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The State of Broadband 2019 Broadband As a Foundation for Sustainable Development International The State of Broadband: Telecommunication Union Broadband as a Foundation Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland for Sustainable Development September 2019 ISBN 978-92-61-28971-3 9 7 8 9 2 6 1 2 8 9 7 1 3 Published in Switzerland broadbandcommission.org Geneva, 2019 THE STATE OF BROADBAND 2019 Broadband as a Foundation for Sustainable Development ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development © International Telecommunication Union and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https:// creativecommons .org/ licenses/by -nc -sa/ 3 .0/ igo).). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that ITU or UNESCO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The unauthorized use of the ITU or UNESCO names or logos is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) or the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Neither ITU nor UNESCO are responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http:// www .wipo .int/ amc/ en/ mediation/ rules). Suggested citation. State of Broadband Report 2019: Geneva: International Telecommunication Union and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ITU or UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they do not necessarily reflect those of ITU and UNESCO. The mention of specific companies, products or services does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ITU or UNESCO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by ITU or UNESCO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall ITU or UNESCO be liable for damages arising from its use. ISBN: 978-92-61-28961-4 (Paper version) 978-92-61-28971-3 (Electronic version) 978-92-61-28981-2 (EPUB version) 978-92-61-28991-1 (Mobi version) ii The State of Broadband 2019 Acknowledgements This Report has been written collaboratively, drawing on insights and contributions from a range of Commissioners and their organizations. The views contained in this report do not necessarily reflect the position of the Broadband Commission, or the views of all Members of the Broadband Commission or their organizations. The Commissioners Insights reflect the views of their authors and do not reflect the views of the Broadband Commission. The report has been compiled and written by John Garrity. Christopher T. Cabardo contributed background research. From the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), BDT Director Doreen Bogdan-Martin provided overall coordination, Nancy Sundberg and Anna Polomska provided direction and guidance, Sarah Parkes provided editorial review, Youlia Lozanova and Martin Schaaper provided data. We wish to thank the following people for their contribution and/or kind review (by alphabetical order of institution, Commissioner, followed by alphabetical order of surname): • America Movil (Commissioner Dr Carlos M. Jarque); • Bharti Airtel (Himar Arjun Singh); • Carlos Slim Foundation (Co-Chair Mr Carlos Slim); • CITC (Commissioner Dr Abdulaziz Al Ruwais) • Digicel (Commissioner Mr Denis O’Brien, and David Geary); • Ericsson (Commissioner Mr Börje Ekholm, Stephen Carson, Heather Johnson, Richard Moeller and Hans Ovesen); • European Commission (former Commissioner Mr Andrus Ansip, and Lars-Erik Forsberg); • EUTELSAT IGO (Commissioner Mr. Piotr Dmochowski-Lipski, and Estelle Schnitzler); • Facebook (Commissioner Mr Kevin Martin, and Chris Hemmerlein); • GSMA (Commissioner Mr Mats Granryd, Kalvin Bahia, Genaro Cruz, Lauren Dawes, Belinda Exelby and Claire Scharwatt); • Infocomm Media Development Authority of Singapore (IMDA) (Commissioner Mr Keng Thai Leong, and Angela Wibawa); • Inmarsat (Commissioner Mr Rupert Pearce, and Donna Murphy); • Intelsat (Commissioner Mr Stephen Spengler, and Jose Toscano); • ITC (Commissioner Ms Arancha González, and James Howe); • ITSO (Commissioner Mr Patrick Masambu and Renata Brazil David); • Kenyatta University (Commissioner Dr Speranza Ndege); • KT Corp (Commissioner Dr Chang-Gyu Hwang, Byunkgi Oh, Ilbum Chun, Sun-Young Kim and Jessie Kim); The State of Broadband 2019 iii • MTN (Commissioner Mr Rob Shuter) • Nokia (Commissioner Mr Rajeev Suri and Julia Jasinska); • Ooredoo Group (Commissioner Dr Nasser Mohammed Marafih); • Samena Telecommunications Council (Commissioner Mr Bocar Ba, and Imme Philbeck); • The World Bank (Commissioner Ms Kristalina Georgieva); • UNCTAD (Commissioner Dr Mukhisa Kituyi, Evelyn Benitez, Torbjorn Fredriksson and Christopher Michael Garroway); • UNESCO (Vice-chair focal point Mr Moez Chakchouk, Guy Berger, Borhene Chakroun, Joe Hironaka, Elspeth McOmish, Mark West) • UNDP (Commissioner Mr Achim Steiner, Marcos Neto and Minerva Novero); • UN Women (Commissioner Ms Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka) • Verizon (Commissioner Mr Hans Vestberg, and Nicole Karlebach); • World Wide Web Foundation (Commissioner Mr Adrian Lovett, and Sonia Jorge). iv The State of Broadband 2019 CONTENTS Acknowledgements �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii List of tables and figures and boxes ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������vi Commissioner Insights ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� viii Executive Summary ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix 1 The Broadband Connectivity Ecosystem at 51% Adoption �������������������������������������������������������������2 2 Meeting the 2025 Targets ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 3 The Impact of Policy Recommendations to Date ��������������������������������������������������������������������������48 4 Policy and Regulatory Gap Analysis �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������60 5 Policy recommendations for thoughtful approaches towards meaningful, universal connec- tivity ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������76 6 Commissioner Insights �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������80 Annex 1: The Working Groups of the Broadband Commission ���������������������������������������������������������132 Acronyms ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������134 The State of Broadband 2019 v List of tables and figures and boxes Tables Table 1: Defining thoughtful approaches to meaningful connectivity ������������������������������������������������ 23 Table 2: Notional list of innovation examples, segmented, to achieve meaningful universal connectivity ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 25 The Broadband Commission Targets ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 Table 3: Lowest mobile-cellular basket by region (2017), and largest price reductions (2016- 2017) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
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