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Home , Animal consciousness, Animal studies, Anthrozoology, Ethology, Humane Society, Hunting in New Zealand

19 –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between and nonhuman . The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific regarding that nonhumans are still shaping Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/ most . Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of , Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of to ’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical , on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from of attachment toward animals that is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as , , Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural . Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, as some other . Most The role of animals in human art and is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, , , , killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their , their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, and applied animal by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate -less species have - and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective , and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, , 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body . There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ for even they have been long gone. Keeping and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to . Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and . Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and , many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric practice in subcontinent. People regu- during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and . People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the ’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. the (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of , and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including , etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, , veterinary , and . The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the . Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in , and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal . Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for other species. The use of well as most of their dogs in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to , i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or . By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to of , i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, , insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. is a subfield of zoology where human and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old , where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered , the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher ’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher ’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to , however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric , because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and . Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- , or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), : A New for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in , mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal . Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of , such as which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including , also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their . The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 45 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, , and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to , i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 46 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 47 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 48 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 49 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 50 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 51 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 52 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 53 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 54 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 55 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 56 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 57 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 58 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 59 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 60 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 61 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 62 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

19 ANTHROZOOLOGY –AN EMERGING ROBUST MULTIDISCIPLINARY Moreover, animal instinct left no need for interpretation. With no social basis for multi-dimensional relationships between human and nonhuman animals. The 3. WHAT MAKE US HUMAN? and scientific communities regarding that nonhumans are still shaping humans Catherine Bertenshaw & Peter Rowlinson’s work has revealed that dairy 5.1 Human Interactions with Companion Animals/Pets most livestock species. Since the beginning, humans have this intimacy and it is 5.9 Animals and the Intersections of Speciesism, Racism, and Sexism the other hand human have been commercially farming livestock to produce more 5.13 Nonhumans in Cross-Cultural Practice 5.15 Communication between Human and Nonhumans wrong; which was established by the 17th-century French philosopher René 6. COMPLEXITIES IN ANTHROZOOLOGY gists have supported some aspects of animal advocacy, others remain apolitical or animals and inevitably had more than one cattle for ploughing the field, processing research seems to be more significant in Bangladesh or other underdeveloped coun- 48 SUBFIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE their behaviour, thus, animals were simply not of interest to sociology’s founders.2 relationship can be real or symbolic, factual or fictional as well as historical or society as they shaped in the past. Consequently, necessity has arisen for changing cows in England produce more milk when they are given names rather than num- Numerous conferences have also been organized all over the world in last 5.4 The Symbolism of Animals in Human Literature and Art obvious today in many communities. In cattle people societies such as the Nuer in meat. Surprisingly, it is found that although cattle ranchers keep emotional distanc- Descartes. Nonetheless, many studies with the help of mirror test over the past 30 even maintain speciesism. Critical animal studies, on the other hand, have taken a the harvested crops and for the sources of family protein. Although the number of tries than that of developed countries because of its aptitude in help reducing 20 21 30 Abu Bakar Siddiq* However, different approaches in social sciences have been seen towards nonhu- contemporary. Anthrozoology shows the various ways in which nonhumans figure Animal consciousness has been debated for many years among philoso- previously established sociological idea and definitions on animals. Similarly, it is bers. Irit Gazit & Joseph Terkel, G. J. Adams & K. G. Johnson and Vikki Fenton’s 25 years in different aspects of anthrozoology. However, annual meetings of two There are a lot of anthrozoological researches that have been carried out Africa, men wash their cattle and sing and recite poetry to them while women in Speciesism is a belief that different species of animals are significantly ing in order to protect themselves from feelings of attachment toward animals that Culture is a defining interest area of social and cultural anthropologists. Anthrozoology attempts to emphasise the invalidity of previously estab- years have found evidence that other animals such as chimpanzees, bonobos, Both human and nonhuman animals have capabilities that limit the forms political and academic stance for the end of animal, human, and environmental animal farms is growing rapidly, many households in Bangladesh still keep cattle violence and social discriminations. 22 mans in the last three decades. Moreover, in the last 100 years, people have marked- in our lives and we in theirs. Anthrozoology would cover much of conservation phers, psychologists, and behavioural scientists. Although nonhuman animals were now inevitable to change social approach and evaluate animals’ relationships with work have shown that scent detection of Canidae Sp. can identify explosives, leading organizations ‘Animals & Society Institute (ASI)’ and ‘International Society on the relationships between humans and dogs, cats as some other pet. Most The role of animals in human art and literatures is inevitable. In the earliest some Papuan societies suckle piglets and Europeans share their beds with dogs and different from one another in their capacities to feel and therefore different species will shortly be slaughtered, this boundary does not always work successfully. Humans have long been regarded as uniquely cultural beings while cultural prac- lished idea that animals do not have any capacity to communicate. Moreover, orang-utans, gorillas, elephants, bottlenose dolphin, killer whales and even some of their relationships within and across species. These capabilities and the inclina- exploitation. and goats to earn daily basis by selling milk and also for a big financial support for Ahsan Habib** 23 ABSTRACT ly changed their perceptions, their relationships, and their uses of animals and science, animal welfare and applied animal ecology by its etymological meaning; ignored in sociology, several recent scientific studies have shown our long igno- human society. drugs, cadavers and termites. The work of Erika Friedmann, et al. work has for Anthrozoology (ISAZ)’ are most notable among anthrozoological conferences. research shows that companionship is the major reason for ownership of pets. It is Palaeolithic cave arts, Mesopotamian cuneiform writings, Egyptian hieroglyphics cats. Anthrozoology focuses these critical and widely distributed aspects of the live in different autonomous existence. Racism is a belief that human races have Anthrozoology, showing such complex examples, indicates that humans may be tices differentiate one human group from another. Culture has also often been seen anthropologists show that many nonhuman species even capable to communicate neocortex-less bird species have self-awareness and even they recognise themselves tion to exercise them vary greatly by species, individual, and environment. In turn, emergency. Mostly raised in village, these animals are seen as an important part of Endnotes 6 31 animal products. however, it is normally applied to studies of associations and especially relation- rance about the status and abilities of nonhumans. Research shows that nonhu- provided the result that therapy animals measurably reduce stress responses of also found that most of pet owners treat their pets as a part of the family. However, or even the literary words of Hittite clay tablets, humans needed the examples from interactions between human and their domestic animals. distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, and therefore, predator or devourer to different nonhuman species, however, mutual dependence as one of the ways in which humans are different from other animals. However, with other species. Domestic dogs have an unusual ability to read human communi- in mirrors. On the other hand, the study of animal faith and allied behaviours in science is limited in what it can learn about both the capabilities and the relation- 7. PROSPECTS OF ANTHROZOOLOGY their owner’s family and they remain unforgotten in children as well as adult Humans have long been engaged with nonhuman animals since the beginning of ships between individual humans and individual nonhuman animals, rather than to mans also have the expression of self-concept. However, there are many stages of 4. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINARY ANTHROZOOLOGY patients. These kinds of other researches on nonhuman consciousness, empathy, 5. STUDY AREAS IN ANTHROZOOLOGY anthrozoologists question that the amount of money people are willing to spend on animals to express various critical human characters and to symbolize their moral one race becomes superior and has the right to rule others. On the other hand, and bonds are certainly grown between people and the animals that human anthrozoology shows that animals also shape human culture as well as define cative gestures and body language. There are several examples in the nonhuman non-human animals also provides an opportunity to understand their nature and ships. These limitations of science reflect both our investigatory tools and the special individuals’ memory for even they have been long gone. Keeping chicken and 1. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into their journey on the Earth. Both human and nonhuman species have been co-exist- One hundred years ago, most of the families grew domesticated animals in interactions that take place at the population level.4 This is a newly developed and consciousness according to cognitive science. Access consciousness is information benefits of the human-nonhuman bond, human-nonhuman communication also their pets is less than they would spend on a human family member. On the other expressions. Anthrozoology finds the role of an animal in a story or an art work is 5.7 Captive Zoo Animals and Their Bonds with Keepers sexism or gender discrimination is a belief that different genders have their distinc- consume. cultural identity. Some animals are abhorred in some societies while adored by animal world of selected individuals possessing advanced skills to communicate function in human. Consequently, some researchers attempt to show superficial problems of gaining access to the lives and experience. Although they communi- Currently within the social sciences and humanities, many traditional ducks is likely to be a prehistoric household practice in subcontinent. People regu- philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures Descartes, Leib- 44 ing and sharing the world forming multi-dimensional relationships. Although the their house and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. People knew fast growing research area which is gaining increasing popularity in contemporary made available to the brain’s systems, such as systems of memory, reasoning, plan- Anthrozoology is a newly developed interdisciplinary field which was have enriched the disciplinary anthrozoology. The relationships between humans and nonhumans are complex and some- hand, most of the pets live as their single species in human households and there- like a vehicle or symbol for understanding some aspect of a human being. It eventu- tive abilities and cannot equally capable for something, therefore all gender do not others. Animals are therefore seen have both positive and negative impacts in verbally with humans. Alex the Grey parrot (Psittacuserithacus) exhibited cogni- similarities between the funeral rituals of African elephants and the burial rituals of cate, it eventually limits the science when other species do not speak our language academic fields have a core of scholars studying anthrozoology. Some other schol- larly raise chicken and ducks in their household and alongside of regular source of niz and Spinoza. non-humans are hunted, manipulated, domesticated, consumed or sometimes that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were years. ning, evaluation of alternatives, decision-making, direction of attention, and ratio- created by an overlap of several other disciplines, including anthropology, etholo- times change their phases according to environment, training as well as companion- fore their major social contact is their human owners. The fact is that many people ally encompasses some aspects of animal representations in literatures and art More than 1,000 animal collections or zoos are open to the public in the deserve the same status. It is clearly apparent that all of these notions have same 5.11 Nonhumans in Labour and Economy cross-cultural interactions. Within some religions particular species may be taboo. tive capacities comparable to marine animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop- Neanderthal humans. These kinds of deconstructions are therefore, become import- without extensive training. This situation creates the complexity of studying ars study humans and animals without reflecting on the human-nonhuman animal meat and eggs, most of case, they have been a part of daily household chores 2. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- extincted by humans, they are also respected, worshiped, symbolized, conserved as 7 nal control of action. Scientists believe that many animals possess access conscious- gy, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. The first issue of the prominent Until 2010, there were 23 college programs in anthrozoology only in the 45 well as adored in human societies. For a long time, different academic disciplines slaughtered to provide meat, and chickens provided eggs and meat. Wildlife was ships. Therefore, these relationships could be identified as predatory to mutual actually spend most of their time working, socialising or sleeping and they have works, such as: disrespectful ways of presenting nonhuman animals; evaluating the world today. It is not clearly known when the earliest zoos were established. How- functional structure, e.g. oppressive attitude and psychology of controlling others. For example, dogs and pigs are forbidden within Islam and Judaism. On the other struncatus), Bonobo apes (Pan paniscus), and sometimes 4 to 6 year old children. ant in the scope of anthrozoology. human-nonhuman animal relationships. In addition to the understanding that relationships and the attitudes that shape and constrain those relationships. Overall, providing women economical supports in rural Bangladesh. butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. have considered the nonhuman animals in a utilitarian approach, considering them often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though people Although some may overlap anthrozoology with animal welfare, they are ness. However, two other senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied journal regarding this field ‘Anthrozoös’ was published in 1987. Since then the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and in the Netherlands. Moreover, physical survival, through economic dependence to psychological dependence as little time to interact with their pets. Companionship suggests interaction but the degree to which the author or artist presents the animal; and analyzing the ever, it is thought that animal keeping for display were probably practiced follow- Therefore, many anthrozoologists argue and find equality between speciesism, Humans use animals for a wide range of labouring purposes. For example, hand, pigs supply major portion of meat source for most of European families as The bottle nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) is known for a high level of language science gives us, our relations to animals are influenced by the complex ways of a the study of human-animal interaction offers a wide variety of options for future 3. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills as objects for humanity. Therefore, the intangible aspects of emotional and relational understood that actual role of nonhumans in human lives, they were often in a close actually not the same. Animal welfare is aiming to create and maintain the to nonhuman animals: phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. Phenom- academic anthrozoology is being known and spread. However, the current tradition there are eight veterinary school programs in North America, and over 30 organiza- well as friends to social movers. Humans use nonhumans for a wide range of lack of interaction dilutes this concept. The reasons why people keep cats and dogs human-animal relationships in the work at hand. ing the animal domestication. Therefore, it is likely that the zoo has a long history racism, and sexism. Some even go further, proposing that the oppression of nonhu- horse, falcons and dogs are commonly used for hunting other species. The use of well as most of their dogs sleep in their bed. Pigs are found very essential medium competency. It is found that dolphin’s cognitive structures for the interpretation 5.18 Issues and Activities for Laws and Rights of Animals social view on animals. These views derive from our philosophical, religious and research. Since most of the extant discussions have been focused on humans’ every- Keeping cats, birds and fish (in the aquarium) as pet has been long practices &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and bonds between humans and nonhumans have been commonly unrecognized. How- relationship which gave them a perspective of interdependence and the nature the standards of the ‘well-being’ for nonhumans and it is focused mostly from human enal consciousness refers to sentience, i.e. the qualitative, subjective, experiential, or of the research on the relationships between human and nonhumans is usually tions in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, New purposes and their relationship develop based on the significance of certain nonhu- are still poorly identified. Human relationships with dogs, cats and other compan- with humans from prehistory to modern world.37 It is found that pigeons were kept man animals is connected to the oppression of women, racial and ethnic minorities, horses, donkeys, camels, yaks, cattle, buffalos and elephants for agriculture, trans- of dowry for men's marital eligibility among Vanuatu society in northeast of Austra- and manipulation of auditory information are highly developed. Koko is a 44 years political ideologies as well as the various ways we treat animals what we glean from day relationships with cats and dogs, in especially western world, the various in cities and towns in Bangladesh. Moreover, there is an increasing trend of keeping Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 10 ever, rapid growing interests are seen on the study of human and nonhuman animal ecosystem. Cats were often kept to hunt down and kill intruding mice or rats. By side activities, while anthrozoology deals with the interactions from both humans phenomenological aspects of the conscious experience. Self-consciousness is closely considered to have begun with a paper by the psychiatrist Boris Levinson in 1962, Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. There are over 300 courses in 29 disciplines at mans to humans lives. Therefore, humans may have no interest or very limited ion animals are not new but now it is mostly urban based. Anthrozoological studies 5.5 Animals in the Past Human Society in captivity as early as 6500 years ago in present-day Iraq.38 Another very old known people of lower social classes and other members of disvalued and disempowered port, logging and various other laborious works can date back to earliest period of lia. Vanuatu also achieves leadership and social status through the accumulation of old Western Lowland female gorilla who communicates with human in sign Another area of human-animal studies is based within the literatures, laws scientific literature. aspects of socio-cultural relationships with other "exotic" animals such as ferrets, several dog species by wealthy families and it has been observed in the capital and 4. Ibid. relationships in contemporary academic discourses, resulted through various watching cats, children learned the example of the prey-predator relationship as and nonhuman sides. related to theory of mind, i.e. whether animals are capable of attributing mental in which he described the effects of interaction with a dog on one of his young over 200 colleges and universities around the globe are found related to anthrozool- interest in species, which are irrelevant to their lifestyle. In Indian countries, human show that isolated people may depend on their companion animals for more zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in human groups, and that it is directly related to the political and economic structure human civilization. Some animal such as elephants are used in tasks such as pigs. In Melanesia, the pig is considered to have a soul and they are regarded as language. It is said that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken and organizations of animal rights as a social movement. This study field focuses on fish, reptiles, insects, and rabbits would be new and instructive. There are also num- other metropolitans. Therefore, various research approaches can be taken on pet 5. Ethology is a subfield of zoology where human behavior and social organiza- approaches of anthrozoology, an emerging field of anthropological science. Show- 8 46 well as the utilitarian reasons for life and death. Today, people are shocked and states to others. Scientists claim that phenomenal consciousness is inseparable from patients. ogy. Besides, there are nearly 100 law courses related to anthrozoology and policy worship dangerous species like snake. The interest with this nonhuman may be emotional support than that previously seen in large households. Hunter-gathering-scavenging societies depended on a wide range of plants 2009, of a ca. 5500 years old menagerie, where exotic animals included hippopotami, of contemporary society. However, there are debates whether the animal rights ploughing or logging for their physical strength. Others like horses, mules, family members, albeit nonhuman ones. English in addition to more than 1000 signs of American Sign Language (ASL). the policy involving the abuse of companion animals in home; culturally supported Anthropology, more than any other social sciences or humanities subjects, bers of unexplored animal-related occupations that are available for fruitful investi- markets, changing trend on human-nonhuman bonds, as well as the complex tion are studied from a biological point of view. ing its origin, development, study fields, complexities and future perspectives, this 24 33 51 paper is aimed to present the essence of anthrozoological studies in Bangladesh and consider it cruel when a cat expresses its natural instinctive behaviour to kill a The key term in this definition is ‘relationship’. Anthrozoology is the only an animal’s capacity to perceive and respond to its environment and is therefore it issues of nonhumans. Currently over a dozen journals including ‘Anthrozoös’ and great, but the relationship here is of avoidance. Therefore, human-nonhuman bond and animals for survival. The animals of importance include insects, fish, birds, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats were kept. Whatever, the ancient or advocates who promote veganism inherently racist by not taking into account donkeys, reindeer, cattle and llamas may be used for animal-powered transport, the These studies, along with many other cases, raised many questions on previously images of ‘animals’; the role of language in supporting or condemning animal is premised on the primacy of the human. Therefore, we have constructed the gation, including pet sellers, wildlife rehabilitators, zookeepers, beekeepers, profes- relationships between town pets and their owners. 6. Example: Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): other developing countries. mouse or bird and bring it home. Nearly all cats were kept outdoors in the past. field that directly investigates relationships between human and nonhuman is very widespread in nonhuman animals. The consequence is that, at least now, With the publication of Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal ‘Society & Animals’ are covering anthrozoological issues, many of them founded in is not appropriate in this case. Hunting societies are interested in prey animals and 5.2 The Role of Animals in Human Beliefs and Religions reptiles, and mammals. Detail knowledge about their behaviour was required to modern zoo, keepers have always seen having emotional bonds with zoo animals. different cultures’ perspectives on animals or whether the meat-eating people are movement of people and goods and also to carry loads. It is likely to be formed a 5.14 Animal Abuse and Experiments on Animals established paradigms in sociology and anthropology. abuse; the role of police and criminal justice in response to animal abuse and other ‘animal’ image in our own ways. Historically and currently, we have adopted many sional animal handlers, elephant keepers, animal behaviour consultants, circus 86-87. 11 However, the majority of house cats sleep on the owner’s bed today. Nearly all dogs animals and their environment. This subject, therefore, deals with various forms of human cannot claim that only they have scene of awareness or consciousness. Liberation (1975) and American philosopher Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal the recent years. These journals are mainly aimed to signify the various ways where have significant cultural practices for the success of their hunt. Again, this is a one successfully utilise this range of species.34 For example, for the harvesting of honey, The ramifications of zoo keepers role is now considered to be very significant for the speciesists who argue that meat is a part of their tradition. very intimate relationships between these animals and their companion human for animal issues; status of nonhuman animals in existing laws; the relation between different attitudes and images toward animals that also limit and influence the personnel, and those involved in animal assisted therapy. Besides, socio-cultural-re- Using different animal species and their body parts as traditional medicine 7. Example: Block, N. (1995), ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Key Words: Human-animal bonds, Bangladesh, Anthropology, Anthrozoology 12 were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were bonds, attachments, interactions, and communications between human and other Rights (1983), there has been a burgeoning interest in animals among academics, humans and nonhumans are connected. Another online journal is ‘Humanimalia’ sided relationship and human-nonhuman bond is not appropriate here. However, Animals have been playing critical role in human beliefs and religions since the past hunter-gatherers must knew when honey will be available, whether the behavior and welfare of zoo animals.39 It is likely that different relationships are a long time of working and living side by side. Taking as a very significant aspect, One of the major focuses in anthrozoological research is the notion of 5.16 Interspecies Telepathic Communication animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the development and evaluation of forms of our relationships with them. We have various images of monkeys, donkeys ligious roles of various animal species in village, town and tribal communities offer is a commonly known facts in Bangladesh. On the other hand, alongside of many Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. 32 INTRODUCTION seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the animal species. Other fields may investigate one or another aspect of human being On the 7 July 2012, the Francis Crick Memorial Conference entitled as ‘Con- animal advocates, and the general public. Anthrozoologists recognize the lack of which has been popular recent years. the relationship between hunters and their hunting dogs, horses or birds may be Palaeolithic period. Especially prehistoric hunting practices played significant role bees have fed on toxic plants and made toxic honey, how to access bee nests and formed dependent on the unique keeper-animal interaction. A major part of anthro- 5.10 Exploitation of Animals by Human Devourer anthrozoology has been exploring this complex and intimate relationships between animal use in "dirty work". Dirty work is a form of labour that is perceived to be programs dealing with animal problems and other perpetrator-victim violence. and tigers – that monkeys always come as funny creature, donkeys come with a wide ranges of research fields. Finally, anthrozoology encompasses, but is not tribal cultures, animals have seen playing significant roles in traditional beliefs and 8. E.g. Dretske, F. (1995), Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge, The MIT Press. ISBN developed countries are kept in the house for companionship and sleep with their or of nonhuman beings. However, they never emphasise the relationship between sciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals’ showed that humans alone do scholarly attention given to nonhumans and to the relationships between humans close and a bond may exist between them. Pastoralists have to sell their herds for in development of early shamanic practice. Success in hunt was often considered to how to take the honey while limiting stings and not destroying the resource. On the zoological research thus focused on keeper-animal interactions. those work animals and their owners or keepers. morally offensive or undesirable. Animal human bonds exist but vary considerably Telepathic human connection to animals is a fascinating field in anthrozool- Over the last 40 years, many anthrozoological works have explored how the animal foolish brain, and tigers always create fearsome and strong images. This complex of restricted to, the study of human-nonhuman animal ‘bond’. And therefore, it should religious practices in Bangladesh. Many nocturnal birds such as owl are feared by 0-262-04149-9. Humans and nonhuman animals have been living together sharing the owners in the bedroom. the nonhuman species and humans. For example, ethology5 and comparative not possess the neurological faculties for consciousness. A prominent international and nonhumans, especially in the light of the pervasiveness of animal representa- Established sociological journals also have been publishing special issues in money, and they even sometimes have intimate relationship with some selective be a giving to the hunters by their target animal. This giving has to be ensured for other hand, hunting large mammals is a dangerous, difficult and exciting exercise. As food source, various nonhuman species have been used in human depends on a wide range of factors. These include individual human needs of ogy. Thousands of human communicators have claimed that they are successfully rights movement challenges the socially constructed definitions of animals and how constructions influences the form of our relationship to a particular animal species. logically also include unsuccessful and dysfunctional interactions beside the local people all around the country because of their ability to kill or as evil sign 9. Low, P. (2012), ‘Cambridge declaration on consciousness’, Paper presented at world by forming multi-dimensional relationships since the origin. These relation- psychology investigate the behaviour of nonhuman animals. These fields therefore group of cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, tions, symbols, and stories, as well as the actual presence of nonhumans in human the field of human nonhuman interaction, Journal of Marriage and Family, Qualita- individual animals of their herds. the future by the correct pre and post hunting rituals. Individuals may focus their It required knowledge, skills and cooperation because it was dangerous. It also 5.8 The Social Construction of Animal survival since the earliest evolutionary stage. Processes of food production and 5.12 Nonhumans in Entertainments and Sports companion animal species, individual lifestyle, tradition, experience and culture. engaged with telepathic communication to other species. Many have professional they create a moral shift in beliefs and values relating to animals. For example, our relation to chickens is intensively confined for the production of positive cases. It is likely to be that there will be much more research on what are the things in a family. These cultural practices are also demanded to be studied by the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, Cambridge, England. (accessed online 13 47 ships have long been ignored in sociology. Sociology is conventionally seen as the It is socially acceptable today to grieve the loss of a pet, to carry pet pictures can be foundational fields – as chemistry is to biology, however, they are not a part neuroanatomists, and computational neuroscientists participated in the conference societies and cultures. During 70s, feminist scholars began to correct the male-can- tive Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Social Issues, International Journal of hunting activity on specific species and adopt that animal species as totemic. In required a relationship often with some religious significance to help guarantee, consumption involve a multitude of human interactions with other animals. These The development of human animal bonds with the exclusion of human need may full-time practices with loyal clients worldwide. Research shows that many pet meat. We view these animals as commodities, not as individual beings. Therefore, abilities of animals including fish and invertebrates as well as birds and mammals, anthropologist in the country. on 13.12.2016). Animals today are still a huge part of the sport and entertainment indus- study of nonhuman animals in a linguacentric perception, because animals lack the in wallet or purse, to celebrate pet’s birthday with a party, to have pet medical of anthrozoology as because there is no dealing with relationships between humans and declared the famous Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. The declara- tered research literature, while anthrozoologists have begun to insert non-humans Sociology and Social Policy etc. are most prominent among them. Besides, there are The level of influence of nonhumans to the survival of humans may influ- contrast, they may be associated with animal species that they cannot hunt being of success and safety. Anthrozoologists are eager to understand and find the answer what it interactions culminate in perhaps the most significant of all –the death and the become problematic and may in some cases become a form of abuse. Many towns in owners indicated that their pets responded to their thoughts or silent commands; 5.19 Conservation of nonhuman animal species our relation to them is comparable to that of our relation to a pumpkin. Moreover, what are the real effects of animals on people and of people on animals as well as the 10. Mills, D. S. & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (eds.) (2010), ‘Anthrozoology’, In: Mills 9 tries. Cultural traditions such as fox hunting, bull fighting, dog racing, performing ability to employ spoken language. Consequently nonhumans are treated as mind- insurance, or to buy special food for pet. Even in 1900, human societies didn’t recog- and nonhuman animals. tion says: issues into the full range of academic disciplines. now over hundreds of academic books and papers published on anthrozoological ence their relationships. The more dependent humans are on individual species for their clan. Therefore, the prehistoric hunters had great interest in and emotional means to be animal. One of the main reasons is that animals are excluded from subsequent consumption of flesh of animals. Humans have been practicing, hunt- the developed world has an animal shelter and a pound to take in unwanted, stray their animal knew what their human was thinking. However, study of telepathic there are confrontations with animals that are naturally evolved and animals that complex roles and symbolic values of other animal species in human society. 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS &Marchant-Forde, (eds.) TheEncyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and 1 25 26 tricks at circuses, are all examples of how we take advantage of animals for our own less and selfless. Rationalist views of Descartes is that nonhuman animals could not nize or allow themselves discussing and enjoying the bond between people and research. In this regards, Margo DeMello’s book and Key Peggs’s book are found their survival, the more effort they will put into the welfare of the species and relationships with their target species and also with totemic species which they 5.6 Origin and the Development of Domestic Species discussions of language and power is that they themselves are not participants in ing, pastoralism and farming to obtain their protein source. Without this process and surplus animals usually companion animals such as dogs and cats. The connection with nonhuman animals is actually newly approached field in anthrozo- The Anthropocene as an epoch in the Earth’s history began some 200 years are socially constructed, which includes artificial selection, genetic engineering, and Welfare, CABI, pp. 28-31. 40 42 entertainment. Many animals, at least in more commercial sports, are highly think, and therefore, they are not worthy of serious analytic attention. Influenced by nonhumans. However, this is now a common and inevitable part of our society. This Scholars in anthrozoological research have been modifying existing “The absence of a neo-cortex does not appear to preclude an organism from A significant turning point in anthrozoology occurred by Clifton Bryant by to be the most recognized among the textbooks of anthrozoological studies. Differ- perhaps the closer their relationship will be. Currently within the social sciences and were forbidden to hunt. However, alongside of early human beliefs and symbolic their own social construction through language. Focusing on hegemony, it is since prehistoric time, humans would face strong challenges for their survival. For existence of such facilities suggests that there are problems with the relationship ology while few people mentioned it before. ago, marked by a widespread technological shift to industrialization and the associ- systematic forms of socialization. More important fact is the usage of the term 8. SCOPE OF ANTHROZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH It is now clear and well accepted that our views on nonhuman animals are 11. Singer, P. (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 14 trained. Racing is the most popular form of animal-related sport, particularly horse this idea, sociology has had a long history of anthropocentrism and consequently an does not mean that the bond did not exist hundred or a thousand years ago. In fact, research methods for other fields and developing unique methods to the study of experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals his publication and advocacy for the importance of sociologists attending to the ent universities are also publishing anthrozoological series publications. humanities, many traditional academic fields have a core of scholars who study practices, anthrozoology also focuses on the crucial roles of different animal species Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 11,000 visible that oppression of a group is carried out ideologically rather than coercively, example, primitive type of pastoralism is practiced by the reindeer people in north- between humans and companion animals and that the ‘bond’ between humans and ated impact of anthropogenic activity on the planet’s geological and environmental “animal” referring to all animals except humans despite the reality that humans are mostly prejudiced and anthropocentric, consisting of layers of ideological and Animals, Harper Collins, USA, ISBN: 978-0-06-171130-5. 29 35 41 racing. There are also some non-racing competitive events involving animals. In 43 49 uneasy relationship with nonhuman animals. In attempting to create a science of it has been present and often spoken of in religion, mythology, folk tales, cave paint- human-animal relationships. The problem of existing research methods is that they have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of ‘zoological connection’. Soon a few pioneering sociologists began to investigate human-nonhuman bonds. However, other scholars in these same fields study in contemporary religions. years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia (Turkey). This managing process of and through the manufacture of consent. In most of the case of animals, the power ern Scandinavia and Russia. These people depend on reindeer for their cultural animals may be a fragile thing. Research suggests that physical or sexual child 5.17 Mind, Self, and Personhood in Nonhuman Animals stability. Conservation of other animal species is a prominent issue for anthropolo- also animals. The disciplinary anthrozoology is almost a very new phenomenon in human linguistic biases that serve only human interests. By unravelling and re-ex- 12. Regan, T. (1983), The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Non-academic organization and activities are also promoting the idea and many countries animals fight such as cockfighting, dog fighting, cow fighting and society, the founders of the discipline strove to distinguish human behaviour from ings, and architecture throughout human history and cultures. The disciplinary all are views from human perceptions while anthrozoology is focusing from both conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit internal behaviors. Consequently, settings in which human-nonhuman interaction was a central feature and call into humans and animals without reflecting on the relationships between them. For different animal as well as plant species was spread by Anatolian farmers from the is seen completely coercive which is controlled by a small number of people in the identity and survival. They follow reindeer herds, tame them and protect them from abuse, paternal alcoholism and unavailability as well as domestic violence may be gists because the anthropogenic activities which threaten other species also have Bangladesh and almost no anthrozoological research has been carried out by sociol- amining the layers of these social constructions, anthrozoology has been attempting ISBN:978-0520243866. 15 necessity of disciplinary anthrozoology. The first humane society was established camel wrestling are very popular. There are also some sports where humans fight 50 that of animals, and elevated human behaviour to the apex. They dismissed animal anthrozoology is, therefore, eager to understand our kinship with nonhuman humans and nonhumans perceptions. At present, anthrozoology has activated the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neuro- question the Cartesian orthodoxy which hitherto influences sociology. Sociologists example, a study in anthropology that describes participations of nonhumans in 5.3 The Role of Animals in Cultural Identity, Power and Cultural Changes Central Anatolia to northwards directions in around 10,000 years ago. Later this world. However, it is seen that this coercive power and this kind of social construc- other predators and finally kill them for meat, skins and everything else. Their iden- significant in development of childhood animal cruelty. It is also found that people Some of the sister fields of anthrozoology such as comparative psychology negative impacts on human communities globally. However, there is no general Another problem in anthrozoological research is the biasness of some of the ogists and anthropologist in this field. However, a wide range of socio-cultural to regulate our approaches to nonhuman animals in ways that enhance as well as 13. Shapiro, K. & DeMello, M. (2010), ‘The state of human-animal studies’, Society 1866 in New York City as the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to animals, such as bullfighting which has a long history in Spanish and Portuguese behaviour as based on instinct. In this view, nonhuman animal behaviour is simply animals. researchers from several academic disciplines such as animal behaviour, zoology, logical substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all working within the perspective of animal symbolic interactionism include Leslie human society for commerce or ritual use –is not part of anthrozoology as it domestication process spread all over the world and fundamentally changed the tion of animal status depends completely on the approval of the majority of the tity depends on reindeer and their culture and survival depends on being able to convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans. Therefore, and ethology, explore the intellectual, emotional, consciousness, and socio-religious consensus regarding sustainable human–animal–environmental relations. Anthro- funders. Those who work for veterinary pharmaceutical companies do not want to aspects of human-animal interactions are seen in both town and rural areas of allow the very real facts of human-animal relationships (since our origin) on which and Animals 18: 307-318. 16 17 18 Animals. Today, there appear to be more than 5,000 humane and rescue groups for A small but important subset of anthrozoological research is the role of 36 tradition. In most cases, animals need long term training to be used in sport, and responds to instinctual cues, but human behaviour is shaped by society and culture. psychology, veterinary or medical science, philosophy, sociology and anthropolo- mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess Irvine, Clinton D. Sanders and Janet M. Alger & Steven F. Alger have great presents the nonhumans as cultural artefacts. Therefore, it is seen that the study humans’ social system and eventually their environment. In fact, the process of human population who explicitly or implicitly agree to the way animals are treated. husband and manage these animals. Although, this close relationship between anthrozoologists believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domes- organizational capabilities of nonhuman animals. They investigate aspects of zoologists show that disparate attitudes towards the fate of the natural world and hear negative consequences of use of their drugs on animals. Pet food companies do Bangladesh. Nonhuman animals have been placed a major role in various aspects of we are living in an all species world. Although some issues in anthrozoology can be 14. Bryant, C. D. (1979), ‘The zoological connection: Animal-related human animals only in the US. animals in shaping the gender, ethnic, and cultural identities of people. Anthrozool- therefore, an intimate relationship between sport animals and their trainers is inevi- 2. ANTHROZOOLOGY: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION gy. Many of anthrozoological works have also been influenced by philosophical these neurological substrates.” contributes for anthrozoology. These researches have focused on the process by areas of anthrozoology is wide and various, as because nonhumans’ involvement in domestication involved changing animal species so that they could live and repro- Anthrozoology is keen to examine and evaluate this ‘animal’ status constructed by people and reindeer is comparatively looser than that of cattle, goat, sheep and tic violence. humanity or animality directly, without addressing the question of the relationships the importance attributed to wildlife conservation can result in conflicts between not want to get evidence that pets have some negative effects on humans. Farm food socio-cultural and economical practices in the subcontinent since prehistoric time. arguable, there are still many socio-cultural aspects of human-nonhuman animal behaviour’, Social Forces 58: 399–421. ogy explores the place of animals in society and culture and how this varies table. Alongside these mutual interactions, anthrozoology also focus on the very * Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, thought about attitudes to other animals. which people have constructed an understanding of the individuality, mindedness, 27 human society is wide and various. Following is the glimpse of some research areas duce effectively while close to humans. Human abilities to successfully change a human societies. camel pastoralism, reindeer people are very aware about and live intimately with between them. However, the first problem in these studies is to understand other human groups. Many studies have attempted to signify this issue are already fairly companies do not want to accept the evidence of the side-effects in animal health Animals can be seen acting only in food in bare eyes. However, they are involved in relationships that are significant to be understood for good of human society and a 15. Irvine, L. (2012), ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- 3 A book of human animal bond stories has been sold out more than one cross-culturally and over time. It addresses the importance of animals to the organi- complex issue of how nonhuman animals are used for human entertainments and Mardin, Turkey. Anthrozoology is the study of animal-human interactions. This study is With the help of modern scientific development, different researches emotionality, and identity of nonhumans; and, in turn, how association with where anthrozoology is mostly focused on: species’ behaviour as well as the ability to empathise with animals were needed to their animals. Pigs are important animals in the subsistence agricultural communi- minds as other animals have lacking of ability to use human language and they common to us. that eventually affects on human health. There also has been a splintering in the agriculture, religious beliefs, rituals, festivals as well as being emotional parts of better world too. Increased research around the globe indicates the disciplinary butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. million copies in its first year. Several hundred other books about people and their zation and development of society. Anthrozoology considers different aspects of amusements. Circus can be the most suitable example for this. In one hand, circus ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Scienc- mainly expanded to examine, understand, and critically evaluate the complex and exposed that many nonhuman animals have cognitive ability as like human and animals has shaped the identities of humans. tamed animals living intimately with their human captors. This physical and ties in Papua. While pigs are regularly eaten by them, piglets may be suckled by cannot tell us about their experiences. The second major problem with the denial field between anthrozoology and critical animal studies because of the conflicting many societies. Even 30 years ago, before the arrival of tractors and other agricultur- anthrozoology as a robust emerging multidisciplinary field. Observing the scenar- 16. Ibid. pets have been published in the last ten years. Author Susan Chernak McElroy in human-animal relations to change cultural identities as well as shows how taking animals are often trained with very cruel process, on the other hand, circus workers es, Green University of Bangladesh. human children. On the other hand, academic concern has been growing in scholars 28 emotional intimacy between human and animals was resulted the domestication of women in their society and are often reared with a targeted social end in mind. On that an animal does not feel, its life has no value, and harming it is not morally beliefs of the purpose of academic research. For example, while some anthrozoolo- al machineries, almost every farmer in Bangladesh was very much depended on ies in western world, one might think it unnecessary; however, anthrozoological her book illustrates our increasing connection to nonhumans. animals into consideration might challenge our understandings of society. usually have found forming quite close relationships with their animals. 63 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

17. Clinton D. Sanders has few important works regarding anthrozoology. Such as: pet dogs and cats in human courtship and dating’, Anthrozoös 28 (4): 673-683, ences between the Behaviour of Zoo Animals Affect Stockmanship’, PLoS ONE 5. Block, N. (1995). ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Behavioral Understanding Dogs: Living and Working with Canine Companions from doi: 10.1080/08927936.2015.1064216, Konok, V., Kosztolányi, A., Rainer, W., 10 (10): e0140237. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140237. and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. Philadelphia: Temple University Press in 1999, ‘The impact of guide dogs on Mutschler, B., Halsband, U. &Miklósi, A. (2015), ‘Influence of Owners’ Attach- 40. Stibbe, A. (2001), ‘Language, power and the social construction of animals’, 6. Braverman, I. (2011). ‘Looking at Zoos’, 25 (6): 809-842. the identity of people with visual impairments’ in Anthrozoös 13: 131-139 in ment Style and Personality on Their Dogs’ (Canisfamiliaris) Separation-Related Society and Animals 9 (2): 145-161. 7. Brown, C. M., Hengy, S. M. & McConnell, A. R. (2016). ‘Thinking about cats or 2000 and ‘Actions speak louder than words: close relationships between Disorder’, PLoSOne. 10 (2): e0118375. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118375, Bao, 41. Fairclough, N. (1992), Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press dogs provides relief from social rejection’, Anthrozoös 29 (1): 47-58. humans and nonhuman animals’, Symbolic Interaction 26: 405-426 in 2003. K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016), ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association 42. Hill, E. (2013), ‘ and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of 8. DeMello, M. (2012). Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal 18. Important works of Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. are (2003), ‘Drawing the line between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DOI: human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: studies. Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. between humans and animals: an examination of introductory sociology 10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721, Brown, C. M., Hengy, S. M. & McConnell, A. 117-136. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040108. 9. Gallup, G. (1970). ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): 86-87. textbooks’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 69-93, R. (2016), ‘Thinking about cats or dogs provides relief from social rejection’, 43. Duncan, A., Thomas, J. C. & Catherine Miller, C. (2005), ‘Significance of Family 10. Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R. & Fisher, H. E. (2015). ‘The roles of pet (1999), ‘Cat culture, human culture: An ethnographic study of a cat shelter’, Anthrozoös 29 (1): 47-58. DOI: 10.1080/20414005.2015.1067958, Dinis, F. A. 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Perspectives on human-animal communication. Rout- 24. Shapiro, K. (2002), ‘Editor’s introduction: the state of human-animal studies: U. (1998), ‘Hunted Animals at Aşıklı and the Environment’, In: Anreiter, P. et Human-Animal Interactions. Pluto Books: 165-175. ledge: 1-16. solid, at the margin!’, Society & Animals 10 (4): 331-337. al. (ed.) Man and the Animal World: Studies in Archaeozoology, Archaeology, 51. Hurn, S (2010), ‘What’s in a name? Anthrozoology, human-animal studies, 18. Sanders, C. R. (2003). ‘Actions speak louder than words: close relationships 25. DeMello, M. (2012), Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal Anthropology and Palaeolinguistics in Memoriam SándorBökönyi; 215-226 animal studies or ...?’, Anthropology Today 26 (3): S. 27-28. between humans and nonhuman animals’, Symbolic Interaction 26: 405-426. studies, Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. and Özbaşaran, M. (2011), ‘The Neolithic on the Plateau’, in S. Steadmann & G. 19. Siddiq, A. B. (2016). ‘Anatolian farmers in : migrations and cultural 26. Peggs, K. (2012), Animals and Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, UK. ISBN: McMahon (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10.000-323 B.C.E.); References transformation in Early Neolithic period’, In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceed- 978-0-230-29257-4. Oxford University Press, 99-124. ing book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): 27. Written by Canfield, J., Hansen, M. V., Becker, M. & Kline, C. (1998). Chicken 36. Siddiq, A. B. (2016), ‘Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural 1. Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. (2003). ‘Drawing the line between humans and 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9. soup for the pet lover's soul: stories about pets as teachers, healers, heroes and transformation in Early Neolithic period’, In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceed- animals: an examination of introductory sociology textbooks’, International 20. Stibbe, A. (2001). ‘Language, power and the social construction of animals’, friends, Backlist, LLC, ISBN: 1623610559, 9781623610555. ing book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 69-93. Society and Animals 9 (2): 145-161. 28. McElroy, S. C. (1997), Animals as teachers & healers: true stories of the trans- 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9. 2. Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. (1997). ‘Beyond Mead: symbolic interaction between forming power of animals, Rider, ISBN: 0712672648, 9780712672641. 37. Braverman, I. (2011), ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 809-842. humans and Felines’, Society & Animals 5 (1): 65-81. 29. See more at: Shapiro, K. (2002), ‘Editor’s introduction: the state of human-ani- 38. Encyclopædia Britannica (2017). ‘Zoo’, https://global.britannica.com/- 3. Bao, K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016). ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association mal studies: solid, at the margin!’, Society & Animals 10 (4): 331-337 and science/zoo (accessed on 03.02.2017). between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DeMello, M. (2012), Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal 39. See more at: Braverman, I. (2011), ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 4. Bertenshaw, C. & Rowlinson, P. (2009). ‘Exploring stock managers’ perceptions studies, Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. 809-842 and Ward, S. J. &Melfi, V. (2015), ‘Keeper-Animal Interactions: Differ- of the human-animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk 30. E.g. Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R. & Fisher, H. E. (2015), ‘The roles of production’, Anthrozoos 22 (1): 59-69.

64 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

17. Clinton D. Sanders has few important works regarding anthrozoology. Such as: pet dogs and cats in human courtship and dating’, Anthrozoös 28 (4): 673-683, ences between the Behaviour of Zoo Animals Affect Stockmanship’, PLoS ONE 5. Block, N. (1995). ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Behavioral Understanding Dogs: Living and Working with Canine Companions from doi: 10.1080/08927936.2015.1064216, Konok, V., Kosztolányi, A., Rainer, W., 10 (10): e0140237. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140237. and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. Philadelphia: Temple University Press in 1999, ‘The impact of guide dogs on Mutschler, B., Halsband, U. &Miklósi, A. (2015), ‘Influence of Owners’ Attach- 40. Stibbe, A. (2001), ‘Language, power and the social construction of animals’, 6. Braverman, I. (2011). ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 809-842. the identity of people with visual impairments’ in Anthrozoös 13: 131-139 in ment Style and Personality on Their Dogs’ (Canisfamiliaris) Separation-Related Society and Animals 9 (2): 145-161. 7. Brown, C. M., Hengy, S. M. & McConnell, A. R. (2016). ‘Thinking about cats or 2000 and ‘Actions speak louder than words: close relationships between Disorder’, PLoSOne. 10 (2): e0118375. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118375, Bao, 41. Fairclough, N. (1992), Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press dogs provides relief from social rejection’, Anthrozoös 29 (1): 47-58. humans and nonhuman animals’, Symbolic Interaction 26: 405-426 in 2003. K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016), ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association 42. Hill, E. (2013), ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of 8. DeMello, M. (2012). Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal 18. Important works of Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. are (2003), ‘Drawing the line between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DOI: human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: studies. Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. between humans and animals: an examination of introductory sociology 10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721, Brown, C. M., Hengy, S. M. & McConnell, A. 117-136. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040108. 9. Gallup, G. (1970). ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): 86-87. textbooks’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 69-93, R. (2016), ‘Thinking about cats or dogs provides relief from social rejection’, 43. Duncan, A., Thomas, J. C. & Catherine Miller, C. (2005), ‘Significance of Family 10. Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R. & Fisher, H. E. (2015). ‘The roles of pet (1999), ‘Cat culture, human culture: An ethnographic study of a cat shelter’, Anthrozoös 29 (1): 47-58. DOI: 10.1080/20414005.2015.1067958, Dinis, F. A. G. & Risk Factors in Development of Childhood Animal Cruelty in Adolescent Boys dogs and cats in human courtship and dating’, Anthrozoös 28 (4): 673-683. Society & Animals 7 (3): 199-218 and (1997), ‘Beyond Mead: symbolic interac- Martin, T. L. F. (2016), ‘Does cat attachment have an effect on human health? A with Conduct Problems’, Journal of Family Violence 20 (4): 235-239. 11. Hill, E. (2013). ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of tion between humans and Felines’, Society & Animals 5 (1): 65-81. comparison between owners and volunteer’, Pet Behaviour Science 1: 1-12 and 44. Plec, E. (2013), ‘Perspectives on human-animal communication: an introduc- human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: 19. Bertenshaw, C. & Rowlinson, P. (2009), ‘Exploring stock managers’ perceptions Royal, K. D., Kedrowicz, A. A. & Snyder, A. M. (2016), ‘Do all dogs go to tion’, In: Plec, E. (ed.) Perspectives on human-animal communication, Rout- 117-136. of the human-animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk heaven? Investigating the association between demographic characteristics and ledge: 1-16. 12. Hurn, S. (2012). Humans and Other Animals: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on production’, Anthrozoos 22 (1): 59-69. beliefs about animal afterlife’, Anthrozoös 29 (3): 409-420. 45. Pepperberg, I. M. (2006), ‘Cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey Human-Animal Interactions. Pluto Books: 165-175. 20. Gazit, I. &Terkel, J. (2003), ‘Explosives detection by sniffer dogs following stren- 31. Bao, K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016), ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association parrots’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 (1): 77-86. 13. Irvine, L. (2012). ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- uous physical activity’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81 (2): 149-161. between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DOI: 46. Wise, S. M. (2003), Drawing the Line: science and the case for animal rights.Ba- butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. 21. Adams, G. J. & Johnson, K. G. (1994), ‘Sleep, work, and the effects of shift work 10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721. sicBooks.216. ISBN 0-7382-0810-8. 14. McElroy, S. C. (1997). Animals as teachers & healers: true stories of the trans- in drug detector dogs (Canisfamiliaris)’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41: 32. Hill, E. (2013), ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of 47. Sheldrake, R., Lawlor, C., &Turney, J. (1998), ‘Perceptive pets: A survey in forming power of animals. Rider, ISBN: 0712672648, 9780712672641. 115-126. human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: London’, Biology Forum 91: 57-74. 15. Peggs, K. (2012). Animals and Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, UK. ISBN: 22. Fenton, V. (1992), ‘The use of dogs in search, rescue and recovery’, Journal of 117-136. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040108. 48. E.g. Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): 978-0-230-29257-4. Wilderness Medicine 3 (3): 292-300. 33. Such as honey bees, termites, and locusts etc. 86-87. 16. Pepperberg, I. M. (2006). ‘Cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey 23. Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A., Cook, L. K., Tsai, C. C., & Picot, S. J. (2007), ‘A 34. Ibid. 49. Crutzen, P. J. &Stoermer, E. F. (2000) ‘The “Anthropocene”’, Global Change parrots’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 (1): 77-86. friendly dog as potential moderator of cardiovascular response to speech in 35. See more at: Zeder, M. (2008), ‘Domestication and early agriculture in the Medi- Newsletter 41: 17. 17. Plec, E. (2013). ‘Perspectives on human-animal communication: an introduc- older hypertensives’, Anthrozoos 20 (1): 51-63. terranean basin: origins, diffusion, and impact’, PNAS 105: 11597–11604, Esin, 50. Hurn, S. (2012). Humans and Other Animals: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on tion’, In: Plec, E. (ed.) Perspectives on human-animal communication. Rout- 24. Shapiro, K. (2002), ‘Editor’s introduction: the state of human-animal studies: U. (1998), ‘Hunted Animals at Aşıklı and the Environment’, In: Anreiter, P. et Human-Animal Interactions. Pluto Books: 165-175. ledge: 1-16. solid, at the margin!’, Society & Animals 10 (4): 331-337. al. (ed.) Man and the Animal World: Studies in Archaeozoology, Archaeology, 51. Hurn, S (2010), ‘What’s in a name? Anthrozoology, human-animal studies, 18. Sanders, C. R. (2003). ‘Actions speak louder than words: close relationships 25. DeMello, M. (2012), Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal Anthropology and Palaeolinguistics in Memoriam SándorBökönyi; 215-226 animal studies or ...?’, Anthropology Today 26 (3): S. 27-28. between humans and nonhuman animals’, Symbolic Interaction 26: 405-426. studies, Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. and Özbaşaran, M. (2011), ‘The Neolithic on the Plateau’, in S. Steadmann & G. 19. Siddiq, A. B. (2016). ‘Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural 26. Peggs, K. (2012), Animals and Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, UK. ISBN: McMahon (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10.000-323 B.C.E.); References transformation in Early Neolithic period’, In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceed- 978-0-230-29257-4. Oxford University Press, 99-124. ing book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): 27. Written by Canfield, J., Hansen, M. V., Becker, M. & Kline, C. (1998). Chicken 36. Siddiq, A. B. (2016), ‘Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural 1. Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. (2003). ‘Drawing the line between humans and 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9. soup for the pet lover's soul: stories about pets as teachers, healers, heroes and transformation in Early Neolithic period’, In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceed- animals: an examination of introductory sociology textbooks’, International 20. Stibbe, A. (2001). ‘Language, power and the social construction of animals’, friends, Backlist, LLC, ISBN: 1623610559, 9781623610555. ing book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 69-93. Society and Animals 9 (2): 145-161. 28. McElroy, S. C. (1997), Animals as teachers & healers: true stories of the trans- 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9. 2. Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. (1997). ‘Beyond Mead: symbolic interaction between forming power of animals, Rider, ISBN: 0712672648, 9780712672641. 37. Braverman, I. (2011), ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 809-842. humans and Felines’, Society & Animals 5 (1): 65-81. 29. See more at: Shapiro, K. (2002), ‘Editor’s introduction: the state of human-ani- 38. Encyclopædia Britannica (2017). ‘Zoo’, https://global.britannica.com/- 3. Bao, K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016). ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association mal studies: solid, at the margin!’, Society & Animals 10 (4): 331-337 and science/zoo (accessed on 03.02.2017). between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DeMello, M. (2012), Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal 39. See more at: Braverman, I. (2011), ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 4. Bertenshaw, C. & Rowlinson, P. (2009). ‘Exploring stock managers’ perceptions studies, Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. 809-842 and Ward, S. J. &Melfi, V. (2015), ‘Keeper-Animal Interactions: Differ- of the human-animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk 30. E.g. Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R. & Fisher, H. E. (2015), ‘The roles of production’, Anthrozoos 22 (1): 59-69.

65 | Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 03, Issue 01, June-2016

17. Clinton D. Sanders has few important works regarding anthrozoology. Such as: pet dogs and cats in human courtship and dating’, Anthrozoös 28 (4): 673-683, ences between the Behaviour of Zoo Animals Affect Stockmanship’, PLoS ONE 5. Block, N. (1995). ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Behavioral Understanding Dogs: Living and Working with Canine Companions from doi: 10.1080/08927936.2015.1064216, Konok, V., Kosztolányi, A., Rainer, W., 10 (10): e0140237. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140237. and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. Philadelphia: Temple University Press in 1999, ‘The impact of guide dogs on Mutschler, B., Halsband, U. &Miklósi, A. (2015), ‘Influence of Owners’ Attach- 40. Stibbe, A. (2001), ‘Language, power and the social construction of animals’, 6. Braverman, I. (2011). ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 809-842. the identity of people with visual impairments’ in Anthrozoös 13: 131-139 in ment Style and Personality on Their Dogs’ (Canisfamiliaris) Separation-Related Society and Animals 9 (2): 145-161. 7. Brown, C. M., Hengy, S. M. & McConnell, A. R. (2016). ‘Thinking about cats or 2000 and ‘Actions speak louder than words: close relationships between Disorder’, PLoSOne. 10 (2): e0118375. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118375, Bao, 41. Fairclough, N. (1992), Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press dogs provides relief from social rejection’, Anthrozoös 29 (1): 47-58. humans and nonhuman animals’, Symbolic Interaction 26: 405-426 in 2003. K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016), ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association 42. Hill, E. (2013), ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of 8. DeMello, M. (2012). Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal 18. Important works of Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. are (2003), ‘Drawing the line between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DOI: human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: studies. Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. between humans and animals: an examination of introductory sociology 10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721, Brown, C. M., Hengy, S. M. & McConnell, A. 117-136. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040108. 9. Gallup, G. (1970). ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): 86-87. textbooks’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 69-93, R. (2016), ‘Thinking about cats or dogs provides relief from social rejection’, 43. Duncan, A., Thomas, J. C. & Catherine Miller, C. (2005), ‘Significance of Family 10. Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R. & Fisher, H. E. (2015). ‘The roles of pet (1999), ‘Cat culture, human culture: An ethnographic study of a cat shelter’, Anthrozoös 29 (1): 47-58. DOI: 10.1080/20414005.2015.1067958, Dinis, F. A. G. & Risk Factors in Development of Childhood Animal Cruelty in Adolescent Boys dogs and cats in human courtship and dating’, Anthrozoös 28 (4): 673-683. Society & Animals 7 (3): 199-218 and (1997), ‘Beyond Mead: symbolic interac- Martin, T. L. F. (2016), ‘Does cat attachment have an effect on human health? A with Conduct Problems’, Journal of Family Violence 20 (4): 235-239. 11. Hill, E. (2013). ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of tion between humans and Felines’, Society & Animals 5 (1): 65-81. comparison between owners and volunteer’, Pet Behaviour Science 1: 1-12 and 44. Plec, E. (2013), ‘Perspectives on human-animal communication: an introduc- human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: 19. Bertenshaw, C. & Rowlinson, P. (2009), ‘Exploring stock managers’ perceptions Royal, K. D., Kedrowicz, A. A. & Snyder, A. M. (2016), ‘Do all dogs go to tion’, In: Plec, E. (ed.) Perspectives on human-animal communication, Rout- 117-136. of the human-animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk heaven? Investigating the association between demographic characteristics and ledge: 1-16. 12. Hurn, S. (2012). Humans and Other Animals: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on production’, Anthrozoos 22 (1): 59-69. beliefs about animal afterlife’, Anthrozoös 29 (3): 409-420. 45. Pepperberg, I. M. (2006), ‘Cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey Human-Animal Interactions. Pluto Books: 165-175. 20. Gazit, I. &Terkel, J. (2003), ‘Explosives detection by sniffer dogs following stren- 31. Bao, K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016), ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association parrots’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 (1): 77-86. 13. Irvine, L. (2012). ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- uous physical activity’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81 (2): 149-161. between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DOI: 46. Wise, S. M. (2003), Drawing the Line: science and the case for animal rights.Ba- butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. 21. Adams, G. J. & Johnson, K. G. (1994), ‘Sleep, work, and the effects of shift work 10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721. sicBooks.216. ISBN 0-7382-0810-8. 14. McElroy, S. C. (1997). Animals as teachers & healers: true stories of the trans- in drug detector dogs (Canisfamiliaris)’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41: 32. Hill, E. (2013), ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of 47. Sheldrake, R., Lawlor, C., &Turney, J. (1998), ‘Perceptive pets: A survey in forming power of animals. Rider, ISBN: 0712672648, 9780712672641. 115-126. human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: London’, Biology Forum 91: 57-74. 15. Peggs, K. (2012). Animals and Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, UK. ISBN: 22. Fenton, V. (1992), ‘The use of dogs in search, rescue and recovery’, Journal of 117-136. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040108. 48. E.g. Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): 978-0-230-29257-4. Wilderness Medicine 3 (3): 292-300. 33. Such as honey bees, termites, and locusts etc. 86-87. 16. Pepperberg, I. M. (2006). ‘Cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey 23. Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A., Cook, L. K., Tsai, C. C., & Picot, S. J. (2007), ‘A 34. Ibid. 49. Crutzen, P. J. &Stoermer, E. F. (2000) ‘The “Anthropocene”’, Global Change parrots’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 (1): 77-86. friendly dog as potential moderator of cardiovascular response to speech in 35. See more at: Zeder, M. (2008), ‘Domestication and early agriculture in the Medi- Newsletter 41: 17. 17. Plec, E. (2013). ‘Perspectives on human-animal communication: an introduc- older hypertensives’, Anthrozoos 20 (1): 51-63. terranean basin: origins, diffusion, and impact’, PNAS 105: 11597–11604, Esin, 50. Hurn, S. (2012). Humans and Other Animals: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on tion’, In: Plec, E. (ed.) Perspectives on human-animal communication. Rout- 24. Shapiro, K. (2002), ‘Editor’s introduction: the state of human-animal studies: U. (1998), ‘Hunted Animals at Aşıklı and the Environment’, In: Anreiter, P. et Human-Animal Interactions. Pluto Books: 165-175. ledge: 1-16. solid, at the margin!’, Society & Animals 10 (4): 331-337. al. (ed.) Man and the Animal World: Studies in Archaeozoology, Archaeology, 51. Hurn, S (2010), ‘What’s in a name? Anthrozoology, human-animal studies, 18. Sanders, C. R. (2003). ‘Actions speak louder than words: close relationships 25. DeMello, M. (2012), Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal Anthropology and Palaeolinguistics in Memoriam SándorBökönyi; 215-226 animal studies or ...?’, Anthropology Today 26 (3): S. 27-28. between humans and nonhuman animals’, Symbolic Interaction 26: 405-426. studies, Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. and Özbaşaran, M. (2011), ‘The Neolithic on the Plateau’, in S. Steadmann & G. 19. Siddiq, A. B. (2016). ‘Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural 26. Peggs, K. (2012), Animals and Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, UK. ISBN: McMahon (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10.000-323 B.C.E.); References transformation in Early Neolithic period’, In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceed- 978-0-230-29257-4. Oxford University Press, 99-124. ing book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): 27. Written by Canfield, J., Hansen, M. V., Becker, M. & Kline, C. (1998). Chicken 36. Siddiq, A. B. (2016), ‘Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural 1. Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. (2003). ‘Drawing the line between humans and 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9. soup for the pet lover's soul: stories about pets as teachers, healers, heroes and transformation in Early Neolithic period’, In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceed- animals: an examination of introductory sociology textbooks’, International 20. Stibbe, A. (2001). ‘Language, power and the social construction of animals’, friends, Backlist, LLC, ISBN: 1623610559, 9781623610555. ing book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 69-93. Society and Animals 9 (2): 145-161. 28. McElroy, S. C. (1997), Animals as teachers & healers: true stories of the trans- 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9. 2. Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. (1997). ‘Beyond Mead: symbolic interaction between forming power of animals, Rider, ISBN: 0712672648, 9780712672641. 37. Braverman, I. (2011), ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 809-842. humans and Felines’, Society & Animals 5 (1): 65-81. 29. See more at: Shapiro, K. (2002), ‘Editor’s introduction: the state of human-ani- 38. Encyclopædia Britannica (2017). ‘Zoo’, https://global.britannica.com/- 3. Bao, K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016). ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association mal studies: solid, at the margin!’, Society & Animals 10 (4): 331-337 and science/zoo (accessed on 03.02.2017). between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DeMello, M. (2012), Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal 39. See more at: Braverman, I. (2011), ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 4. Bertenshaw, C. & Rowlinson, P. (2009). ‘Exploring stock managers’ perceptions studies, Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. 809-842 and Ward, S. J. &Melfi, V. (2015), ‘Keeper-Animal Interactions: Differ- of the human-animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk 30. E.g. Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R. & Fisher, H. E. (2015), ‘The roles of production’, Anthrozoos 22 (1): 59-69.

66 | Page Anthrozoology – an Emerging Robust Multidisciplinary Sub eld of Anthropological Science

17. Clinton D. Sanders has few important works regarding anthrozoology. Such as: pet dogs and cats in human courtship and dating’, Anthrozoös 28 (4): 673-683, ences between the Behaviour of Zoo Animals Affect Stockmanship’, PLoS ONE 5. Block, N. (1995). ‘On a confusion about a function of consciousness’, Behavioral Understanding Dogs: Living and Working with Canine Companions from doi: 10.1080/08927936.2015.1064216, Konok, V., Kosztolányi, A., Rainer, W., 10 (10): e0140237. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140237. and Brain Sciences 18 (2): 227-247. Philadelphia: Temple University Press in 1999, ‘The impact of guide dogs on Mutschler, B., Halsband, U. &Miklósi, A. (2015), ‘Influence of Owners’ Attach- 40. Stibbe, A. (2001), ‘Language, power and the social construction of animals’, 6. Braverman, I. (2011). ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 809-842. the identity of people with visual impairments’ in Anthrozoös 13: 131-139 in ment Style and Personality on Their Dogs’ (Canisfamiliaris) Separation-Related Society and Animals 9 (2): 145-161. 7. Brown, C. M., Hengy, S. M. & McConnell, A. R. (2016). ‘Thinking about cats or 2000 and ‘Actions speak louder than words: close relationships between Disorder’, PLoSOne. 10 (2): e0118375. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118375, Bao, 41. Fairclough, N. (1992), Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press dogs provides relief from social rejection’, Anthrozoös 29 (1): 47-58. humans and nonhuman animals’, Symbolic Interaction 26: 405-426 in 2003. K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016), ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association 42. Hill, E. (2013), ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of 8. DeMello, M. (2012). Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal 18. Important works of Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. are (2003), ‘Drawing the line between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DOI: human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: studies. Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. between humans and animals: an examination of introductory sociology 10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721, Brown, C. M., Hengy, S. M. & McConnell, A. 117-136. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040108. 9. Gallup, G. (1970). ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): 86-87. textbooks’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 69-93, R. (2016), ‘Thinking about cats or dogs provides relief from social rejection’, 43. Duncan, A., Thomas, J. C. & Catherine Miller, C. (2005), ‘Significance of Family 10. Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R. & Fisher, H. E. (2015). ‘The roles of pet (1999), ‘Cat culture, human culture: An ethnographic study of a cat shelter’, Anthrozoös 29 (1): 47-58. DOI: 10.1080/20414005.2015.1067958, Dinis, F. A. G. & Risk Factors in Development of Childhood Animal Cruelty in Adolescent Boys dogs and cats in human courtship and dating’, Anthrozoös 28 (4): 673-683. Society & Animals 7 (3): 199-218 and (1997), ‘Beyond Mead: symbolic interac- Martin, T. L. F. (2016), ‘Does cat attachment have an effect on human health? A with Conduct Problems’, Journal of Family Violence 20 (4): 235-239. 11. Hill, E. (2013). ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of tion between humans and Felines’, Society & Animals 5 (1): 65-81. comparison between owners and volunteer’, Pet Behaviour Science 1: 1-12 and 44. Plec, E. (2013), ‘Perspectives on human-animal communication: an introduc- human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: 19. Bertenshaw, C. & Rowlinson, P. (2009), ‘Exploring stock managers’ perceptions Royal, K. D., Kedrowicz, A. A. & Snyder, A. M. (2016), ‘Do all dogs go to tion’, In: Plec, E. (ed.) Perspectives on human-animal communication, Rout- 117-136. of the human-animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk heaven? Investigating the association between demographic characteristics and ledge: 1-16. 12. Hurn, S. (2012). Humans and Other Animals: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on production’, Anthrozoos 22 (1): 59-69. beliefs about animal afterlife’, Anthrozoös 29 (3): 409-420. 45. Pepperberg, I. M. (2006), ‘Cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey Human-Animal Interactions. Pluto Books: 165-175. 20. Gazit, I. &Terkel, J. (2003), ‘Explosives detection by sniffer dogs following stren- 31. Bao, K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016), ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association parrots’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 (1): 77-86. 13. Irvine, L. (2012). ‘Sociology and anthrozoology: symbolic interactionist contri- uous physical activity’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81 (2): 149-161. between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DOI: 46. Wise, S. M. (2003), Drawing the Line: science and the case for animal rights.Ba- butions’, Anthrozoös 25 (s1): s123-137. 21. Adams, G. J. & Johnson, K. G. (1994), ‘Sleep, work, and the effects of shift work 10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721. sicBooks.216. ISBN 0-7382-0810-8. 14. McElroy, S. C. (1997). Animals as teachers & healers: true stories of the trans- in drug detector dogs (Canisfamiliaris)’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41: 32. Hill, E. (2013), ‘Archaeology and Animal Persons: toward a prehistory of 47. Sheldrake, R., Lawlor, C., &Turney, J. (1998), ‘Perceptive pets: A survey in forming power of animals. Rider, ISBN: 0712672648, 9780712672641. 115-126. human-animal relations’, Environment and Society: Advances in Research 4: London’, Biology Forum 91: 57-74. 15. Peggs, K. (2012). Animals and Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, UK. ISBN: 22. Fenton, V. (1992), ‘The use of dogs in search, rescue and recovery’, Journal of 117-136. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040108. 48. E.g. Gallup, G. (1970), ‘Chimpanzees: self-recognition’, Science 167 (3914): 978-0-230-29257-4. Wilderness Medicine 3 (3): 292-300. 33. Such as honey bees, termites, and locusts etc. 86-87. 16. Pepperberg, I. M. (2006). ‘Cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey 23. Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A., Cook, L. K., Tsai, C. C., & Picot, S. J. (2007), ‘A 34. Ibid. 49. Crutzen, P. J. &Stoermer, E. F. (2000) ‘The “Anthropocene”’, Global Change parrots’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 (1): 77-86. friendly dog as potential moderator of cardiovascular response to speech in 35. See more at: Zeder, M. (2008), ‘Domestication and early agriculture in the Medi- Newsletter 41: 17. 17. Plec, E. (2013). ‘Perspectives on human-animal communication: an introduc- older hypertensives’, Anthrozoos 20 (1): 51-63. terranean basin: origins, diffusion, and impact’, PNAS 105: 11597–11604, Esin, 50. Hurn, S. (2012). Humans and Other Animals: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on tion’, In: Plec, E. (ed.) Perspectives on human-animal communication. Rout- 24. Shapiro, K. (2002), ‘Editor’s introduction: the state of human-animal studies: U. (1998), ‘Hunted Animals at Aşıklı and the Environment’, In: Anreiter, P. et Human-Animal Interactions. Pluto Books: 165-175. ledge: 1-16. solid, at the margin!’, Society & Animals 10 (4): 331-337. al. (ed.) Man and the Animal World: Studies in Archaeozoology, Archaeology, 51. Hurn, S (2010), ‘What’s in a name? Anthrozoology, human-animal studies, 18. Sanders, C. R. (2003). ‘Actions speak louder than words: close relationships 25. DeMello, M. (2012), Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal Anthropology and Palaeolinguistics in Memoriam SándorBökönyi; 215-226 animal studies or ...?’, Anthropology Today 26 (3): S. 27-28. between humans and nonhuman animals’, Symbolic Interaction 26: 405-426. studies, Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. and Özbaşaran, M. (2011), ‘The Neolithic on the Plateau’, in S. Steadmann & G. 19. Siddiq, A. B. (2016). ‘Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural 26. Peggs, K. (2012), Animals and Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, UK. ISBN: McMahon (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10.000-323 B.C.E.); References transformation in Early Neolithic period’, In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceed- 978-0-230-29257-4. Oxford University Press, 99-124. ing book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): 27. Written by Canfield, J., Hansen, M. V., Becker, M. & Kline, C. (1998). Chicken 36. Siddiq, A. B. (2016), ‘Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural 1. Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. (2003). ‘Drawing the line between humans and 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9. soup for the pet lover's soul: stories about pets as teachers, healers, heroes and transformation in Early Neolithic period’, In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceed- animals: an examination of introductory sociology textbooks’, International 20. Stibbe, A. (2001). ‘Language, power and the social construction of animals’, friends, Backlist, LLC, ISBN: 1623610559, 9781623610555. ing book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 69-93. Society and Animals 9 (2): 145-161. 28. McElroy, S. C. (1997), Animals as teachers & healers: true stories of the trans- 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9. 2. Alger, J. M. & Alger, S. F. (1997). ‘Beyond Mead: symbolic interaction between forming power of animals, Rider, ISBN: 0712672648, 9780712672641. 37. Braverman, I. (2011), ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 809-842. humans and Felines’, Society & Animals 5 (1): 65-81. 29. See more at: Shapiro, K. (2002), ‘Editor’s introduction: the state of human-ani- 38. Encyclopædia Britannica (2017). ‘Zoo’, https://global.britannica.com/- 3. Bao, K. J. & Schreer, G. (2016). ‘Pets and happiness: examining the association mal studies: solid, at the margin!’, Society & Animals 10 (4): 331-337 and science/zoo (accessed on 03.02.2017). between pet ownership and wellbeing’, Anthrozoös 29 (2): 283-296. DeMello, M. (2012), Animals and Society: an introduction to human-animal 39. See more at: Braverman, I. (2011), ‘Looking at Zoos’, Cultural Studies 25 (6): 4. Bertenshaw, C. & Rowlinson, P. (2009). ‘Exploring stock managers’ perceptions studies, Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231152952. 809-842 and Ward, S. J. &Melfi, V. (2015), ‘Keeper-Animal Interactions: Differ- of the human-animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk 30. E.g. Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R. & Fisher, H. E. (2015), ‘The roles of production’, Anthrozoos 22 (1): 59-69.

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