a plan. . .

When people are asked specifically about People were handed a card on which the countries were listed in the followinK order: Sweden, Russia, J apan t Greece, Ger.. each of the nine countries with which an many, China rance, Mexico, England. Interv ewers were instructed to nlake sure that respondents consIdered each . exchange of workers might be proposed, the country individual1y. plan as applied to England, Sweden, and **Includes both people who said "Don t know" and p,eople who did not mention the country as "W QuId like" or f W QuId not France elicits the highest degree of approvaL like,

(27 J . . ...

AMONG ALL THOSE INTERVIEWED And among those who say such an exchange only 34 per cent would approve of the par- would lead to better feeling between the ticipation of all nine countries about which United States and the countries involved they were asked specically. only 45 per cent would like to exchange wor ers with aU nine countries. And 18 per cent do not express approval of any of the countries. The people who would like an exchange of workers with all nine countries are-as shown by their AMONG THOSE EXPRESSING ACCEPT- answers to other questiong-onsistently closer in ANCE OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE there their thinking to the UNESCO philosophy than are those who express a desire to cooperate with none is stil some lack of consistency. . . of the nine countries in a plan of worker exchange. Even among those who say we should spend Those who favor an exchange plan in all nine in- money to help the United Nations develop a stances are clearly more likely (1) to endorse free- program of international exchange of work- dom of communications, and (2) to support the ers, only 46 per cent would like to have the specific projects which constitute the basic program United States exchange wor ers with al! nine countries. of UNESCO.

Of those who would li to exchange work.ers with Of those who would 1ik.e to exchange work.'ers with

ALL J\INE (ountries named* N.O'NE of the nine countries 59% think American publishers should have the % think American publishers should have the right to send material into Russia. right to send material into Russia. 56% think Russian publishers should have the 26% think Russian publishers should have the right to send material into the United right to send material into the United States. States.

78% believe an uncensored exchange of news 49% believe an uncensored exchange of news with Russia would lead to better under- with Russia would lead to better understanding. standing, 80% think the United States should help the 48% think the United States should help the United Nations rebuild schools and colleges. United Nations rebuild schools and colleges.

79% would like to see this country heIp pay for 44ro would like to see this country heIp pay for . a United J\ations broadcasting station. United J\ations broadcasting station. 81 % believe the United States should help the 28% believe the United States should help the United Nations by exchanging teachers and United Nations by exchanging teachers and work.ers with foreign countries. work.ers with foreign count-fies. 75% think the United States should help the 46% think the United States should help the United Nations loo ove ' school book.s used United Nations loo over school booJ?s in aU countries. used in aU countries. 74% would .like the United States to help the 36% would like the United State to help the United Nations promote the exchange United Nations promote the exchange book.s, magazines, art, and museum exhibits book.s, magazines, art, and museum exhibits among count ies. among countries.

-I Asked HSuppose our government does ask workers from other there any of these countries that you would NOT like to have countries to trade places with workers in the United States for send workers to the United States?" 34% said they would Eke a few months. Are there any of these' countries you d like to to exchange workers with all NINE countries, and 18% said they have send some of their workers to the United States? Are would Eke to exchauge workers with NONE of the countries.

(28 J :...... , .

REASONS FOR DISAPPROVAL Many people say they can never forget that the OF AN EXCHANGE Japanese were once enemies and that they wil alWays hate them: To analyze the resistance which UNESCO may You never can teU what some of them might do encounter in gaining popular support for the inter- they re stil our enemies. (High school girl national exchange of workers, the National Opinion Flushing, New York) Research Center asked people . who disapproved of don t believe the boys in service would like it. They learned to hate them. It liable to cause an exchange program with each country to give a problem:' (Textile worker, Chester South their reasons. Answers to the question Wauld Carolina) you mind telling me why you wouldn t lik,e to have Russia work,ers from....n..m.m...... m...... sent here!" are analyzed in detail in Table 29 of the Appendix. Abut one-third of the public-31 per cent- Some of the unfavorable sentiment is based on ob- opposed to an exchange of workers with Russia. jections to the plan itself or on a generally unfavor- Ideological and political. differences are the main able attitude toward all foreigners: basis for opposition, while general mistrust and fear of spying show up to a considerable extent. Those I don t thin/t it would help conditions one bit. who say the Russians would bring in bad ideas think it would be money wasted. Their ideas (all , or other- of the countries) are widely different from ours spread communism cause labor trouble and thei'( methods of doing things are so varied. wise upset the status quo often express their (Meatcutter, Buffalo. opinions in terms such as these: I can t lump it all into one. The English are enough like us and they don t want anything from don t like Russia s attitude of world domination. us. It would be nice and friendly to have them. She has the idea of ing an the world come All the others would get over here and just want under her communistic system. She would use the to sponge off us and take all they could get. exchange plan as a chance to spread communism don t want any of that. (Wife of handyman here. (Minister, York, South Carolina) Huntington, West Virginia. The Russians got too many big ideas. They may give wrong ideas, li e communism to our people." (Baker s son, The Bronx) Much of the opposition reflect prejudices and Second in frequency are answers to the effect that stereotypes-specific or vaguely generalized-in re- . gardto the diierent nationalities named in the the Russians are treacherous, sneak,y, sly, and can be trusted: question. Ex ept in the cases of Japan, Germany, and Russia, substantial minorities of those disap- They re too srteab. They d stab you in the bac wouldn t want them here nor us to go there. proving did not give a specific reason for their (Farmer, near Dublin, Georgia) objections. The fear that an exchange would be a menac,. national security, that the Russians would learn Most of the opposition to an exchange with coun- our military secrets and use them against us, ranKs tries with which we are now on clearly friendly third: terms is based on doubts of the feasibility of the plan, or on doubts of the necessity for such a plan There s too much spy wor done. (Laborer, Honey Brook, Pennsylvania) since mutual understanding does now exist. Germany

Japan 'TVJenty-eight per cent of the people in the United States would prefer not to have Germany paricipate Against an exchange of workers with Japan are in an exchange plan. Most frequently mentioned 40 per cent of the people in the United States. The is the feeling that the Germans were once enemies chief reason given for not likng he idea can be and are hated because of the war: classified as an unfavorable stereotype-people say I fed the same as do about Japan. hate them the Japanese are treacherous, sneak.y, sl)1 , and can all. can t forgive the way they did US in the be trusted: war. (Housewife, Nashvile, Tennessee)

Some say the Germans would bring in bad ideas don t trust those sneaky Japs-they already had spread communism or fasdsm cause labor trouble, their chance before and !oo/t what took place. (Wife of grocer, Pasadena, California) or otherwise upset the status quo: They are a treacherous yellow race you can t trust. They are too much for Hitler even now. (Wait- (Sander, Fitchburg, Massachusetts) ress, California) (29 J

r. . .J. Others believe the Germans are treacherous, sneab, France sly, and can t be trusted: The few people who object to an exchange of work, 'They ve shown they have no heart. 'They can ers with France- 15 per cent-tend to thk that trusted. (Machinist, Birmingham, Alabama) the plan wouldn t work, that the time specied Stil others fear that the Germans would be a would be too short, or that too few people would Several menace to national security, that they would learn be involved to make the plan worth whie. our military secrets and use them against us: mention that there are too many French people in this country now. 'The Germans are liable to find secrets about the atomic bomb and other important things. (Road- house worker, Coatesvile, Pennsylvania) Sweden

China On th study Sweden was the countr to which potetial par' About one-fifth of Americans-21 per cent-would people were least likely to object as a object to Chinese workers comig to the United ticipant in a worker exchange plan. Only 14 per States on an exchange basis. The feeling )f cent of Americans said they would not like to have strangenes, that the culture of the Chiese is too Sweden included in such a project. The people whq different for them ever to reach mutual understand- do object point out that the plan is unnecessary ing with us, is prominent in people s thinkig. Many because we already enjoy good relations with who objectd to an exchange plan with China were Sweden; some say there are too many Swedish unable to state a specific reason for their answer; people in this country already. A few voice resent- many took refuge in the assertion that there are ment toward Sweden because that country did not many Chinese here. now. do enough to help the cause of the Allies during the war. Mexico Many people found it diffcult to look at the essen-

"Nineteen per cent of the 'United States public would tial principle of .an exchange plan; the idea was not like Mexico s paricipation in an exchange pro- new to them, and they someties answered within gram. They say . there are too many persons of a mistaken frame of reference-in terms of immi-

Mexican nationality in th country already, Others gration of people from the varous countres rather state that the plan would not. work because the than in terms of exchange of persons for a limited specified time ("a few months ) would be too time only. short, or that such a plan would be inefective because too few people could participate in it. If an exchange plan is put to the people u,/ UNESCO, it is importnt that the people be England educated to understand the specic workings of the plan, as well as the reasons behind it. The people who would not like England' s participa- By inference, the same caution might ap)!!y to each of the other UNESCO projects, 17 cent-object because they tion in the plan- per which a majority approve, but perhaps do doubt the feasibility of such an arrangement. Some not understand. American do not think such a plan -is necessary because the two countries already understand each other. PREJUDICE AGAINST NEGROES AND FOREIGNERS Greece Findings presented in previous sections have shown

Seventeen per cent object to an exchange of workers that prejudice agains Negroes characterizes the with Greece. Many of these respondents are unable thinking of a substantial segment of the population to give a specic reason for their answer. The con- of the United States-at least 45 per cent. Those crete objection raised most often is the feeling that who are prejudiced are less wholeheared in thei the culture of the United States is so superior to support of UNESCO than those who would accord that of Greece that this country would have nothing to Negroes the right of equal job competition with to gain or learn from such an exchange. white people.

(30 J . . . . .

Those who are prejudiced againt Negroes also tend received a higher "would not like" count from the to be more prejudiced against all foreigners. Forty- prejudiced than from the unprejudiced. one per cent of the people classifed as "unprejudiced" favor an exchange of workers with all The close correlation between prejudice against nine countries, while only 26 per cent of the Negroes and prejudice against foreigners is shown prejudiced are so inclusive. Each individual country in the comparison which follows:

Of those prejudiced* against N.egroes Of those N.OTprejudiced* against N.egroes.

26% would li an exchange of workers with 41 % would like an exchange of workers with all nine countries. all nine countries.

1) % are defiitely against an exchange in all 6 % are definitely against an exchange in iill nine instances. nine instances. )2 % w01..ld N.OT like exchange with 31 % would N.OT like exchange with JAPA". JAPAN. 42% would N.OT like exchange with 22 % would N.OT like exchange with RUSSIA. RUSSIA.

38% would N.OT like exchange with 20% would N.OT like exchange with GERMANY. GERMA"Y. 29% would N.OT lilte exchange with 1)% would N.OT lik.e exchange with CHINA. CHINA. 24% would N.OT lilt e exchange with 1)% would N.OT lik.e exchange with MEXICO. MEXICO. 22% would N.OT lilze exchange with 12 % would N.OT lilze exchange with GREECE. GREECE. 21 % would N.OT lilze an exchange with 14% would N.OT lilze exchange with IDGLA"D. EN.GLAND. 20% would N.OT lilze exchange with 12% would N.OT lik.e exchange with FRACE. FRANCE. 19% would N.OT lik.e exchange with 10 % would N.OT like exchange with SWEDEN.. SWEDID.

"The 45 per cent who would deny equality of employment op' per cent who would concede equal job opportunities to Negroes portunity to Negroes were considered - i'prejudiced" ; the and whites were judged to be "not prejudiced.

(31 J ...... * . .

Part V

7lee UNESCO

UNESCO is particularly interested in forwarding Varous diferent types of groups were named in its programs on the community level through the answer to the question: membership of various organized groups already in Do you happen to belong to any groups or existence. For this reason NORC collected some organizations that discuss national or inter' exploratory data on group membership. national p'(oblems? Which ones?" Veterans organizations ...... o...... '"''''' 3% A few questions are not suffcient to gather definitive Religious groups ...... 3 ..w...... 3 data on the whole question of group membership; Business and civic groups...... Education and study groups...... -...... 3 neverteless results are presented because they indi' Political action groups...... 2 """""""...'" 1 cate the general characteristics of a number of Fraternal organizations ...... m.. Labor groups ...... m.m....W. "'."''' 1 groups. Youth groups ...... 1 Professional societies ...... 1 Agriculture groups DISCUSSION GROUPS Other miscellaneous types of groups...... Only 16 per cent of the people regard themselves 18%** groups that as members of discuss problems of As would be expected, group membership is re, national and international scope. This is not to say ported more often by wealthy people, professional members of any organized that only 16 per cent are and business workers, and the college'educated than. discussion group, as undoubtedly many more belong by the poor, manual workers and farmers, and those discussion to groups which, though not regarded as with no more than an eighth grade education. (See groups, do in fact engage in discussion of intern Appendix, Table 32. tional affairs. In fact, 12 per cent of the people interviewed are union members, but only 1 per As can be inferred from the type of people saying . cent mentioned labor groups in answer to the they belong to groups discussing national and inter' question. Although 4 per cent are members of national affairs, group members are more favorable professional societies, only 1 per cent mentioned to UNESCO philosophy than are non-membes. such groups. Some pertinent comparisons follow:

Of those who are NOT members of a group that Of those who ARE members of a group that interntional problems. diswsses national and international problems. discusses national and

uncensored exchange of 79% think an uncensored exchange of news with 63 % think an news with Russia would lead to better understanding. Russia would lead to better understanding. police force should 23% believe the world police force should out' 13 % believe the world out- forces. number the United States armed forces. number the United States armed exchange of work.ers with other 76% feel that an exchange of workers with other 62% feel that an countries would lead to better understand, countries would lead to better understand, ing. ing. 50% say Negroes and whites should have eqU41 63% say Negroes and whites should have equal chances for jobs. chances for jobs. 48% believe that the way Negroes are treated 24% believe that the way Negroes are treated affects other countries ' at' in thi country affects other countries in this country attitudes toward the United States. titudes toward the United States,

be. 5 per cent. **Because some people named more than one group they *Less than 0. longed to, percentages total !'ore than 16.

(32 J Members of organized discussion groups are also favorable than that of non-union members.* On the more aware than others that the United States exchange of workers with other countries-a ques- does participate in international organizations work- tion on which the opinion of union labor is particu- ing for peace (82 per cent know of some organiza- larly relevant-non-union members indicate slightly tion, as compared to 61 per cent of the non-mem- more approval than do union members. bers.) UNESCO was mentioned as a United Na- tions agency working for peace by 6 per cent of the Thirt-seven per cent of the union members favor an group members, while only 2 per cent of the rest of exchange with all nine countries, as compared tv the people thought of UNESCO in this connection. 33 per cent of the non-union members. Union members are slightly more favorable to an exchange with Such findings show that UNESCO has an excellent Sweden, France, Greece, Russia, and Japan. Their chance to cooperate with the various organied opinions regarding China, Mexico, and Germany groups. Also the results highlight the fact that are similar to those of the rest of the population. worhing only through established groups does not each the very people most in need of education in CHURCHES the principles of international understanding.

The churches of America represent groups that are VETERANS in principle attuned to UNESCO's basic message peace. Therefore, it has been generally assumed Veterans as a group are better informed on inter- that the churches could be one of the most fruitful national affairs than are non-veterans. They are channels for the dissemination of UNESCO ideas. more in accord with the principle of freedom of This assumption may well be true of church leaders. communications, but are no more nor less likely than But as to the rank-and-file churchgoers, this survey non-veterans to approve of specific projects designcJ brings to light the fact that churchgoing bears to further free communications. little relationship to tolerance on an international level. People who attend church regularly, or occa- While at the present time the some 14 millon sionally, show about the same opinion patterns as veterans of World War II do not form a cohesive those who say they never go to church. The church- segment of the population, in regard to opinions goers are no better informed on international events on UNESCO matters, it is not hard to envision no more likely to believe in the freedom of inter- the tremendous potential force of a united veterans national communication, and no more likely to sup' organiza- opinion. Already there are many veteran port UNESCO projects than those who do not go tions-these can be merely fraternal groups, or they to church. Churchgoers may be slightly less pre- can develop into a force fot good or evil. UNESCO judiced against Negroes, although the differences are can help such groups to develop their potentialities not great. as molders of American policy, in directions leading to peace though international understanding. Sociologists recognize that there may be many sources of motivation for churchgoing, not all of LABOR UNIONS them related to the spiritual or moral enlightenment of the attendants. But whatever the causes of churchgoing, the Organized labor is another large and potentially facts of the survey show that on all powerful group through which UNESCO might relevant questions, the churchgoers are no more work for the cause of peace. The opinion of union tolerant, and no more enlightened than those who members as a group resembles the pattern shown for do not go to church. The churches of Amerca, the pepulation as a whole. They are more informed as a whole, have not brought their members to a on international happenings than are non-union better understanding of world brotherhood than is members. possesed by non-churchgoers. This is a challenge to the churches and to UNESCO.

Since the non-union member category ' includes people in all Opinion of union members on the five UNESCO occupational strata, a comparison should also be made between the opinions of union members and tne opinions of all manual projects is consistently-though only slightly-less and factory workers. ( 33) , "?", " ~~~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::...... "".". *

Part VI

ad /lttttete4,' UNESCO #n

THE LEVEL OF POPULAR INFORMATION YES, United States has joined.. 640/ United Nations ...... 54% ON WORLD AFFAIRS UNESCO ...... Other United Nations agencies ...... 3 The old adage What we. don t know won t hurt Non-United Nations " has been aptly rephrased by modern social organizations ...... n.n..... Don t know name...... 5 scientists to read What we don t know wil hurt us." As a prerequisite to orderly and intelligent 68%" NO, United States has not joined...... :...... 15 progress toward a lasting peace, every citizen in the Don t know ...n..n...... _.n .um.__-.. 21 United States and every citizen of every country in 100% the world should have some knowledge of the basic A further question aimed at eliciting specific men- facts of international life and should utilize this tion of UNESCO was only slightly more successfuL understanding. When people were asked: Do you happen to now the names of any organizations connected with the United 'Jations that are wor ing for peace?" only minimum of sound nowledge upon which people can base their opinions on international and national 2 per cent mentioned UNESCO.

policy is the very essence of the democratic form The lack of information revealed here about UNESCO as an organization working for of government. Without knowledge, the people arc peace points to the definite need for an in- prey to almost any demagoguer of narrow national- tensive educational campaign among the ism. If UNESCO is to be a genuine people s pro- people of the United States. Surely people gram in the United States, plans must take into can not be expected to devote time and account the level of information of the average energy-which they must if the objectives are to be attained-to an unknown organization. citizen. The Truman Doctrine United States MembershiP in the United 7\ations At the time of the survey (April, 1947), people were much better informed regarding the Truan More than one-third of the American people are Doctrine, and aid to Greece and Turkey than re- not aware that the United States has joined any gardig the existence of UNESCO. Seven out of international organization working for peace-this every 10 people were able to identify Greece as one despite the facts that the United Nations Charter country for which assistance had been recommended 5' out of every 10 knew Turkey was was signed in June of 1945 , and UNESCO, with and included. the United States as a signing charter member, was The question: approved by joint Congressional resolution on July As you now, President 'Truman recently 30, 1946. suggested that the United States send 400 milion dollars to aid two European countries -can you remember which two countries he wants Only a handful of people volunteered the informa- to aid?" tion that the United States is a member of UNESCO when asked: . Other countries ".m.."""' '''''''.''''''''''''''''.''''.'' 18 Don t know """"""'''''''''''''n''''''m...... ',,,.,, 20 As far as you now, has the United States 158%9 joined any international organizations that Less than 0. 5 per cent. are wor1(ing for peace?" 1Percentages add to more than 64 because a few people men. tioned more than one organization. ercentages add to more than 100 because many people men.. What organizations are you thin ing of?" tlOned more than oue country. (34 J ......

The Palestine Problem the question on Palestie indicates that only 10 per cent of the population can be rated as very well People also were very much aware of the situation informed in that they identifed both Greece and in Palestine-at least to the extent of knowig some Turkey as the proposed recipients of a 400 milion of the groups involved in the controversy. The dollar aid progrm and named correctly the three question used to measure popular information in this groups involved in the Palestine upheavals-Jews area read: Arabs, and British.

Can you tell me which groups of people have Classified as well informed were the 32 per cent been having trouble in Palestine recently?" who identified both Greece and Turkey and named two of the three groups involved in Palestine. Con- Jews, or Zionists...... 81 % Arabs, or Mohammedans...... 44 sidered partially informed were 45 per cent who English ...... 32 were but partly right on one or both questions. Others ...... 5 Don t know...... The remaining 13 per cent gave totally wrong 177%* answers to both questions, or replied "I don t know. This group was classified as uninformed. LEVEL OF INFORMATION: GROUP COMPARISONS Almost .all of . those classified as very well informed (89 per cent)-in contrast to only 24 per cent of During the weeks just before the survey was made the uni'nformed- know that the United States has both the Truman Doctrie and the diffculties in joined an international organization working for been in the news constantly, so Palestine had peace. In answering other questions throughout the knowledge in these two areas may be taken as an survey, well informed people consistently support elementary index of interest and information on both the ends and means of the UNESCO program intenational affairs. An analysis of the way people to a far greater degree than do the poorly informed. answered the question on the Truman Doctrine and The summary table which follows shows clearly the *Percentages add to more than 100 because many people men tioned more than one group. sharp gradations in attitude:

OF THOSE WHO AR: Very Well Well Partially Un. Informed Informed Informed informed

52% 39% 33% 21 % approve all five UNESCO projects.

14 approve none of the UNESCO projects. 39 believe an uncensored exchange of news with Russia would lead to better understanding.

think American publishers should have the right to send materials into Russia.

think Russian publishers should have the right to send materials into the United States.

feel that an exchange of workers with other countries would lead to better understanding.

17 would lilte to exchange workers with all nine countries named.

say Negroes and whites should have equal chances for jobs.

believe that the way Negroes are treated in this country affects other countries attitudes toward the United States.

think the United States can help prevent ' war.

believe the world police force should outnumber United States armed forces.

tend to think in an intertional frame of reference.

**These respondents named at' least one international problem in What other problems do you think of?" (See analysis on page answer to the question "When you think of the problems facing 5, this report. the Unitet! States now, which one comes to your mind first? (35) Although significant differences appear on almost only 25 per cent even of the "very well informed" ever question asked, there were thee issues on group agree with this principle. Thus it is clear tJat which the level of information seemed to have no even members of the best informed group evidence bearig on attitudes. Well informed and unin- a number of blockages and inconsistencies in their formed alike approve of universal military trainig; thinking on international problems. The uninformed they are equally pe."8imistic about the prospects sadly need education, but the "ve1Y well informed" another war within 25 years; approximately thee- need a good deal of education , also. fourts of all groups subscribe in principle to our participation in an international police force. Group comparisons show that the best informed segments of the population are the college- educated (66 per cent of whom are Considerable caution should be exercised in inter- very well informed or well informed), the preting these findings. While those who are best wealthy and prosperous (59 per cent), professional and managerial wor informed are consistently more ill accord with ers (56 per cent), and vetera.ns (52 per cent). (See UNESCO than are others, this does not mean that Appendix, Table 31 , for a detailed analysis. even a many-fold increase in the dissemination of information about international happenings would result in significant changes in public attitudes. EDUCATION AND ATTITUDES

Educational level, as well as level of information, is Psychologists have often established the fact that related to signifcant differences in the opinons learning and retention are directly dependent upon people about almost all the issues considered in the individual' interest in learning. Any UNESCO this report. College-educated people are much more informational program, to change the views of th03e in accord with the basic philosophy behind now hostile or indife ent, should begin by estab- UNESCO, and more consistent in supporting the lishing the wil to learn-and in a fashion best spec#ic measures to implement the broad policies designed to appeal to the uneducated personal than are those \"lth less scooling. The college- interest. * educated are more informed about world affairs and more inclined to express an opinion on most . Further, those responsible for educational programs the issues than are the less well educated. That should remember that this survey has found that educational level alone is not the only determiing people are only too ready to pay lip service to a factor in people s opinions is of course a truism. general priciple, but to flout the principle when Age, occupation, place of residence, and member- there arses a concrete example of carrying it out. . ship . in a certain socio-economic class all have their Therefore, educational programs should be pointed influence, as well as the more subtle factors of toward conclusions that are as concrete and down- interest and personal philosophy. However, educa- to-earth as possible. . tional level is probably one of the most important single determinants of the support of UNESCO philosophy. Although it would seem that the well informed subscribe to UNESCO principles, closer scrtiy reveals .that their agreement stands out only by Detailed tables in the Appendi'i will show clearly contrast with the uninformed. Note that with the that most college-educated people are already in the very well informed" group, only: slightly more than UNESCO vanguard. From those with less educa- half approve of all five UNESCO projects or would tion UNESCO can expect opposition, or at least inertia, in its efforts to obtain popular acceptance like to see an exchange of workers with all nine countries mentioned, or feel that the way Negroes of its programs. are treated affect attitudes of other countries toward the United States. The basic principle behid an The lesson for UNESCO is clear-its educational effective international police force is that it should programs must appeal not only to the well informed be larger than the forces of any single nation, but alert,. and well educated people who attend UNESCO conferences and meetings, but also to Numerous earlier surveys have established th . fact that the less wen educated are more suscep.tible to the spoken word than to the broader base consisting of those who have not the written word-to the ra.dio more than to newspapers or maga:Mnes. yet heard of UNESCO. (36) ......

Part VII

ti tt ti

The opinions of youth (persons from 14 to 21 years When asked to mention the problems facing the of age) on national and international problems are United States now, young people are more inclined not usually solicited by most research agencies. than others to stress the importance of international But, because the National Opinion Research Center problems. Thirty per cent mentioned only inter' feels with l)NESCO that the opinions of youth are national problems, in contrast to 15 per cent of particularly relevant to the work of UNESCO, the adult group. Thirteen per cent of the young the Center deviated from its usual practice and people mentioned only domestic problems, while included in this survey a special sample of young 24 per cent of the older group limited their answers people. to domestic problems.

In general, the thinking' of young people is more Whie it is quite natural that youth is less concerned in harmony with the UNESCO point of view than with such domestic problems as the high cost of is the opinion pattern of their elders. Compared living, and housing, the difference in frame of with those 21 and over, young people are more reference may be an indication that the orientation internationally minded " more favorably inclined of the people as a whole is becoming more interna' toward all the specific UNESCO projects tested tional. more hopeful that the United States can contribute to mutual understanding among nations in the cause p.revention of War of peace. Youth as a group is better informed than Young people are; not signifcantly more sure than adults in regard to United States participation in their elders that the United States could do some- organizations to maintain peace, but less well in' thing to prevent a war, but their ideas as to what formed concerning the Palestine situation and the could be done tend to approach the problem from Truman Doctrine. Young people s opinions do not a different angle. Young people are more inclied differ materially from those of older people on the to suggest a course of action falling within the issues of military training or this country s participa' UNESCO framework of friendly cooperation and tion in an international police force. understanding between nations and are less inclied to feel that we can avoid war by building up our Most hopeful of all indications is the fact defenses. The comparson follows: that the opinion pattern of young people is ver similar to that of persons on the highest Youth Adults educational level. Under 21 21 and Over Think the United States COULD prevent war ..m..m,,,,,,",.m.""".",--, 59% 55% WAR AND PEACE The United States can do nothing.. 28 Don t know...... Expectations of Another War 100% 100% Youth' s traditional optimism is not evidenced on Suggestions within a the question of another war involvig the United UNESCO frame of reference. States. Like their elders, young people believe that Strengthen the United Nations, the United States wil fight in another war within compromise, cooperate with other countries .mn...m...... m.m...... ;...m.. 26% 14% 2) years, and they are equally sure of their opinions. Foster educational activities, such as exchange of literature and workers, The comparison: teaching to increase international Youth Adults : 18 Under 21 21 and Over understanding ...... m...... Expect war within 25 yearS..n..m..... 65% 62% Develop more friendly and tolerant Fairly sure ..mm...m..m...."" 3 3 % . 31 attitudes ...... 'mm... 'j Just likelY.....nnmm...... m. 32 Work for a more friendly attitude Don t know how sure.....m... * Do not expect waL...... m. 24 toward Russia mmm.....mmmm..... Don t know .....n...... :...... n.....m 11 Aid needy countries....m...... m...m 3 100% 100% n%** 37%** "Less than 0. 5 per cent. '*See footnote (1) on foJlowing page.

(37 J """",...... --"""""'--" . . . ') ...----...... --....

Suggestions not compatible with LJESCO Conscrption and/or a World Police Force philosophy and methods... Y Dung people are as much in favqr of compulsory Build up United States defenses, military training as are those over 21 (65 per cent of increase armaments , make more atomic bombs ...... both groups approve). Young people are about as Withdraw from international affairs inconsistent as their elders in approvig the general mind our own business; give first principle of a world police force, and yet not agree- attention to solving domestic problems ...... --.--.--...... m... ') ing that our armed force should be outnumbered Practice a firmer foreign policy..--... 2 by the international police force: Take a firmer attitude toward Rus- sia; stop the spread of communism.. Youth Adults Under 21 21 and Over Other answers; don t know what to do m"""""""""--" '" 3 United States should join international police force....m...... --m...... 770;0 74% 16%1 30%1 United States armed forces should be sma.ller than international police force .... 1.7% 14% Young people and adults have very similar ideas . as to what clubs and organizations could do to THE UNESCO VIEWPOINT help prevent wars, but the two age groups have scientist's role. different concepts of the The Freedom of Communications younger generation lays more stress on the peaceful people indicate potentialities of science and less emphasis on making About half of both young and old more varied and deadly weapons of war. This rela- an adherence to the general priciple of freedom tive emphasis is stringly consistent with the distri- of communications between Russia and the United bution of suggestions as to what the United States States. The young group is no more consistent than as a country can do to prevent another war: are adults regarding the extension of the same freedoms to both Russia and the United States. The comparison: THINK SCIENTISTS S H 0 U L D : Youth Adults Under 21 21 and Over Suggestions within a LJESCO Believe that exchange of reporters frame of reference. between United States and Russia Youth Adults Under 21 21 and Over would make for BETTER understanding ...... m...... "'"'''''''''''' 6'5% 660;0 Make only peaceful inventions; refuse to invent war weapons; make Russians should have right of things to help mankind live a better censorship ...... ,...... 39% 39% life ...... m"",--"","""..m.'--'---"'. 21 % 14% United States should have right of Stop malting atomic bombs; destroy censorship ...'--'."""""'''''''''''''''''' 46% 47% and outlaw war weapons--...... 6 . 4 Educate people to ' understand the Racial Prejudice horrors of new weapons and another war ...... m"""""'''--'' 2 Since W odd War II, educators in all parts of the Share their k.nowledge with scientists everyhere ...... ,...... -...... 8 United States have redoubled their efforts to stem Work for international control the tide of race prejudice. In the words of Raj- a.tomic energy --__.....mm".--m..'''''' ') kumari Amrit Kaur, of India: "Children know no barriers of race or creed. Let us not educate them Suggestions not compatible "3 Perhaps the most encouraging of with UNESCO to know them. philosophy and methods. the findings on atttudes of youth is that they are to some degree less prejudiced against Negroes than Make more bombs, more horrible weapons ...... ,.--...... --.... 8 are older people. Also, almost half of the younger Keep the atomic bomb secret; guard group are willing to face one of the implications all miltary secrets...... ') inerent in the "Negro problem that the way Other suggestions ...... m...... --.n--...n 3 Negroes are treated in this country affects attitudes Scientists can do nothing; or don know "",--"",--"--""'--""""--''''''''''' of other countries toward the United States. How- ever, even if education can be credited with endeav- 104%' 103%2 orig to lead the younger generatiol, toward a more lBecause some people made more than one suggestion, percent ages add to mo e than the percentage saying "Yes," when both complete reaization of the rights of man, much types of suggestIons are totaled. 2Because some people made more than op.e suggestion percent Understanding Through Education," The School Executlve ages add to more than 100. October, 1946. (3S) ~~~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: . .

stil remais to be done. Thity-nine per cent of Attitudes toward an international exchange young people still do not believe in equal job oppor- of work.ers between the United States and. WOULD LIKE WOULD NOT LIKE NO OPINION tunities for Negroes. Youth Adults Youth Adults Youth Adults Youth Adults Under 21 and Under 21 and Under 21 and Under 21 21 and Over 21 Over 21 Over. 21 Over Negroes should have equal chances England.. 73% 62% 11% 18% 16% 20% to get jobs...... 61 ,0% Sweden.... 62 63 15 30 France.... 64 60 1'7 2'7 The way Negroes are treated in this China .... 65 56 13 affects other countries' at- 22 22 country Mexico.... 58 55 16 20 26 titudes toward the United States... 46% 34% Greece .... 59 53 10 18 31 Germany 62 52 18 30 20 SPECIFIC UJESCO PROJECTS Russia -.-- 58 52 22 33 20 Young people are consistently more in favor Japan _.. ,0 41 3, 41 1, 18. United States partcipation in UNESCO projects INFORMATION ABOUT WORLD AFFAIRS than are those older. The pattern of approval re- Young people are more aware that the United States sembles that of their elders in that the ran order has joined organizations workig for peace than of the projects is the same. The over-all support of are their elders: Youth Adults youth is more wholehearted-only 1 per cent with- Under 21 21 and Over Yes, the United States has joined hold support from all five programs, as contrasted organi2;ations ...... 72% 63% to 10 per cent of older people. United Nations .n...... '9% '3% Youth Adults UNESCO """"'''''''...m..... * Under 21 21 and Over Other UN agencies...... 4 Per cent saying the United States Non-UN organizations...... 9 SHOULD put up money to: Don t know...... 6 Help rebuild schools and colleges.... 86% 6,% Help pay for a United Nations 78%** 67%** broadcasting station ...... 7' , the United States has NOT joined organi2;ation "'.m...... _...... 13 Look over school books used in all countries ...... , 72 Don t know """"''''mn.....__...... 1, Send teachers and workers to for- 100% 100% eign countries ...... ,...... 66 But youth is less well informed than the Help countries exchange books, older magazines ...... 64 group about Palestie and the Truman Doctrine. Fewer young people than older ones were able to Young people, in line with the previous findings that their opinons tend to agree with UNESCO identify Greece and Turkey as the proposed recipients of the Truman aid program, and fewer were philosophy, are more agreeable to. the priciple of able to identify the opposing factions in Palestie. exchange of workers with other countres than are older people. However, they are no more The comparison: Youth Adults consistent Under 21 21 nd Over than older people in extending the exchange pro- Identified as Recipients gram to all of the various countries. Seventy-four of AiiI Program.: per cent of the youth group feel that an interna- 72% tional exchange of workers would create better feel- Other countries ''''.''''''''''--'''''' 24 Don t know...... 26 ing among the countries, as contrasted to 63 per cent of those over 21 years. Only one-thd 1)0%** 160%** both age groups extend the basic principle to cover Mentioned as Having Trouble in Palestine: an exchange with all nine countries asked about. Jews, or Zionists...... ;...... 75% . 82'70 However, young people were less prone to say they Arabs,. or Mohammedans...... 40 would like an exchange with none of the countries English n...._...... --...... 28 Others ...... 4 (8 per cent as contrasted to 20 per ceht of older Don t know ...... -...... 23 group). 170%** 179%** The table below, indicating how the two age groups This special study of the bpinions of young feel about an exchange of workers with each of the people clearly indicates that there is much hope for a greater tolerance and nine countries named, shows that in each instance interational understading in the coming generation. the "would like" percentage of young people Youth is one group that, if reached on its higher than the "would like" percentage of adults. own terms, can do a great deal to furher Fewer young people also say they "would not like the UNESCO program. specic countries; the difference is especially striking Less than 0. 5 per cent. **Because many people $'ave more than one answer percetages in the cae of Germany and Russia. total more than the anginal percentage of responaents. (39 J ...... ''''''......

TH E CROSS-SECTION The cross-sections used by the National Opinion SIZE OF SAMPLE: A total of 1 530 intervews was Research Center vary from survey to surey and are obtained, of which 239 were with persons 14 to 21 adapted to the particular problems and specific pur' years of age and the remaining 1 291 ,"lith persons poses of each research project. The sample employed 21 years of age and over. in the survey on which this report is based was a Intervewers , assignments were made, on a quota miniature of that porton of the population of the basis, in such way as to secure a sample of the fore' United States 14 years of age and over, stratifed going design. according to a number of relevant characteristics. The sub-groupings reported in the appendix are GEOGRAPHIC DISTlUBUTION: Withi each of four re' based on the case distribution indicated below: gions, interviews were properly apportoned among Men """""""'"''''.''''''''.'.''' ''''-''''''''''''''' 742 metropolitan districts, towns, and rural areas. Women ...... - ..... 788 Professional and managerial workers...... 360 AGE AND SEX: Similarly, interviews were appor' White colJar workers.--...... 218 tioned among the different age and sex segments of Manual and factory workers...... 558 the population in accordance with the most recent Domestic and personal service workers...... 104 reliable estimates available in Census data. Sixteen Farmers ...... -...... ---...... ----...--...... -.--...... - 248 per cent of the respondents were 14 through 20 Not reported ....w_.----.....---.""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,- 42 years of age, 39 per cent were 21 through 39 years of age, and 45 per cent were 40 years of age and Wealthy and prosperous...... 264 over. Forty'eight per cent were men and 52 per Middle . class ...... 772 cent were women. Poor m...... 485 Not" reported ...... 9 RACE: Withi each of the regions, the number of Young people 14-20...... 239 Negro respondents was proportionate to the Negro Adults 21-39 599 population of . the area. Negro respondents were Adults 40 and over...... 692 also properly distrbuted as to urban and. rural Attended college ...... w.....",'""""""",,,,,,,,, 296 residence. Attended high school...... 752 Eighth grade or less...... 480 ECONOMIC STATUS: The white rural non-farm and Not reported """'''''...... ,...... 2 urban portons of the sample were also apportioned New England and Mid'Atlantic states...... 431 accrding to four stadard'of-livig categories, as Midwest """" """""""''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 472 follows: South "--""""""""'''''''''''''''''''''''',..,...... ,.... 437 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states...... --.. 190 A. This group is drawn from among those peo- pIe. who, in their respective communities Residents of metropolitan districts comprise the top 2 per cent of the families . , . 1 millon or more population...... 439 arranged according to th r wealth or eco' . . . 50,000-1 millon :...,...... 369 nomic prosperity. Smaller cities and towns...... 459 B. Ths group is drawn from the ,next 14 per Farmers and farm residents...... ,...... 263 cent of families. Union members* --..--...... ,...... --...... --. 178 C. This group is drawn from the next lower 52 Union member in family...... --.... 261 per .;ent of familes. Non-members ....--m...... ""'--"''''''''''''''''' 1014 D. Thi group is drawn from the lowest 32 per Not reported ...... 77 cent of familes. Veterans ...... ,...... 209 Veteran in familY.m...... 694 categories For purposes of tabulation the two upper Non-veterans ...... --...... 624 (A and B) were combined; this joint group is re- Not reported ferred to in the report as the wealthy and prosper- Since the non union member category includes people in all ous. The C and D groups are referred to as the occupational strata, a comparison should also be made between the opinions 0' union members and the opinions of a11 manual middle class and the poor respectively. and factory workers. (40 J . . . '1".

APPENDIX

Table 1

Do you expect the United States to fight in another war within the next 25 years?"

Yes Don t Know

All persons interviewed"'_""""""'--"""'hm....--.u..u...... 63 26% 11 %=100%

Men ...mm""---.n...m..m.m"".-...n.m"'h.n.mu"...m..m...... 64 Women ...... ".n'" ... 00"'" ...... --m""'h'._'"""", """--"'--"'h

Professional and managerial workers_...... m..... 57 White collar workerS""h...... m.mh...... nn..uuu...... n.. 57 Manual and factory workers...... n.._...... 64 Domestic and personal service workers...... m.....mn...... Farmers ...... """'.."."""" 67

Wealthy and prosperous...... --...... --.. 65 Middle class "-....mmnmn""'...... m.um.nu"....n....mm.. 59 Poor "Uh...... "" "...... mn"""".--....m..n...... m...... 67

Young people 14-20...... u...... m.m...... --...... m..m... 65 Adults 21-39 """'...... n"""""'."""""""--.....mn...... m... 64 Adults 40 and over....um...... n...... nm..m..m...... m...... 61

Attended. college ....m....mnnuu""""...... m..--.m...... -- Attended high schooL...... ,...... c...... 62 Eighth grade or lessm..--.....n...... un.n.....m..mmum 64

New England and Mid-Atlantic states..m.mn...... m..... 56 Midwest...... n...nm.n...... n...... mnm..nmnm...... 63 South ...... --...... m.""'--'" ...--..--.... .--...... _...... m...... 67 Rocky Mountain and Pacific stateSm...... mnmmm.mnmu 68

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 million or more population...... 56 50,000;1 million .m...... ,n""""""""""hU'''''''''''''" 62 Smaller cities and towns...... --...... --.--...... --... 67 Farmers and farm residents...... m.m..mmm..----.....m.... 69

Union members...... u...... --...... n.m...... 63 Non-members ...... m,,'..n...... """""'00" .n'''''''.''n..m... 63

Veterans ".....nu.m..n""'''''....m..n...n'...... m..mu.. Veteran in familY...... m...... ,...... u...... 62 Non-veterans .m'U"""".....n...... _.--m.... 00""""""00.....00"".

(41 J ...... ,...... :...... -...-...... ''' ..."'.; ..

Table 2

When ypu think. of the problems facing the United States now, which one comes to your mind first? What other problems do you think. of?"

ou 0 :E S E CI '" O! '" ti E 0 Cd os 0 tj:: s"" ou '" ..ti.t rn ;1:

All persons intervewed...... --...... --...... 17% 39% 16% 22% 4%=100%

Men .m.....m...... ', 16 Women ...m..m'_"'...... m...... --...... 18

Professional and managerial workers...... 19 White collar workers...... _...... 18 Manua and factory workers...... m...... m.... 1 1 '5 Domestic and personal service workers...... 20 Farmers ''''''''''''''''''''....--...... ,...... 17

Wealthy and prosperous...... 1'5 Middle class """""""'''''''''m'",,,''',',,,,,,,,,,.,,,, 17 Poor ...... --m...... m.....mm...... 17

Young people 14-20...... :...... 30 3'5 Adults 21- 39 ...... 15 Adults 40 and over.....m...... --...... --.- 15

Attended college """""'''--'''--' '''''m''''m....' 13 Attended high schooL...... ---.-...... --..-... 19 1 '5 Eighth grade or less...... --....-...... 16

New England and Mid-Atlantic state'''h-- '''--'' 18 Midwest .m...... 19 South ""'''''--''''''''''''''''--'''''''''''''''''''m...... 1 '5 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states...mm...... m.. 1'5

Residents of metropolitan district . . . 1 millon or more population...... m.... 1 . . . '50 OQO-l milion ...... ---....-..----...... --... 17 Smaller cities and townS....._...... m_...... 19 Farmers and farm residents....m...--...... - 18 Union members..--...... --m...... _.m.--...... 12 Non-members ""',..m.....m...... m...... 17

Veterans m.m...... m..m...... _...... -... 1 Veteran in family...... -.....- Non-veterans m....m'''''''' ''''''''''''''''...... m..m 17

(42 J . . . ..--...... """""""""...... ,...... -...... ,...... '...... -...... --.. ...

Table 3

Do you think. there s anything the United States COULD do to prevent a war?"

Yes Don't Know

All persons interviewed.m...... --...... m.m.....m. 55% 30% 15% 100%

Men... '-"""',",,,,'.m -.... Women """-

Professional and manageril workers...... 67 White collar workersnn.m.....n....m..nmmmm.m...mm..... 59 Manual and factory workers...... 51 Domestic and personal service workers...... 45 Farmers...... -...... -...... 48

Wealthy and prosperous...... _...... _...... 62 Middle class...... 5' 9 Poor ...... m',,,',',--""'''''''''' ..-. ,...... 46

Young people 14-20'''''''''00'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 59 Adults 21 - 39 ....,...... 54 Adults 40 and over...... m......

Attended college 'm...nm'"',,,',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,, 71 Attended high schooL...... -...... -.... 54 Eighth grade or less...... 47

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... 60 Midwest ...... m""""...... m...... 5

South """""'"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''""""""...... '5 '5 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states...... 50

Resdents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 million or more population...... "...... --. 57 50,000-1 million ...... mm...... --...m...... 58 Smaller cities and towns.._...... _...... 55 Farmers and far resdents.m...... _...... 49

Union members...... ,...... ,...,...- '58 Non-members ....,...... 54

Veterans ...... m...._...... C...... m...... _....m..'..... 62 Veteran in family...... 55 Nbn-veterans '...n""'m...... --...... m 5

(43 J , " --...-...-...-. .. - - ...... --...... --.....--.-...... ,...--...... :...... --...... ,.-...... --......

Table 4

Should every able-bodied American twenty years old be required to go into the Army or Navy for one year?" Yes Don t Know

All persons interviewed...--...... 6'5 % 32% 3%=100%

Men ...... "'''''''''--'.nm'''--'''''nOO--''.--...n''.._.n. -.. 6 '5

Women '.'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n..'''""""'''''''''''' 6'5

Professional and managerial workers...... --_ .--....--. 68 White collar workers'",,'--..--._...... m...... n... .m--.mnnm_.. 61 Manual and factory workers...... _.. 67 Domestic and personal servce workers...--nn..m.....mm. 70

Farmers '--'''-''''''''''--' '---_--__.m.mm'_'m_...... '58

ealthy and prosperous...---_..._..._...----_...... mm 66 Middle class ....-...... n..n.....--n...n...m.m...... m..m.m.n... 64 Poor '...... moo.m..oomnn',"""",""--...n"""'--""-,','-"',,...... 66

Young people 14,20--"'----""-""''''''''''''''''''''''''00''--'''''''''' 6'5 Adults 21,39 ...... n...m...... m.m"'''''','''nhmnm.... 66

Adults 40 and over...... ---...... -....-...... 64

Attended college .m.m.m..----n....m..-..m..--..mm'n..n...... 65

Attended high school 65' Eighth grade or less....m.'mmm..m...... n--.....m..... 65

New England and Mid,Atlantic states..--...--....----..--..n. 66 Midwest. ...--...... --...... ,...... 60 South .....m..m...mn.n--...... m.....m..oon...mn.n..mn...... n... 68 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states...... --...... -....-...... ---.. 68

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population...... 64 . . . 5'0,000' 1 milion """"""""""""""'...... ----..mn"..n.m.. 65 Smaller cities and towns...... n.....--...... 69 Farmers and farm residents....m...... m.....--..m....n.....m. 59

Union members...m..m.....--...--.n...... n_..mn.n....mm.m 64 N on'members --.n..'",--""""---"""""""""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...

Veterans ...n...... mm...... n...m"'''''...... n.n.m... 69 Veteran in family...... 65 Non'veterans .....n.....n....m'--...... m...... m...... --.... 64

(44 J . .. '...... ,...... --..

Table 5

Would you li to see the United States join in movement to establish an international police force maintain world peace?"

Yes Don t Know

All persons interviewed...... _...... 75% 17% 8%=100%

Men ...... n..'m.__. "'...... 0000.."""""""''''' 7 Women .. ...n.'."""'..".."'."'.""""""""'.""""""...... 74

Profesional and managerial workers...... n..m ...... n.n.. 76 White collar workers...... 73 Manual and factory workers,,,,,,,,,,'''''''''''''''''''''''' '' 74 Domestic and personal se,:ce workers...... _...... _m...-- 78 Farmers --.....n..''''' .....nh...... n...... ''''''''''''''''''''''' 7

Wealthy and prosperous...... n....m.m...... n ... Middle class ....--.....-..n...... n...... n. 76 Poor .... .--...... mn..-.....m--...... m""h"""'''...00 72

Young people 14-20"""""'''''''''''''''.'00''''''''''''''''''''''''...... 77 Adults 21-39 m..m--...... m.....n...... 76 Adults 40 and over...... --...... n...... 73

Attended college """"""'''00''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''' 76 Attended high schooL...... --..m.....--...." 73 Eighth grade or less...... m...... n...m"""''''''''''h'' 76

New England and Mid-Atlantic states....n.--..-.""'"'''''' 76 Midwest ...... n...-.."""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''....-.. 75 South --. ..--...... m...... m...... m.....n..n.n.. 75 Rocky Mountain and Pacic states...... --...... 73

Residents of metropolitan distrcts 1 milion or more population...... 50,000.1 million .n....n.....n...... n...... """"""'" 7.0 Smaller cities and townS""""h...... nn...... 79 Farmers and farm residents..n..n...... -- 72

Union members...... --_...... --._...... _...... m_."" 73 Non-members .....-...... n.m...... mn...n--...... n...... 75

Veterans ....n..n....n...... m...... --.m.m...... n...... 76

Veteran in family...... m.....m...... n'h...... n..... 75 Non-veteans "",,"""h.m..m...... m...... '"'''''''''''''''''''''' 7 5

r 45) ... '''_ ......

Table 6

If an international police force is set up, do you thinTt the United States should k.eep armed forces that are larger, smaller, or about the same size as this international police force?"

Larger Smaller Same Size t Know

All persons intervewed...... mm-...... --.... 31 % 15% 39% 15%=100%

Men ...... --...... -....-...... 34 . Women ...... m"uw" '.m...... ----...... 28

Professional and managerial workers..--....--.... White collar workers.__...... --...... 26

Manual and factory workers...... _...--u....._... 35'

Domestic and personal servce workers..._...... _.._.. 33 Farmers 'm....u.--...-....--...... 32

Wealthy and prosperOU8...... u..m....._...._...... 26 Middle class m""""'-,--"'--"''''''''..m--..m..... Poor --""""'"'''''''''-'''''''''''.'''''''''''''''''''''''..... ,-..- 35

Young people 14-20...... m...... m...... 29 Adults 21,39 .00""'...... 00...""",-,,,,,,,,,,,

Adults 40 and over""'''''...... :....m...... 31

Attended college U"""''''''..m.....mm._...... _...... 20 Attded high schooL...... m...... 33 Eighth grade or less...... mm...--...... 36

New England and Mid-Atlantic states.._...... 28 Midwest ...... u...--...... m'''''''''.....m''''.m..... 28

South ...... C...... 37 Rocky Mountain and Pacifc states.mm......

Residents of metropolitan distcts . . . 1 million or more population...... --m""h--m . . . 50,000- 1 million """-,,,,-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00,,--,, 36 Smaller cities and towns""""""""""'''''h'''''--''' 34 Farmers and farm residents...... -..... 32

Union members...... 39 Non-members ..m"""""'''''''''...m......

Veterans ...... m...... mm...m...... 33

Veteran in famlY.._m...... 31 Non'veterans ...... mm.....--mm...... m.. :.. 31

(46 J ;.. ,...... --..--

Table 7

If our news reporters in Russia-and Russian reporters in this country-were allowed to report on every' thing that goes on, do you thi'l this would mak,e for better or worse understanding between the people

of Rusia and the United States?"

Better Worse Don t Know

AU persons intervewed...... '.....m.m...... 66% 22% %=100%

Men ...... ,...... """""',"".m."" 70

Women ...... u...... '''''''''''''''''' 62

Professional and managerial workers...... 73 White collar workersm...... _...... _...... m..m...... m. 74 Manual and factry workers. Domesic and personal service workers...... m..... 55 Farmers ...... m...... m...... """"'" 60

Wealthy and prosperous..._...... 78 Middle class ...... ,...... 70 Poor ... """""""""""'...... -...... , 52

Young people 14'20...... m..mm...... ' 65 Adults 21,39 nn....n...... mn...... m..mnm...... "'" 66 Adults 40 and over...... m.m...... m..m.m..m...... 66

Attended college ...... m..m...... ""'" 79 Attended high scooL...... 68 Eighth grade or les...... m...... m...... -- 54

New England and Mid,Atlantic states...... - ,--...... 69

Midwest ...... 63 South .--...... --...m...."'" 60 Rocky Mountain and Pacmc states-.m...--m..m..m...... 77

Residents of metropolitan distcts . . . 1 milion or more population..--...... 66 . . . 50 000'1 milion ...... ,...... 65 Smaller cities and towns...... --...... 70 Farmers and farm residents...... m...... 60

Union members....n...... """'" 69 Non-members ...... ,...... 66

Veteran ...... m...... m.m...... """"""" 74 Vetera in famlY...... m..'...... 65 Non,veterans .n..m...... "'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..m 64

(47 J ...... """"""""""'''''--'...... ,...... --...... """"""''''''''''''''_...... "" ..-

Table 8

Do you think. American publishers should have the right to send their magazines and newspapers into

Russia, or should Russia have the right to 1(eep out things it doesn t agree with?"

Publishers RUSSIA Don Right to Send Riht to Keep Out Know

All persons interviewed...... _.... 50% 40% 10%=100%

Men "''''---'''-'''''''''...... Women "''''' '...... m''--''.'' ''....--m...... m...... 47

Professional and managerial workers...... 59 White collar workersm..m...... m...... 59 Manual and factory workers.... ,...... 46 Domestic and personal service workers...... 44 Farmers .. '''''m''''''''''''''' .....

Wealthy and prosperous...---- ,...... 57

Middle class ...m...... --.. 5' 3 Poor ...... 42

Young people 14-20...... 50

Adults 21-39 ...... ,...... 50

Adults 40 and ove!...... 50

Attended college ...m...... 63 Attended high schooL...... --...... 50 Eighth grade or less...... m...... 42

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... 59 Midwest...... m...... m...... : ... 48 South """""--".""""""""""""""'''''''' Rocky Mountai and Pacific states...... --......

Residents of metropolita districts . . . 1 milion or more population...... 54 . . . 50,000-1 million "''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''-' 50

Smaller cities and towns...... 51 Farmers and farm residents...... m...... 42

Union IDeIbers...... m...... 55 Non-members ''''''''''''''''''''...... ,...... 49

Veterans """'''''''''''''''''''''''''...... m ...... 5 6 Veteran in familY.m...... --.--...... 49 - 39 Non-veteran ''''''''''''''-''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''...... 50

(48 J ','" ...... -...... -...... -...... --.... '-"."...... "'"_._...... _...... ,...... " """"","""""""""""""--...... "''''''..--.--.

Table 9

into Do you thin Russian publishers should have the right to send their magazines and newspapers it doesn t agree with?" the United States, or should the United States have the right to eep out things Publishers UNITED STATES Don Right to Send Riht to Keep Out Know

All persons interviewed..--... ..mn.m.m...... --...... ---- 44% 48% 8%=10

Men ...... --...... n.nm...... "'" m . ..mm 50 Women ...... m--...... m...... n...... --.m...... "".....,... 38

Profesional and managerial workers--m....--m.. ..mmn.m 55 White collar workers...... m.',.' 53 Manual and factory workers"""''''''''''''h...... m.....nnn.. ,. 39 Domestic and 'personal service workers...... m...... m.. 36 Farmers .....m.....--m.. nmm...... m.m...... m 35

Wealthy and prosperous...m.m...... nmm....m...nmmnm. ,. 51 Middle class ...... u...... , 47 Poor ...... _.._m... ..m.ummm..m..m..nmmmm.m.... 35

nm.m...... m"'hmmm....mm. 48 Young 1?eople 14-20..u mmm Adults 21-39 ...... m.m..m.....m''' 46 Adults 40 and overm... ..m..._mnm...... m.m...... -- 42

Attended college ....n...... m...--....nn.n....n...... n....--...... 60 Attended high schooL...... --...... m.....--mm....n.m.... 45 Eighth grade or less..n"' ''h.m...... n..m.....mm--...... 32

New England and Mid-Atlantic state.....n...... --" 5' Midwest ...... "h....n...... """""''' ....n --mn' 41 South h"""" ..-... "" 3 Rocky Mountain andPacmc states.....mn....n.--m. .. 50

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population...... m.m...... m..--.. 48 . . . 50,000-1 milion ,,,,""''''''h....m..m.....m.....mm...m.. 40 Smaller cities and towns...... mm.m..m.m...... mm...m.... 47 Farmers and farm residents...mn.n...... " 38

Union members.m....__._...... "-'."""...... 49 Non'members ....n...n...... m.....mn ''''''' 43

Veterans .....m..m..m...--nm.m...... m....m.m.m... '..m.... 55 Veteran in family..-...... -...... m', 41 Non'veterans ...... m..n...... m....u...n...... m..... 44

(49 J ...... --...... --...... --...... :--. --.--...... --...... :...... ----.--.. ----...... """'".... --.

Table 10

Do you thin N.egroes around here should have as good a chance as white people to get every ind job, or do you think. white people should have a better chance?"

As Good Whites Don as Whites Have Better Know

All persons intervewed...... --...--. :.....--.. 52 45% 3%=100%

Men .-- m m -- m ..--. ...---- m.m.. ------..--. ...--.. 5 2 Women ...--..m"""""""""'."""""'...... m... : 52

Professional and managerial workers...... --...... --n...--.--. 60 White collar workers...m..m.m...... m.m...... _...... 51

Manual and factory workers....m...--...... --....----..-- --. 51 Domestic and personal servce workers....--.--...... --m...... 51

Farmers .m... '" ..... m ...... --...... m..

Wealthy and prOSperouS...... --...... n...... 54 Middle class .mm""'--.....n...... '....-... 51 Poor ......

Young people 14-20,,,'....n...... m"-- .----mn..m... .m 61

Adults 21 - 39 """"""""'.'- '...... m'''.--n--''''''--''--''--n.--... 5 Adults 40 and over...--...... m...-- --...... 47

Attended col1€ge _m'--...... m"--""...... ----.m"'...... m.... 62 Attended high schooL...... n...... --...... ----. 53 Eighth grade or less...m'--'''''.....--.--...... n...... n....--..... 43

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...mn....--...--.----.. 62 Midwest .m...--m..m...... m""--'...... n...... 47 South """""""""--""",,'....m...... n--....m.m.... ''''''00'''' 46 Rocky Mountain and Pacifc states..--n...--..mm....mm--m. 56

Resdents. of metropolitan districts . , . 1 millon or more population"--"""----"""h"""""--"'-- 60 . . . 50 000- 1 million -''''''--''---'''''''''''--''....n----...m...... 47 Smaller cities and towns...m...._...... --. 50 Farmers and far residents...... --..----...------...... 47

Union members...... --...... --h...... c.','..m 50 Non-members .--m.....mm"--""""'...... m..----...m...... 52

Veterans 'm....--...... --.--...... --...... --...... --...... m" 5 8 Veteran in familY""--"...... m...... --...... n. 52 Non-veterans m.--...... --. m --.. """'.00-- "'" ----......

(50 J \"" ("- ... .,...... '...... -- --...-...... '- ...... -..-.-- ....-..-- -'...... ''''''-...... -."''''--

Table 11

Do you think. the way Negroes are treated in this country has any effect on the attitudes of people in foreign countries toward us?" Yes Don t Know

All persons interviewed....--...... --m...... --..m....mo 36% 45% 19%=100%

Men ....m...... '''''' ".."'-" ...-... "-""""""""'-"'" ... 38 Women ...... --...... m...... -...... n--.- --'OO.'.' 34

Professional and managerial workers...... _--..... 47 White collar workers...... m....m.m....m.n...... 41 Manual and factory workers...... 32 Domestic and personal servce workers..._...... _...__..--... 23 Farmers --.....m...... --...... n...n--"''''''''''' 31

Wealthy and prosperous._...... -...... -...... --. 47 Middle class m..m..mm.m...... mm"""'m .n..._..m...... mm... 37 Poor .....-..-.. "00 ..-......

Young people 14.20"""""00'" ''--'''00'''--''''''''''''''''.''''''''''' 46 Adults 21-39 .m.....--..--...... _.....m. ...m...... m..n... 37 Adults 40 and over.....-...... -...-..---...... --.-..-..... 32

Attended college m.....m...... m.m...m...... n. ''''--'' 54 Attended high schooL...... -.-.-.--...... -.-..-...... m' 36 Eighth grade or less...... m.-...... m.m...... 25

New England and Mid-Atlantic stateS.m.....--...... ----'"'''' 43 Midwest "m'-"""-""-"""'-"'-""-"'-""-' .""""""'"...... 34 South ...... m....m...... mm....--.""'--- "-...... 31 Rocky Mountain and Pacific stateS...... m. ..n....--...m.. 36

Residents of metropolita distrcts . . . 1 million or more population...... -....-.. -....--....-.... 38 50,000-1 million ...... -...... -...... m...' .33 Smaller cities and towns._-.-...... _--...... 39 Farmers and farm residents...... m...... m...... 30

Union members...... 00'.00' . ""'00_"""''' ..- 00.._...... """"00 35 Non-members ...... _...... _..n...... n _..m_.m.._""'''--' 3 5

Veterans ...... m...----...- "m"'-'" -"""""'"''' "'''''''''''00''' 44 Veteran in. famYm...... -..-...... -...... -.-....--....-"...... 33 Non-veterans ...... m...... m.....m...."'."""'-"'"''''''' '''''' m"" 3 7

(51 J

fii ...... ''......

Table 12

It has been suggested that each country in the United J\ations put up some money to do the things on this card. Do you thin the United States should put up money to help rebuild schools and colleges destroyed in the war?"

Should Should Not No Opinion

All persons interviewed...... m----.m..m.m..u.nm.m"'hm... 68% 22% 10%=100%

Men ..m.mh .nm._ ..m.m.m...--.--...... """. """''''''...... m... Women ...... """'--''''mm--m...--...u--... m--....--..

Professional and managerial workersm....--....m...... 73 White collar workers-m...... m...... "...... nm.--..m.. 72 Manual and factory workers..m...... n...... m...... 69 Domestic and personal service workers.."...... u...... 60 Farmers """''''''''''''''''''''...... m.....n''mnm... nn_.m...... 62

Wealthy and prosperOUSm...m...... m.....mu..mn..m..n.n. 70

Middle class ...n...... m...... n.....m..m ...... 70 Poor ...... '''''''' ""'''...... m.....n...... n'...... m...... 63

Young people 14-20...... m...... n...... m.--..m..... 86 Adults 21.39 ""'h..m...n...... m..----m.....m.--...... --...... 69 Adults 40 and over...... u..um..m--um...... mn...n. 62

Attended college m,u"''''''...m.''''''''''''U''..umUh.m''h''h'' 76 Attended high scooL.._mm--.m--.n.m--..mn._------..m...... 71 Eighth grade or l ss"'h--.m...... --...... u....--.. 59

New England and Mid.Atlantic states....u...... m...... 74 Midwest ...... "-"'''' .-...... m'''''' :...... n...... 66 South " ",u...n.nn.n"...n..m...m.....m...... m...... "" 68

Roc Mountain and Pacic states..m...... mmnm..m.... 61

Residents of metropolitan districts 1 milion or more population....m'hm"'''''h..mm..m''h 74 . . . 50 000.1 milion '''hm..m.m'''''''''...... m...... u...... 65 Smaller cities and towns...... m'..mmm'hh.....mnm....mm 68 Farmers and farm residents..m""...... --......

Union members..m._..--...... n"" h...m....m... h--.m...... 65 Non-members "'....m"""'''''''.''h--''''''''U''.. 'h.nh..n.u...... 68

Veterans ..--.-- m '''O.m..--...... ""'" ""'0' ""'''''m ' 0'" .-- ...... 69 Veteran in famiY"._.----...:....----...... m...... m.n.....m....m.m 66 N on.veterans "00'" .h...... "...nmm...... -. 70

(52 J -...... --.--...... ---...... --.-""- ...... "." -."'--'''--'''''''--'--"--"--""-'.'---"."""--"'--"--"""'''' - ...... --...--.--...... --...... ,....----...... --...... "," "'--"'--''' ""'--'""''''''''''''-""--"'.""""--'----.--..------. .----...... -- .----.--.-....."""-"'" .--.. ''''--' -.--...... ,...._ '''-''''--.. --- .--..-- ..--.--...... --.'''''-'... --.... .-- .-..--...--.--...... --...... --'.--... ..--.--.. .--.-- .....-. 'r"

Table 13

It has been suggested that each country in the United 'Nations put up some money to do the things on this card. Do you thin the United States should put up money to loo over the school boo s used in all countries to see that they don t build up misunderstandings among countries?"

Should Should Not No Opinion

All. persons interviewed--..--...... --...... ----...... 64% 24% 12%=100%

Men ...... 62 Women 'm" .--.

Professional and managerial workers.----.--..----..-..--...... -- 71 White collar workers...... --...--..m--m--..-- 67 Manual and factory workers;..------..--.------...--..------64 Domestic and personal serice workers..--.w...... m...... 61 Farmers

Wealthy and prosperou8...... --...... --....-----... --... 68 Middle class ....--.....--.w...... m.."''''' '''''''''' 68 Poor ...... --...... -- m"'" ----...... 57

Young people 14-20..--...... m.--...... m...--.... 72 Adults 21-39 "' '----''''----'' 63 Adults 40 and overm..mM...... --...... ----...... mm.....m 63

Attended college ",.",,,--,,,,--,,,,,,----,"""'_"m ...... m"'" 66- Attended high schooL--...... --..--...... --.....----...... m...... 68 Eighth grade or less...... ----...... w...... w...... 57

New England and Mid-Atlantic states.--...--.--.....--...... --. 69 Midwest " m.."'--,-- --'--'" --...... --...... 66 South . 62 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states.....--.--.--u_ .-...... w..mm 55

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population.--..--.--u....--...... --..-- 70 . . . 50 000-1 millon .m --.m.mmw.----...w.m--..--.m.--..---- 62 Smaller cities and towns...... --...... m--..m--mm.m..... 65 Farmers and farm residents....---.....--..--...... ----..--.--..--.... 57

Union members.._--..--...... -..__...... ,...... 63 Non-members ""u" "'''''--'--''''U'''''''''''' .--.....m--u,----.., 65

Veterans u..--.--..-----...----.....--m...... --m--m---- m--.....----." 62 Veteran in fa.Y.--...m.mm.m--...... --..mm...--m--.--..--u.... 64 Non-veterans ....-- m.. u....

(53 J

:%1 '''''''''''''''''' :...... '''' ..--...

Table 14

It has been suggested that each country in the United Nations put up spme money to do the things on this card. Do you thinl( the United States should put up money to help countries exchange with each other such things as boo1(s, magazines, art, and museum exhibits?"

Should Should Not No Opinon

All persons interviewed--..mu.um.._....u.m..u...... _..._m.... 25% 17%=100%

Men ''''''--''''''--'- - '.m...... -...... --...... """ 5 Women .--..--...... --...... --..--...----...... """ 56

Professional and managerial workers..--...... --....._...... 67 White collar workers...... -- 66 Manual and factory workers...... --.m.u...... _...... 56 Domestic and personal servce workers...... --...... 56 Fanners ...... --..u....~...... u--..u...... --...... "m--

Wealthy and prosperUS-..--.m"''''''''''''''...... u.....um..... 64 Middle class "."""''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..m...... --..-.. 63 Poor ...... """""'...m...... 'h"'",,,no...... 46

Young people 14,20...... --...... 64 Adults 21,39 ...... u..u...... 58 Adults 40 and over...... --...... 56

Attended college .....m......

Attended high schooL....._...u..m...... m.u...... m '"u.... 61

Eighth grade or less...... '"""... 45

New England and Mid.Atlantic states...... --....--...... --...... 66 Midwest """'.""""""""""""""h"'''''''''....m...... 60 South .--...... -...u...... ''''''''U'''''...... m...... Rocky Mountain and Pacific states"'_""'''.h...... m...... 54

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population."u'''h....u...... m....m.m 70 . . . 50,000' 1 million ""'h...m...... u--.. Smaller cities and towns..m--"----...... u...... m...... ,.... 57 24' Farmers and far residents...... _...... 46

Union members.;;...... m...... Non-members """""'"'' """."""""u"""" -"'U""'''''''''''''''' 5 8

Veterans """"'''''''''''''' ..--...... --.--.u.....u "'U"''''''''

Veteran in famY...... u.u..m""--..--...... u.....mn... 56 . 26 Non-veterans """"""""'--"'hU'""""""",,,,,,,, ... 59

(54 J ...... --...... ,.._.._.. ... --...... -- ...,

Table 15

It has been suggested that each country in the United 'Nationsput up some money to do the things on this card. Do you thinJt the United States should put up money to send teachers and worJters to foreign countries on an exchange arrangement in which other countries would send their teachers and wor ers here?"

Should Should Not No Opinion

AU perns interviewed.....n..n.n...... n...n.--...... nm. 61 28% 11 %=100%

Men ...... -...'"""""""""""""" 61 Women n..n....n..n""",'...n..n...... mn..mn...... n..m....m 61

Profesional and managerial workers...._...... 73 Whte collar workersoo..oo..m...... m..mnm.nn...... --.n.... 66 Manual and factory workers...... oo..n...... m...... 58 Domestic and personal servce workers...... 54 Farmers ...... oo....m...m"",,,,,,,,,,,,,,oo',"..n...... '00""'00.' 50

Wealthy and prosperOUS-.m...... nm--...... mn.... 66 Middle clas """""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''...... 65 Poor ..... m...... ,...... n...... 00" m',' n '00""

Young people 14-20...... 00....00.....0000....00...... 0000...... , 66 Adults 21, 39 m...... m""'''''''''''''.n...... ' 62 Adults 40 and over...... m...... m..--...... m...... 59

Attded college """""""'"-''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''',,'00" 78 Attended high scooL.m..-- ...... --...... 62 29' Eighth grade or less......

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... 71 Midwest ...... n... L. n.. ..mn."'",,,"""'" ...... n. . ,... ''''''00'' ..... South '.....n.....m...... n.....n...... 60 Rocky Mountain and Pacic state...... n..--......

Residents of metropolita districts . . . 1 milion or more population...... 67 50,000'1 milion ...... --...... 62 SmaUer cities and townS...... nm...... Farmers and farm residents.m...... 54

Union members....m..m--...m...... n 55 Non-members """'"- .''''''''''''m'''--''''''''h--.'- ''.'''''''.''''''''' 62.

Veterans ....""""'-""'''...... '"'' "'n"','" ...... '.m.. ... Veteran in famlY...... m...... n..noonnmmn.nm 61 N on'veterans ""'...... m...... m..nm...... 60

(55 J

I . --.--.....,...... ,...... --." .....".""'" ...... "'--"""...... --, .--....--,,,,.--...... """""""""'--"--"""'--"...."-...... --;...... --...... --...--...... """"...... ""--"---- -......

Table 16

It has been suggested that each country in the United l\ations put up some money to do the things on this card. Do you think. the United States should put up money to help pay for a United l\ations broadcasing station that would send radio programs to all countries, tellng the people what s going on in the world?"

Should Should Not No Opinon

All persons interviewed--..u..m..--umu",--,u" "'hm--..u--u- 67% 23% 10%=100%

Men """"""""" .....m.m...... m...... 67 Women ...... m.....--u""'''''U''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.....--.- 67

Professional and managerial workers.m.mumu--m...... -- 70 White collar workers...... _...... ,...... 75 Manual and factory workers.--.--..----...... m.....m...--...... 66 Domestic and personal service workers...... --...... _-- Farmers 00'"'''''''''''''.. 00,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,''00''''''''' ..--..- .. '--' 60

Wealthy and prosperous...... ,... 69 Middle class ...... --..--...u....--..--n.....,n.""--" """''''''''''' 70

Poor ...... V'" ...... ,... 61

Young people 14-20... ,...... 75 Adults 21-39 "''''''m" '----m'..--nn,''''--'n...... n...... 67 Adults 40 and over...... --...... m...... m.....--.'" 65

Attended college .....m....m.....--...... m..m.--..'_" """"'" 74 Attended high schooL..-- ...... 70 Eighth grade or lessm.n...m_.m...... --...... ----...... m...--..... 58

New England and Mid'Atlantic states--- --...... m. 72 Midwest . ,..... 66 South ...- '._.m_.m_ '--""'U'''''''''.- '.'''''' 66 Rocky Mountain ahd Pacific states...... 62

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 million or more population...... --...... 74 . . . 50 000'1 milion ..m....n..... '...m--.--n..--...... u--....n.. 63 Smaller cities and towns...-...... ,...... --...... --.. 67 Farmers and farm residents....m...... --n...n..m.m....----..u 62

Union members...... _...... u..u...--.....--.u...--...... _.... 64 Non'members ...... --..... L...... --...... 67

Veterans ...mmm....m...----....--m..---...... m...... 'm..... 68 Veteran in faIilY...._ .....--..m..... ----..... 65 . 24 Non-veterans 'n..m...... ------_..--m...... m....m,,,--, 'm"-- --" 69

(5') ......

Table 17

A Summary of Tables 12,16

A'" 't i3 't E -= cu .t .. .t"" .t""0.. .t0 0= rn '" rnN rn.. rnZ

All persons inteviewed...... 34% 45% 3%=10

Men '...... mh...... m..m....m...... m...... 35 Women ""'-"'...... m...... moo...... 34

Profesional and managerial workers...... _...- 42 Whit-e collar workers....,...... 40 Manual and factory workers...... 33 Domestic and personal service workers...... 35 Farmers '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''...m..m...... 23

WeaJthy and prosperoUS...... mm...... 34 Middle clas ...... m...... 39 Poor '''''''''''OO'''''''...... m...... 30

Young people 14,20"""""...... 00...... 00...... 39 Adults 21-39 ...m...... m...... :m...... m..... 34 Adults 40 and over...... :...... 34

Attded college m...... 42 Attended high scooL..m...... 37 Eighth grade or les.... :...... _...... 26

New England and Mid'Atlantic states...... oo. 42 Midwest ...... m...... ;...... 33

South ""."""""""",'...... h...... 3 2 Rocky Mountain and Pacic states...... 29

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population...... m...... 47 .. . 50 000'1 million """'''''''''''''''''''..m...... 33 Smaller cities and towns...... 31 Farmers and farm resdents...... 24

Union members...... 31 Non,members h...... 36

Veterans """""""""...... m...... 35 Veteran in family...... 34 Non-veterans ...... 36 . 44

(57 J ...... _...... -...... """"...'" ..... """" ...... :...... -...... _... ..--...... "...... ,...... : ...... :......

Table 18

If this country had different 1(inds of wor1(ers trade places with wor1(ers in foreign countries for a few months-such as teachers, office wor1(ers, factory wor1(ers and farmers-do you thinlt this would bring about a better feeling between the people of this country and other countries, or not?"

Yes Don t Know

All persons intervewed...... 64% 27% 9%=100%

Men...... ""'''''''' ...... ,...... n... Women .. 65' 25'

Professional and managerial workers...... 72 White collar workers...... m...... m 'm..m...... 68 25' Manual and factory workersm...... 62 Domestic and personal service workers...... mm...... 55' Farmers

Wealthy and prosperous...... _.--...... 64 Middle clas ...... mm...... m...m. 68 25' Poor ...... ,... .""""''''''''''''''--'''''''''''''''''''''''' 5'9

Young people 14-20...... 74 Adults 21 - 39 """"""'''''''''''''''''.''' :''...... mm...... 64 Adults 40 and. over...... m...... m..m...... 62

Attnded college ....:...... 74 Attended high schooL...... 66

Eighth grade or les...... mm...... 56 15'

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... 66 Midwest . 63 South ...... :...... 67 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states.e...... 5'9

Residents of metropolita districts . . . 1 milion or more population...... 64

. . . 5'0 000-1 milion ...... m..:.m...... m.. :...... m.. 63 25' Smaller cities and towns...... 68 Farmers and farm residents..m......

Union members......

Non-members """"'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 64

Veterans 'm"""""""',- _.. :...... m...... 67 Veteran in family...... 62 . i 1 Non-veterans ...... :...... 66.

(58) . . . .-.. '''''''''''-- ."'''''''',......

Table 19

Suppose our government does asJt worJters from other countries to trade places with worJters in the. United States for a few months. Are there any of these countries you d li e (would not li e) to have send some of their wor ers to the United States?"

SWEDEN Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinon

All persons interviewed..'..--.--....--m....mm...... --.-- 62% 14% 10% 14%=10 Men ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''--'''--'''''''''''''''''''''''

Women ...m.m...m...... '...... 60

Professional and managerial workers...... m...... 71 White collar workers...... --...... 70 Manual and factory workers.....----...... 57 Domestic and personal service workers..--...... 51 Farmers """"""""''''''''''' ''''.....--..--...m. 60

Wealthy and prosperous"...... --...... ----....--.--..m. 69 Middle class "m''''''''''--''''m'm...... --....,...... 66

Poor .. .--....'-""'" "'...... " """""""""" 5' 2

Young people 14-20.._...... m...... Adults 21-39 "'--"""""'''''''''...... ''''''''' 60 Adults 40 and over...... ,...... 65 9 '

Attnded college --,--"'u,,u"...... --...m...... 77 Attended high schooL...... --....--...... 62

Eighth grade or lesL...... --...... --.... 54

New England and Mid-Atlantic states....--...... 66 Midwest ..Cm...... --...... ,... 65

South 'U" """"""...... m....--...... 57 Rocky Mouhtain and Pacifc state...... --...... 62

Residents of metropolitan distrcts . . . 1 milion or more population...... 65 000-1 millon ...... --...... Smaller cities and towns...... ----...... 61 Farmers and far residents.....--...... 63

Union members...... --...... 70 Non-members ...... --...... :...... --...... --.. 62 14 .

Veterans ...... ----...... --...... 59 Vetera in family--...... --...----...... 63 Non-veterans ...... --.....,...... 63

r 59J ''',),.: :: . , .... ,.:'j'. ,.';-

I;' Table 20

Suppose our goverment does ask. work.ers from other countries to trade places with work.ers in the United

States for a few months. Are there any of these countries you lik.e (would not like) to have send some of their work.ers to the United States?"

RUSSIA Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinon

1', All persons inferviewed...... 53% 31% 8%=1000/0

Men ...--....m...... 5' 3 Women ..m...m...... um...... m..... 5'2

Profesonal and managerial workers...... 65 White collar workers...... m.m...... 61 Manual and factpry workers...... 48 Domestic and personal servce workers.m...... 40 ;ii Farmers ..:...... 44

Wealthy and prosperus...... Middle clas ...... ,...... 57 Poor um..m"""'...... m...... 42 ii' t i: 1.(1, Young people 14-20"""...... _...... m...... 58 ;;H Adults 21-39 """"...... mm"''''",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 57 Adults 40 and I9ver...... mm...... m. U ;;

, i, Attended college ...... m ...... m...... 74 Attended high scooL...... m...... Iii Eighth grade or les...... 38

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... ,...... 58 Midwest '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''...m...... 51 South """"""""""""'-""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'''' 51 Rocky Mountain and Pacic state...... 48 37'

Residents of metropolitan districts . , . 1 millon or more population..m...... ,...... 54

;i:1 000-1 million """"""""".m"""'-"""',''',,,,,, 52 HI,: . 50 Smaller cities and towns....m...... 5' Farmers and. farm residents...... _...... 49 ll; Union members...... _...... 5 Non-members '-"""""""""""""""""'--"""."".""... 52 i.l Veterans '''''''...... m''''.''--.--.m.mm...... 62 Vetera in -family...... --...... 51 if. Non-veterans .....m...... :.....----- 52 I'!:

Iii! i!! (60 J ilf """"""""",,,"'--"."""...... --.--..--.....--...... ,...... ,...... """"'--"-----...... --.--...... ----...... --""'"'''-''''-.----_..------_...... '"'.' ...... -..---...... --'''. ...- ...... '...... '",-",..--..''''.-.

S.'!Ykfi"

Table 21

Suppose our government does as/t wor/ters from other countries to trade places with workers in the United States fora few months. Are there any of these countries you d like (would not like) to have se11d some of their workers to the United States?"

JAPAN Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinon

All persons interviewed...... --..--.--..m.... 43 % 40% 9%=100%

Men "--"----'"'' 44 Women ..m...... :'' 41

Professional and managerial workers...... 54 White collax workers...... _... 53 Manual and factory workers...... m.. 37 Domestic and personal servce workersm...... 33 Farmers """",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"'''''''''-. "" 36

Wealthy and prosperous...._...... 50 Middle class ...... ,..-...... 47 Poor ...... :...... mm...... -...'--""'.""'-- ,., 32

Young people 14-20...... 50 Adults 21-39 m...... m...m..._--.--.. :.....--m.--... Adults 40 and over""--"--'...... m...... --..-- 40

Attended college ..-...... w...... - 62 Attended high schooL...... m...... 42 Eighth grade or less"",,,,,,,,""""""'- '..m.... 32

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... --.. 47 Midwest ...... m...... --" South ...... '--.m...... m..m..-.. 41 Rocky Mountain and Pacifc states...... 39

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population...... m...... _.--.. 48 . . . 50 000-1 milion """'-""""'","'--..m"""""'..m.' 38 Smaller cities and townB...... m...... 44 Farmers and farm residents:...... _... .. 38

Union members.....m..mm...... --...... 46 Non-members ..- m..m...... m...... --."'--"-' 42

Veterans .....mm..m...... _--...... m..m...----.... 47 Veteran in famiy..--...-- c.m...... m.....m...... 40 Non-veterans ....,...... :..... -..... 45

f 61 J ...... --...... --...... --...... ,..--..--.....

Table 22

Suppose our government doesaslt worlters from other countries to trade places with worlters in the United States for a few months. Are there any of these countries yotL lik.e (would not liJte) to have send some of their work.ers to th.e United State

GREECE Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinon

All persons interewed...n...m...... n.... 54% 17% 10% 19%=100%

Men "nn-...... n.m"n..m',,,'m...... m. 56 Women ...... """"""'.""""--"""""'"......

Professional and managerial workers...... _--...... 63 White collar workers...... _...... --...... 61 Manual and factory workers...... m...... m..n. 49 Domestic and personal service workers...... 43

Farmers ...... :..m...m ...... n'''hm ...n..... 51

Wealthy and prosperous...... n--n

Middle class .....m...... m...... --.... 58 Poor """""""""'-"""""""""""""''''''''...... 43

Young people 14.20...... Adults 21-39 '''''''''''''--''''''''''''....n...... m..... 54 Adults 40 and over...... 52

Attended college '...m...... '''''''''''''','''''''''''''''--" 72 Attended high schooL...... --...... --...... Eighth grade or less...... --...... 44

New England and Mid.Atlantic states...... n... 60 Midwest ...... --""""""""""""""'''''--'''''''' 5 South ,...... n.m...... m...... --..' 52 Rocky Mountain and Pacific state...... 46

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 million or more population...... 58 . . . 50,000.1 million ...... n...... n...... 48 Smaller cities and town...... -...... 55 Farmers and farm resdents...... nn...... m...... 54

Union membes...... ""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5 9 Non.members """n,n",,"..n.n..nn...... n...... 5 3

Veterans ""'"''''''".''n'''"'''''''"''',''',',',,',,'''''''--''''' 5 5 Veteran in familY...--n...--nn.....--...--...... 51 N on.veterans ...,...... --...... 57

(62 J ...... ,...... '.....,...... '...... ,.."......

Table 23

Suppose our government does ask. worlzers frornother countries to trade places with work.ers in the United States for a few months. Are there any of these countries you lik.e (would not 1ik.eJ to have send

some of their worlzers to the United States?"

GERMANY Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinon

All persons intervewed...... -. ,...... 54% 28% 10%=100%

Men ...... m...... 57 \Vomen ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''_n .....m.m...... 5'0

Professional and managerial workers...... 63 White collar workers...... --...... 63 Manual and factory workers...... :...... 50 Domestic and personal service workers...... --...... 42

Farmers ....., 35'

Wealthy and prosperous...... _...... 58 Middle class '''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''hm ..m.. 58 Poor ..,...... :.... '"'''''''''''''''' ... 45

Young people 14-20"--h..nnmm...... 62

Adults 21 - 3 9 ...... 54

Adults 40 and over...... 50

Attended college 'm...m-. 'h""".....'""",,,,--,,,.,,,,, 73 Attended high schooL...... ,...... 53 Eighth grade or less..,...... 42

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... 58 . Midwest ...... ,...... 53 South ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,'...... m' 5 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states...... - 52

ResidetltS of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population--...... ,...... 5' . . . 50,000- 1 milion """"""-"""'--""""""''''''n''''' 50 Smaller cities and towns...... _...... 56 Farmers and farm residents...... ,...... 50

Union members....--...... "...... 56 Non-members ... '''''00'''''''''''

Veterans m...... 62 Vetera in family.--...... 49

Non-veterans ...... 56

(63 J ...... ,...... --.'--_''--'''''-- --. --.. .--.._..

Table 24

Suppose our government does ask. work.ers from other countries to trade places with work.ers in the United States for a few months. Are there any of these countries you lik.e (would not lik.e) to have send some of their work.ers to the United States?"

CHINA Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinion

All persons intervewed...... -...... m..----.. 57% 13%=100%

Men """""--"'''''''--'''''''' m....'''''''''''''.''' 56 Women .m...n.m.m.n....._. C...... nm...... --..--.n. 58

Professional and managerial workers...... ------_.

White collar workers...... m.mm...... _. ...- 64 11 . Manual and factory workers....m...... --._--_.m.m... 52 Domestic and personal servce workers...m..m...... 44

Farmers ...... m"" """"'--.""""."""U.."....m...... m.m 53

Wealthy a.nd prosperous...... --...... --._...... Middle class m...m...m...... mm...... m...... 61 Poor ";""""".m...... -'''''00 .. '00.00.."""" ...... 48

Young people 14-20...... _._._n...... m..--...... Adults 21-39 """'--"'.'''...... m...... mm...... 58 Adults 40 and over...... n.----"....--....-...m...... ---.n.. 53

Attended college -"""'''''.n..m'....m..--mnm--.--..... 72 Attended high scooL..m...... -... 58 Eighth grade or less.....m'''......

New England and Mid'Atlantic state....m....m. 61 Midwest ''' ''mnn''''--'''''''''''-'...m'm.m..--...._...... 54 South "'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.._m--m_ --._um._--.._. 58 Rocky Mountain and Pacific state...... m_------.. 53

Residents of metropolita districts . . . 1 million or more population...... --... 61 000' 1 milion _..._m..m.....m.m----".--_m..--.... 52 Smaller cities and towns...... mm...... --....._.... 57 Farmers and farm residents...... m....m...... mm..... 57

Union members...... n..--...... _--.m.....--_...... 57 Non-members ...... n..m... "--""'.--'", 57

Veterans ...;...... m...... n....--..nm...... --m..--.m_...--.. 57 Veteran in family...... --...--,...... 55 Non-veterans .'...... m'''''...... m--'''''''''''''''''..----_.m.. 60

(64 J ...... -'''''' _ "','"--_ ...... --'..-.....-.._--'...... ----...._...... ----""" ..----._--._._......

Table 25

trade places with work.ers in the United Suppose our government does ask. w01'k.ers from other countries to to have send States for a few months. Are there any of these countries you lik.e (would not lik.e) some of their work.ers to the United States?" FRANCE Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinon

All persons interviewed...... -...... --..... 61 % 15% 10% 14%=100%

Men ... ..0", ..n..' ...... m. 62 Women ...... m..m.. --....--...... --mm...m...

Profesional and managerial workers...... 69 White collar workersm.m.--..--....m...mm....mmm.. 66 Manual and factory workers...... - 56 Domestic and personal servce workers....--mm..... 54 Farmers -.....--...... --...... -...... --...... -...... 58

Wealthy and prosperous...... m...mm--_..m Middle class ...... m'.m...... --..m--.. ...--...."" 63

Poor ....n...... mm...--.--...... -...... --..mm.n'" 5 3 15'

Young people 14-20...... -- ...m.mn...... mm.. Adults 21 - 39 ,,,-,,,,,",'n- .....--m"""","".'''''' 62 Adult8 40 and over...... mnmmm.mnm...--m... 59

Attended college ...mm...... -...... --.--.m""n--' "'' 75 Attended high schooL--... .m..--.m..m.m..--..... 60 Eighth grade or lesB...m.n.--.m--m.m...n....._...... 52

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... -.m...... 63 Midwest '"''''. 00'" --.... . " _""'00'--" nm...',"'" 59 South .--.... ,'".,'.....m' .",, 'n'm'" ...... " ...... 64 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states.....m ..m.... 56

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population.m.....--.--...... m 63 . . . 50 000- 1 milion m".m'--mm"""."-'-"'.""--"'''''' 58 Smaller cities and towns...... --. ...n--mn..... 61 Farmers and farm resident8..m..m_ mnm..n....m...... 61

Union members...... --...--..m..m..--...... --....--.. 65 Non-members ...... ,...... - ....--...... --..-.... 61

Veterans ...... m...mm..mm...... m..m--m.m.."""'" 63 Veteran in familY...... nm ..--..m...m 60 Non-veterans m""--"""""""""""",,,,,,"'''''' '..m'''' 62

( 65) Table 26

Suppose our government does as wor7zers from other countries to trade places with wor7zers in the United

States for a few months. Are there any of these countries you Hk.e (would not li7ze) to have send some of their work.ers to the United States?"

MEXICO Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinion

All persons intervewed"""'...... m.. '''''' '56% 19% 105"0 %=100%

Men ...... '.....m...... --...--..-- 57 Women m"'..--m"'''''''''''''''...... m..m....m..--...... 54

Professional and managerial workers.--..--...... 62 White collar workers...--...... m...... 61 Manual and factory workers..----....--...... - 52 Domestic and personal service workers--...... - 43 Farmers ...... '''''''''''''''''''''''--'' """""""...... ,... 5

Wealthy and prosperous...... _...... 59 Middle class "...m'--'.....m...m""'...--.m...----...... 59 Poor --"""'----""''''''''''..m._... .m...... 47

Young people 14;20"""'''''''''--''''''''''''''''''''''''0... Adults 21-39 ...... ----....--...... -...... --..... Adults 40 and over'''--..--.....m--...... --..--...... 5

Attended college --..--...... --...... --...... Attended high schooL...... -...... 54 Eighth grade or less..--..--...... --.--.....--....--...... 49

New England and Mid-Atlantic state...... --.... 57 Midwest ...--...... ------....--...... - 52 South --"".....m...... --...... --...--.--...... 59 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states...... ,...... ----.... 49

. Residents of metropolitan district . . . 1 million 0,1 more population...... _...-- 56 . . . 50 000- 1 milion ''''''''''--'''''''''--''--''''''...m.. 51 Smaller cities and towns...... 57 Farmers and farm residents..--..----...... _..--...... 57

Union members...... --.....;...... 57 Non-members ...... --..--...--.. 55

Veterans ....--...... --.. 56

Veteran in family.--...... 53 Non-veterans """"""'''''-'''''''''''''''''.m''--...m..... 58

(66 J --..--.'--''--'--''''--...... _--...... --...... --...... --..,...... ,.....--''' '''''-- -

Table 27

Suppose our government does as wor ers from other countries to trade places with work,ers in the United States for a few months. Are there any of these countries you lik,e (would not like) to have send some of their work,ers to the United States?" ENGLAND Would Like Would Not Like Don t Know No Opinon

All persons intervewed...... m..... 17% 10;10=100%

Men ...... ----.--.----.----...... m...."'--"--""'----'--'''''' ''-- 63 Women --....-...'...... --...--.m.... 65

Profesional and managerial workers...... --..... 72 White collar workers...... 70 Manual and factry workers....--...... --.... 60 Domestic and personal service workers...... _...... 54 Farmers ....m....""''''''','''''''''''''''--'''''''''''''--''' --'' 61

Wealthy and prosperous...--..--.....--.--.....----...... 71 Middle class ....m.m..m.m.m...... --..'",''''''''''''''' 66 Poor ...... 57

Young people 14,20...... Adults 21-39 ....--...... m..... Adults 40 and over...... --...... 63

Attended college mm..h'''''''''''--'''''''''''''''--''' 78 Attended high schooL....--...... -. 64 Eighth grade or less...... --..----......

New England and Mid,Atlantic states...... 66 Midwest '.m""',"',"'.."""--'''''''''--''''''''''''''''''''...... 60 South ""--",,,'''m..m--...--..... '''' 68 Rocky MoUntain and Pacific stateS.m.--...... --... 59

Resdents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 milion or more population...... --...... 62 . . . 50 000,1 million --..,...m...--mm...m...... 62 Smaller cities and towns...... --...... 67 Farmers and farm residents...... --..--...... 65

Union members...._..._...... 64 Non,members ...... --...... m..m..m...... m....m... 64

Veterans --..m..m...... --...... ""--""""'--"'--''''--'' 63 Veteran in family...... --...... 62 Non'veterans .m'n..mm...... --...... """""""".' 67

(67 J :...... --...... ,..... , ')

Table 28

Suppose our government does ask. work.ers from other countres to trade places with wor1(ers in the United

States for a few months. Are there any of these countries you would li1(e to have send some of their wor1(ers to the United States?"

Total Countres Respondent "WOULD LIKE"

All persons interewed...... --... 5% 8% 9% 6% 6% 6% 4% 4% 34% 18%=100%

Men... -.. ..-....-...... 6 Women ...... --...... --...... ')

Professonal and mangerial workers...... 4 White collar workers...... 4 Manual and factry workers...... 6 Domestic and personal servce workers...... 6 Farmers """"""''''''''.''''''''''''''''''''''''''...n.. 7

Wealthy and prosperous...... --....--...... 4 Middle class m...... 5 Poor ...... m...... --...... 7

Young people 14-20...... _...... 4 Adults 21-9 """"'--"""''''' '--'''''''''''''''''''' 6 Adults 40 and over....--...... -... 6

Attended college .m....m--...... 3

Attended high schooL..--...... -. 6 1'J Eighth grade or less.....-...... --...----.....-..-.... 6

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...___ Midwest ""'"-''-''''''''''''''''''''''''''''-'-'--'-''''''' 6 South -""""'-'---"'-"""---'"'''''''--''''''''''''''''''' 6 Rocky Mountain and Pacific states....--......

Residents of metropolitan diricts . . . 1 milion or more population...... 6 . . . 50 000-1 million """n"""""""',-""""-,, 4 Smaller cities and tOWn8.'...... --...... --mm 6 Farmers and farm residents...... _...... _---... 6

Union membes..--...... --_...... 7 Non-members ..n...... --...... -.-...... 6

Veterans ...... --...... 5 Veteran in family...... ') Non-veterans ...... --.. ' 6

(68 J -...... :...--...--...... --...... ,...... :....,-.

Table 29

Per cent of total population saying 31% 28% 21% 19% 17% 17% 15% 14% Would not like 40% BASES FOR OPPOSITION TO AN EXCHANGE PLAN; PIan wouldn t work; it would be a waste of money, tie is too short, too few peDple are concerned...--...... --...... 5%** 6% 70;0 10% 11% 12% 11% They don t need our help, are friendly now.. We have nothing to gain or learn from them; we are already superior".._...... --.. Let them look out for themselves; they are satisfied as they are.--. They would lower wages, take our jobs lower our standards...... --...... They would bring in bad ideas: disrpt the status quo, give a chance for communsm fascism, labor trouble...... They would be a menace to national securty: they would learn our secrets and use them against us ...... -.. Because of the hatred we feel due to the war: they were our enemies (or they were not enough help) """--,--"""m""--""""'''--'-.''

SPECIFIC STEREOTYPES They are treacherous, sneaky, sly, can t be trusted.. ..,.. '"'.''' ... ,...... m"""" ..... They are strange, difficult to understand would never mix...... They are cruel, mean, barbarous, not civid They are imperialistic, troublemakers, dic- tatorial, selfih ...... They are uncooperative, smug, don t want tu learn ,,,,,,,,"""'''''''''''''''''''.'''''' They are dumb, ignorant, lack capacity, are backward ...... m...... m...... "'''''''''''''''' They are lower socially, dirt, would soon be on relief .m...... """"""""'''''''''.''''''''''''' They are lazy, irresponsible, won t work...... They thk we owe them somethg, are haughty, let us pay the bils...... They are heathens, godless, have no religion.. Other reasons There are too many here already...... I don t lie foreigners, we wouldn t get along Don t know and no reason specied...... 112% 109% 109% 110% 112% 108% 110% 110% 107%

Less than one-half of one per cent. 1HfPercentages in each column are based only on persons answer.. Because many respondents gave more than one reason, per.. ing "Would not like" regarding the particular nationality. centages. add to more than 100. (69 J -""""""""'''''''''--'''''.. .--...... --...... "...... :....--...... - .'"

Table 30

As you now, President 'Truman recently suggested that the United States send 400 milion dollars to aid two European countries-an you remember which two countries he wants to aid?" Cim you tell me which groups of people have been having trouble in Palestine ?'ecently?" Answers to Answers to First Both Questions Question Correct; All Wrong ENTIRELY One Mistake on Part or Don CORRECT Second Question Right Know

All persons interviewed...... ----._..__...__.. 10% 32% 45% 13%=100%

Men """"""''''''''''''''''..n'''''''''--..n.--...... 13 Women ..--.m...--..--..--..--...... --...... -- ---.....-. 6

Professional and managerial workers...... __..._--.

White collar workers.m...... --...... _ ..... 12 Manual and factory workers_...... --....----.-----.. 5 Domestic and personal service workers.....--...... 1

Farmers ...... m""'''''''''''''''....m...... ,-...-. 5

Wealthy. and prosperous...... --...... Middle class " ''-''-''''''--._.m_.. 10 Poor "'''''''--'''''''''''''''''' """"""m 5

Young people 14-20...... __.--...... Adults 21-39 m..m"""""--"""""'..m...--.--....--.. 8 Adults 40 andover...... --...... --...... m......

Attended college '''''.m--.--...... --.... 20 Attended high scooL._....-...... --...... 9 Eighth grade or less...... --...... 4

New England and Mid-Atlantic states...... 14 Midwest ...... -.--..... 7 South ...... ,. -...... - -... n -"n Rocky Mountain and Pacific states...... ----... 12

Residents of metropolitan districts " . . 1 millioll or more population...._...... __...... 10 . . . 50 000-1 millon ...... Smaller cities and toWllS...... --...... _--_.... 10 Farmers and farm residents......

Union members...... ,...... Non,members ...... 10 . 30

Veterans --""m...... --.....--......

, Veteran in family...... ,...... ,...... 9. IS' Non'veterans ...... --...... 8

(70) ...... ----- .------..'.".,.....'.'--. .-...... --. ..---_.----_--"""",,' - ....---.-----.--__....--._...- ...-.. ------..-...-....--..--.------.---.----.--_------...... -...... --.--.. .----.---..-... --.--...... ---'....-....-----.'-... --..- .....--...----.--..-----.- ..--...... _...-...... -...... ---....----.--...... ----- ..-...... ------.--_--.------.--.-- .-...... -- ..----- ...... -. .."'"---.....'

Table

Do you happen to belong to any groups or organizations that discuss national or international problems?"

Yes

All persons interviewed.nnmn..mm...mn------_...m--m..mm 16% %=100%

Men oo .... moo...... n..'. ..-- n '. --.. n - .oo.- Women .mnmm..._ ..m-- _m_--_

Professional and managerial workers..-...-.---....-...----.m.------.... 27

White collar workers....m.n.m----.m...... _-_.--m--_.._------_m_-- --_mn Manual and factory workers._m._m_m_m_.u--m_u--_m.------._-_.--_m_- 13 Domestic and personal service workers._..m....--...n..----.---.-...... --...-.. 10

Farmers m,'.mm..mm".--m-...u----_.-...--_--m 'm.----m '_mm-..u..--.------_--n'

Wealthy and prosperous..__ .-...... -.m.---.- .- ....-..oo-. -...... --... 28 Middle class m.m"'n'mm.----.--.-----...-_u---. '--._---_..------...-----.--...._--.-...... 16

Poor '....m""'m"m...m..m m.. ..- m......

Young people 14-20._...------.-...-...--..--...-_..---.m.._...--...m.m-- : 19 Adults 21-39 'm'..m.m--.._---- m--.--.....--...----m_ ------.---- 16 Adults 40 and over...... --..--.....--...... --.--..--...--..--..----...--.m..--..--..--.. 15

Attended college m.--m..mm___..m.m.m--m.mmn--mmm..--...- .mn 32 Attended high schooL_...... -.. "-'m'-- ...... --"'" Eighth grade or les8...um.-- m.m.m..m.._...._.--m.--_m--...m..m.. 7

New England and Mid-Atlantic states-.m------.--.------..... 19 Midwest "..m.",,""".""--' '--'n South .m.mmm--.--....--.-.--.-- :nu--m.._mmn--..--..--..- ..---.--n--..-.---mm 15 Rocky Mountain and Pacific state...... --._m.m..m ...... 12

Residents of metropolitan districts . . . 1 million or more population...... ----m-...-.m.m.--...---- .-..------..-- 17 . . . 50 000-1 million . ,....m...... n'.."'-n""""".""""" '-..m..--...---- m- 17 Smaller cities and townSm..n--.nm.m.m--m ----.m.....m-.mm..u---.--m. 17 Farmers and farm residents...... --..--..--- --...... -..------.--..--.--... 11

Union members....m--m...m..m...... nm..m------.----_.--.--n '_.....m__ ------.m 15

Non;merbers ..m'- "m- -. m...--..m...m.m.....n--...... _--- 16

Veterans nmn"m"--'...m..m.--m--'--"--"-- "--m.m....._--..-----..------.m" 23 Veteran in familYm...... n.m.--.------m--..--...... --. ....m.--...... 15 Non-veterans m""""...----.---.----....--m.u..m--".".,'-.m..--. ..-.....--.-- ... 14

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NOR c

Every year the National Opinion Research Center issues severol research reports, each of which presents a detailed analysis of public opinion in a given area as revealed by one or more NORC surveys, often supplemented by findings from other opinion research organizations. The complete roster of reports follows:

1. One Week before Peorl Harbor. Attitudes toward 19. The Public . Looks at World Organization. A consen- the war in Europe. December, J 94 l.m_m..m..Out of Print sus of American opinion, expressed in various na. tional polls, regarding the functions and powers of 2. National Opinion on Current and Post-War Prob- a post-war world union and the possible responsi- lems. March, 1942. (32 pagesL...... --..m...... --.. bilities entailed in United States' membership. April 1944. (32 pages with 9 charts)mm..m.m...... mm. 3. Regional Opinion on Vital . Economic and Political Questions. Rocky Mountain attitudes toward post. 20. The Public Looks at Politics and Politicians. Nation- war problems. April , 1942. (32 pages with map). al opinions regarding politics as a career, the men in politics, ond the way they do their jobs. March, 3S. (Supplement to Report No. Regional Opinion toward Federal Regulation. Federal 1944. (J 9 poges)* """--"''''-'''''''''''m.--''''''''''' vs. state control of utilities, services, ete, May, 1942. 21. The Public Looks at Education. What Americans (8 pa ges) ...... : m'" ...... h.n think of education today-the public schools, what 4. Anti-Inflation Measures. National opinion on tax they teach, and federal financial aid for education. proposals, wartime regulation of prices incomes August, 1944. (40 pages)...... --... and profits. June, 1942. (24 pages with map)m,.. 22. Do Negroes Have Equal Economic Opportunities? 4S. (Supplement to Report No. Why? An analysis of nation-wide opinion, including National Opinion toward Federal Regulation. June both white and Negro respondents in every section 1942. (8 pages)...... mm.m._m..-...m..--.m"--'h'" of the United States. April, 1944, (J 1 pages)*

5. A tion-Wide Survey of Post-War and Current 23. Compulsory Military Training in Peacetime? Nation- Problems. August, 1942. (32 pages with mapL.... wide attitudes on compulsory military training after the war. December, 1944. (18 pages) --"'m'--"'"'' 6. Current alld Post-War Problems. Special graphic , 1942. supplement. October (! 6 pages with 12 24. Germany and the Post-Waf World. An analysis of charts) ...m.....n'h.--..m...... -...... -...... m.....-."" opinion in the United States (with comparisons 7. Testing Opinion Surveys at the Polls. Report of an from Great Britain, Canada, and Australia) as to the election experiment on economic issues and candi- economic and political disposition of Germony after dates. January, 1943. (32 pages with 4, chartsL.. the war and what treatment should be accorded the Gennan people. January, 1945. (64 pages with 8 8. War and Peace-1943 Edition. Report of a nation- charts) """'h'__-..m'''--'''''''''m'''''--'--'''''''m''''' . wide survey largely devoted to a study of what sacri- fices the American people may be willing to make to 25. Public Opinion on World Organi%Otion up to the San help establish a world union. March, 1943. (40 Francisco Conference. A summary of public opinion pages) .....m._--.--._h...... m...hm-.....mmm.m' up to the time of the world conference. April, 1945. * (32 pages) """"'- '-"""""----'--''''''''--h'.''"""."""" 9. The Reconversion Period from War to Peace. Na. tion.wide opinions regarding employment, social se- 26. Public: Opinion on Control of Prices... Wages. . . curity, and other economic issues involved in the re- Salaries. . . during War and Reconversion. A sum- conversion from a wartime to a peacetime economy. mary of national opinion 1941- J 945. June, 1945. * June, 1943. (24 pages with 12 charts)....,..,...... (25 pages) "."".""""h--""''''''''''_-'..m..m._...._.... A national 10. Should the Churches Plan for Peace? For the Record. . . Public Opinion Misses on Russia (9 pages)* ..--_m. 27. opinion survey. July, 1943. . . . But Scores on World Organization. September, 11. Lend-Lease to England: What Are We Getting? 1945. (4 pages) '...--m..mm...m"'--"''''- '_..-.....m'' What Should We Get? August, 1943. (! 1 pages).. 28. What... Where. . . Why. . . Do People Read? Re- 12. Attitudes toward the Axis Peoples. Trend report port of 0 17 -city survey mode by personal interview based on three nation-wide surveys. August, J 943. for the American Librory Association and cooperating (4 pages with chartL...... m..m...m.m... libraries. The study presents data on people s reading preferences and habits, their attitudes. toward public 13. Has the United States Any Territorial Ambitions? libraries, their use of the library, and their knowledge Trend report. September, 1943. (4 pages with chart) of library services and financing. January, 1946. (32 14. The American People and the War Effort. Trend re- pages with map and charts)mm"""'''-_ '.-.....m. port. September, 1943. (4 pages with chart)...... 29. Can the UNO Prevent Wars? A summary of public 15. Public Opinion on Gasoline Ratianing. Trend report. information about the UNO and national opinion October, 1943. (4 pages with chart)...... --...... regarding the ability of the organization to prevent wars between big or small nations, the veto vote in 16. Are Wars Inevitable? A concensus of American the Security Council , and other vital issues. Febru- opinion. December, 1943.mmm. ..m Out af Print ary, 1946. * (20 pages with mop and charts)..mm..

17. Public Attitudes toward Subsidies... Prices. . . 30. Should Price and Rent Control Be Continued? April Wages and Salaries. December, 1943. * ....m.Out..of Print 1946. (18 pages with charts) * mm.m."m.---_m...... 18. Should Soldiers Vote? A report of a special spot- check survey. January, 1944. Out of Print 31. Should We Return to Rationing? National opinion on this and other aspects of the world food problem. * Mimeographed May, 1946. (25 pages with charts).h..m..m..m.mm (72 J ...... -.- $ ...... _....

32. Japan Qnd the Post-War World. An analysis of opin. ion in the United States as to the economic and NORC political disposition of Japan, the treatment accorded . the Japanese people, and Allied occupotion policy . (Revised) Population 21 Years of Age and Over- to dote. July, 1946. (50 pages with chartsL...... 1940. Outline map of the United States showing size of states if area were proportional to the population " An 33. Attitudes toward "The Japanese in Our Midst. according to revised census figures. (8V2 by 11 analysis of public and expert opinion regording the inches) ...... oo...m..m.._ l 0 - loyalty of people of Japanese extraction living in the United States, their employment opportunities, and (Revised) Total United States Population. Outline the extension of citizenship to all. December, 1946. * map of the United States showing size of states if (29 pages with chartsL.--.....--m...m..--...-..-.mn-m. area were proportional to the population, according to revised census figures. (8 Jh by 11 inches)...... 34. Where UNESCO Begins: The Climate of Opinion in the United States and Other Countries. A sum- Distribution of Population, 21 Years of Age and Over, mary of information and attitudes bearing on the States and Metropolitan Districts. In two colors. (No. work of UNESCO-including pertinent findings from (11 by 1 5 inchesL...... --.. . public opinion research organizations in the United Distribution of World Population. Map of the world Stotes and a number of other countries. July, 1947. showing countries of over 100 aOO population as they (67 pages) ...... --...... n...-.... would appear if their area were proportional to their 35. UNESCO and Public Opinion Today. An intensive population. (11 by 15 inchesL_...... study of attitudes in the United States indicating 22 by 34 inches, bond paper (for framingL..--..--... 1. the degree of public acceptance of basic UNESCO G SERIES (J 944 Presidential Election) philosophy and methods and of specific program proposals. October, 1947. (74 pages with charts) Base Map. Outline map of the United States showing states as they would appear if their area were proportional to the 36. The Public Looks at Trade and Tariff Problems. analysis of popular information and attitudes on popular vote for President in 1944. United States trade and tariff policy as related to Roosevelt and Dewey States- 1944 Election. questions of domestic and international prosperity Making Power. and world peace. November, 1947. (32 pages Voters and Treaty- with charts) ...... u...... oo...... moo...... u...... 3 How the 531 Electoral Votes Represented Americ;an Voters in 1944. SPECIAL REPORTS Percentage of Citizens Voting in 1944 Presidential Election. WhQt Do the American People Think About FederQI United States Senate: Party Membership in the 79th Con- Health Insur.ance? Analysis of a survey conducted gress by States. for the Physicians' Committee on Research , Inc., to determine opinions regarding certain aspects of med- 6 U. S. House of Representatives: Party Membership in the ical care, especially the United States government's 79th Congress by States. responsibility for the health of the notion. Novem- Democratic and Republican Gavernors-194S. ber, 1944. (66 pages) ..... 8 State-by-State Majarities-1944 Presidential Election. Now Let s Look at the Real Problem: Validity. A limited study of question wordings and interpretations in the 9 How Each State Voted in 4 Roosevelt Elections. evaluation of the results of public opinion research. 10 Party Membership in the 80th Congress by States: United Reprinted from The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. States Senate. , No. 1 m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...... oo...... 11 Party Membership in the 80th Congress by States: United How NORC Builds Its Cross-Section. A memorandum, pre- States House of Representatives. pared by the NORC Statistical Department, describ- 12 Democratic and Republican Governors-1947...... ing the sampling process and statistical methods fol. lowed by NORC in designing and perfecting the All maps 8 V2 by 11 inches. $ . 10 each. Set of 13._...... $1.00 cross-section used on its nation.wide surveys. The Stote.by-state Distribution of College and Uni- language is clear and the material sufficiently non- versity Students in the United States-1940'.nnm technical for the use of laymen ond students as well as public opinion specialists. July, 1946. * Interviewer Bios Involved in Certain Types of Survey SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER Questions. Reprinted from the International Journal of Opinion and Attitude Research, Vol. 1, No. 1...--... Reports 2 through 15, 19 through 35 World Surveys- The Japanese Angle. Reprinted from the Maps A, S, D, H, Large Map E ! $10. International Journal of Opinion and Attitude Re- search, Vol. 1 , No. 2. ..m...... G Series Complete, Special Reports * Mimeographed

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()fd What Is It?

Opinion News is the only semimonthly digest of polls and surveys available to businessmen, government offcials educators, librarians, and others who must follow closely the trends of public opinion. Opinion News brings together in an easy-to-read summary the most significant findings of all the leading public opinion research organizations. Analyses are based on findings of the National Opinion Research Center, the Fortune Poll (Elmo Roper); Gallup Polls in the United States, Australia, Brazil , Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden; independent polling organizations in Czechoslovakia, France, Ita!y, Hungary, Mexico, and the Netherlands; state and local polls in the United States; and certain more specialized orgoniza. tions. Opinion News also reports news of research developments and notes on publicotions of interest to students of attitude and opinion research. A complete index is published every six months. What Subjects Are Covered? Opinion News tells its subscribers what the public thinks on vital issues of the day, national and international political, social , and economic. Recent numbers have included these articles among others:

International National Relief for Europe and Asia? Lobor Unions ond the Right to Strike The USSR-An American Appraisal The Public Looks ot Radio The Security Counc;il and the Veto Jobs ond Occupations: A Popular Evaluation How Insure Security in an Atomic; Age? Presidential Prospects: The Polls Look to 1948

Toword World Government Trade ond Tariff Problems Americans and Britons Approise Each Other Freedom of Speec;h and Press De Gaulle-As the French See Him Negroes and Whites Look at Negro Problems

Res arch News

Toward an International Assoc;iatian for Public Opinion Research Public Opinion Research in Japan Personnel Clearing House Established Continuing File of Public Opinion Questions Soon to be Avoiloble SJ4e fN at4 REPORTS AND MAPS OPINION NEWS (Vearly Membership) (24 Issues a Vear) Sustaining Member .m...... ----..--o...... m__.._..m__$25. 00 One year _.mm..o--oo_----..--n --mmnm--m--nm__.$10. Contributing Member m'..'__--o_--,---.,. 00 Six months '''--m'---.---.-''''''-'''-''-.--'-. Subsc;ribing Member --_'oom._,--nmm"..mm----mm 50 Single issues, eachnnn_-.,.. ---,._--_.._....-.,_m.-.mm-- Speciol Librory Membership, Three Years fOL___ 00 Indexes, Vol. I, II, II, IV, V, VI, VII, VII, eochm. . A membership includes all reports and maps published by the Center for a period of twelve months. A Sustaining Membership also includes press releases and Opinion News.

A sample copy of Opinion News will be sent on request.

INTERVIEWING FOR NOR(: This only complete manual of interviewing techniques and methodology is based upon the eXperience gained as a result of some 300,000 personal interviews made by NORC's interviewing staff during the past five years. The .book is a must" for advertising agencies organizations, psychoiogists, , instructors and students ofpubiic opinion, iibraries, poliing and research " II sociologists, and aU others interested In II How poUs are made. Interviewing for NORC is inspiring and helpful well worth waiting for 1I and " fills a great needJJ-experts comment. 168 pages with ilustrations, bibliography, and a complete index._--___------.-..----.-.----..-..-...------.o_----.--.-----.-.-.------...... -.'----'0_.$2.

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