2017 International Conference on Education and Science (ICONS 2017)

LOCAL WISDOM OF TRADITION “MALAMANG” AS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL IN TEACHING GEOGRAPHY AT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Muhammad Aliman Teacher at SMAN 15 PADANG, Doctoral Student of Geography Education at UM [email protected]

Key Words: ABSTRACT Local Wisdom Malamang is a tradition of Minangkabaunese in West Sumatera. It Minangkabau is a tradition of cooking pulut rice served in customary activities Tradition such as welcoming Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, Geography Teaching engagement, marriage, Batagak Panghulu, Mauluik nabi and other Material traditions. Malamang uses stems of bamboo trees as containers of pulut rice. The existence of bamboo trees is decreasing due to increased land conversion of increasing population. Furthermore, this article uses descriptive writing method by analyzing various literature sources and research results. The results of the analysis show that Malamang tradition contains local wisdom value in the fields of economy, environmental preservation and cultural planting of . Malamang tradition can be used as a teaching material supplement by adjusting core competencies in high school geography curriculum. In addition, Malamang tradition also contributes to conservation of the existence of bamboo trees.

INTRODUCTION Malamang tradition is done at Local wisdom of Minangkabaunese certain times / moments such as is reflected in the philosophy of "Alam welcoming Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr and Eid Takambang Jadi Guru" which means that al-Adha, engagement, marriage, Mauluik the nature can be used as a lesson in nabi, Batagak Panghulu and so on humans’ life (Agustina, Ramadhan, & (Damanhuri, 2015; Minangkabaunews, Asri, 2016). In addition, local wisdom is 2011). Lamang becomes a mandatory meal local knowledge that has been fused in at these events. Without lamang at such society for a long time (Sumarmi & events, it will certainly reduce the Amirudin, 2014). One of the forms of local sacredness value of the events. wisdom of Minangkabaunese is the Besides using stems of bamboo tradition of Malamang. This tradition trees as the containers of pulut rice to be needs to be raised because it contains cooked, malamang needs dry woods to be moral values. fired. Dry woods used as the fuel are the Malamang is a culinary tradition of woods from the stems of trees that have Minangkabaunese in West Sumatera. died since a long time. These dry woods Cooking Lamang, or Malamang in usually have been sought in advance on , is a tradition of the edge of the forest, without cutting cooking pulut rice using the stems of down the trees that are alive. Additionally, bamboo trees as the containers. Almost in The stems of bamboo trees used as the all regions in West Sumatera people do containers are the mature stems. The small malamang tradition as an inseparable part or old stems cannot be used as the from custom and daily tradition. containers to cook lamang.

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The need of bamboo trees and dry The research used in this article is woods in malamang tradition is very descriptive qualitative research design important. The existence of bamboo trees which focuses on malamang tradition of as the main materials for cooking lamang Minangkabaunese in West Sumatera. needs to be noticed. The high demand for Research Objective bamboo trees needs to be balanced against In general, this study aims to reveal conservation efforts in maintaining and the character values in the tradition of preserving bamboo trees. Regarding the malamang. Then, these values are existence of bamboo trees, it is not yet so developed into supplementary material in difficult to find, especially in rural areas. teaching geography at senior high school However, they will be difficult to find if adjusted to the curriculum. The final goal there is the increasing number of activities of such supplementary teaching material is of land transitions which shift the existing to build knowledge and awareness of bamboo trees / forests. Such land senior high school students on transitions have mainly occurred in urban conservation of bamboo trees which are areas due to the increasing number of used as the main material in malamang population in the cities as a result of tradition. urbanization. The need for housing and Research Procedure buildings increases as the population The first preparation in this study increases (Iswandi, 2016). was determining the research subjects. Apart from being the main material After determining the research subjects, for cooking lamang, bamboo trees also then observation and in-depth interview have other benefits. Other benefits of with the informants were conducted. The bamboo are for home and building results of in-depth interview were material, handicrafts / carvings, art (Utami, collected for the data analysis. Besides in- 2011). Other important benefits are that depth interview, observation was done to bamboo is able to prevent landslides; it can find out the real conditions in the field. be used as groundwater binder; it can The results of interview and observation prevent erosion and sedimentation; it is analyses was reduced to elicit the able to absorb carbon gas (KemenLHK, meanings behind events. The meanings 2013). and local wisdom values found were Balancing the needs and the further adjusted to senior high school existence of bamboo is important. It can be curriculum on geography subject to be done by conservation through education used as supplementary teaching material. phase, i.e. providing information to young The research subjects were public figures generation, especially to high school in society, doers of malamang tradition students. Providing information to high and senior high school geography teachers. school students will build knowledge and Data, Instrument and Techniques of awareness to keep and preserve bamboo Data Collection trees. In addition, through education The research data were collected students are provided with the from two methods, namely interview and understanding of character values in the observation. The interview was conducted tradition of malamang. Such knowledge with public figures in society, the doers of building can be done through the provision malamang tradition and senior high school of supplementary materials in teaching geography teachers. Interview instrument geography at senior high school. was the interview guidelines that were designed openly by prioritizing the METHODOLOGY forthrightness and truth conveyed by Research Design informants. Technique of Data Analysis

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The data obtained from the the nation for the next generation. The interview and observation were analyzed efforts from various parties to raise local descriptively. The results of the interview wisdom from each region in Indonesia are formed new prepositions derived from needed. Indonesia has various tribes and elucidation of the meanings of the customs held vigorously by the findings. Then, the data were reduced and communities since a long time. Such local associated to variables and finally the wisdom needs to be raised and promoted conclusions were drawn. again within which the positive values can be interpreted. The richness of positive FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION values in local wisdom can be Local Wisdom implemented in everyday life and even in Local wisdom is a form of national life (Fajarini, 2014). The adaptation of knowledge, beliefs, implementation of the values of local understanding / insight and customs / wisdom in national life can be by applying ethics that guides humans’ behavior in life local positive values that favor the society, within their ecological / environmental e.g. the values of mutual cooperation and communities which proceeds in a long kinship. time and is expressed in the forms of For the society in Tigawasa Village tradition and myth (Keraf, 2005; Suhartini, in Buleleng Regency Bali Province, there 2009; Sumarmi & Amirudin, 2014). Such is local wisdom that utilizes bamboo local wisdom is inherited from generation plants. The results of a study showed that to generation. The local wisdom becomes the socio-cultural life of the community a noble value which is continuously held had been approached to bamboo plants. by local communities. From 19 types of bamboo found in Local wisdom comprises the Tigawasa village, the community produced community’s activities in survival which 54 types of handicrafts (Arinasa, 2005). are poured in activities in the fields of One of the forms of local wisdom religion, economics, technology, social of Minangkabaunese is the tradition of organization and culture. Local wisdom malamang. This local tradition becomes a can be traditions, proverbs, and myths part of minangkabau cultures existing in containing positive values (Alfian, 2013). West Sumatera. This tradition is the Local wisdom is a system that integrates tradition in culinary domain; it grows in into social, political, cultural, economic everyday life of Minangkabaunese and environmental systems existing in the especially in West Sumatera which has midst of local communities (Thamrin, proceeded since a long time. 2013). Local wisdom grows in the Tradition of Malamang communities as a process of internalization At first, this tradition was in a long time from generation to promoted by a sheikh named Sheikh generation. This process leads to the Burhanuddin. He was the spreader of emergence of value systems in the forms Islam on the coast of West Sumatera of customary laws, beliefs and local (Zulfa & Kaksim, 2014). In spreading traditions / customs (Wikantiyoso & Islam, Sheikh Burhanuddin also paid Tutuko, 2009). Therefore, the forms of attention to food that is classified as halal such local wisdom are used as guidelines and haram. One of the halal meals that can for the communities in acting and be distinguished from haram food is behaving in daily life. lamang. Initially, lamang was made of Local wisdom is dynamic and rice, but because rice was quickly rotten sustainable in the communities. Positive then Sheikh Burhanuddin replaced it with values can be used as the basic capital in ketan (sticky rice) / pulut. This was the formation of identity and character of followed by people around surau /

769 2017 International Conference on Education and Science (ICONS 2017) mosque. Finally, it has become a tradition that continues up to present. For clearer description, malamang tradition can be seen in the following figure.

Source:http://www.agamkab.go.id/

The tradition of aguang / uwaik-uwaik is quite difficult to find today. This tradition can only be found in the villages / of Duo Koto, Nagari Koto Kaciak and Nagari Anam Koto. The cultural shifts and global changes are considered to contribute to the diminishing of this tradition. The fast/instant-paced changes of society’s lifestyles lead to the Source:Personal Documentation decrease of society's interest in lingering on this tradition. The process of making lamang is In its golden era, this tradition was done by putting banana leaves surrounding eagerly awaited by the society. This the inside of bamboo, and then it is filled tradition was not only favored by uwaik- with pulut rice and coconut milk and uwaik / women, but also by youth and cooked by using firewood for 4 - 6 hours children. This tradition / activity grows the (Nizhamul, 2009). Due to the long cooking local wisdom values of societies. Such process, the women do another activity moral values include the attitudes of while waiting for lamang to be ready to mutual cooperation, tolerance, and raise serve. The activity done while cooking the kinship / silaturahmi among societies. lamang is the art tradition of talempong The attitude of mutual cooperation grows aguang / uwaik-uwaik (women) in from the preparation activity of this Tanjung Raya District Agam Regency. tradition. In addition, the attitudes of This art tradition is a verbal art tradition in tolerance and mutual respect grow from the form of songs accompanied by the the interactions among societies that do music of 5-6 small talempong / gamelan, not distinguish origin tribes derived from an aguang / gong, other kitchen appliances the maternal lineage (matrilineal). which are beaten in accordance with the Likewise the tradition of rhythm of the songs. No less unique, the malamang, it has local wisdom values in tradition of waiting for lamang being the form of character / moral values. The cooked is also followed by the play of a character / moral values include the mortar―a hard strong bowl where attitude of mutual cooperation shown in unhusked rice is pounded, in accordance the search for bamboo and firewood for with the rhythm of the songs. It can be cooking preparation. In addition, such seen in the following figure. process of seeking bamboo and firewood also builds love of the environment. It is indicated by the search for mature bamboo. The mature bamboo is more

770 2017 International Conference on Education and Science (ICONS 2017) suitable to be used to cook lamang. between 8.80C to 360C with the minimum Meanwhile, unripe bamboo usually rainfall 1020 mm/ year and 76% of continues to grow and can also be used as humidity (Kemendag, 2011). Besides, food / vegetable called rabuang. Old approximately143 species of bamboo grow bamboo is also not used to cook lamang in Indonesia. They grow in the form of because it will be used as material for forest landscape. In Indonesia, there are home buildings, fences, flagpoles and so always artificial forest landscape and on. Similarly, the selection of firewood as community forest, especially in rural areas. fuel to cook lamang also contains local Almost in the rural areas, people who have wisdom value in the form of love of land or even the yard plant bamboo in their environment. The youths and parents who land (Arinasa, 2005). are looking for firewood should choose Bamboo has strong fiber roots. The dead / dry stems and branches of the trees. plants with this type of roots can be useful Cutting down the alive and productive in maintaining the hydrological system trees is not allowed. which is as a groundwater binder. The mutual cooperative attitude is Therefore, bamboo can be used as also shown by the women who cook conservation plant (Hidayah, 2014). In lamang together up to the step of roasting addition to its hydrological function, lamang. The attitude of mutual respect is bamboo also functions as the steep cliff also shown when lamang is given to barrier to prevent landslides. Since honored / respected people such as bamboo can also be found in the bank of panghulu, mintuo / parent-in-law, bako / the river, it also serves as a deterrent to father's siblings, and neighbors. Sharing river erosion (streambank erotion) lamang is also useful as an effort to (Nadeak, 2009; Soemarto, 1987). strengthen the kinship / silaturahmi among Moreover, with the change of land, societies. The traditions of malamang and deforestation affects the flow of river talempong aguang / uwaik-uwaik provide erosion which as a result changes the flow benefits to unity among societies. Besides, of the river (Rosgen, 2001; Rudwick, other benefits are growing the attitudes of 1998; Shields, Lizotte, Knight, Cooper, & love of environment, mutual cooperation, Wilcox, 2010; Simon, 1989; Simpson, mutual respect, tolerance and kinship Turner, Brantley, & Helms, 2014). Thus, (social care). The local wisdom values vegetation in watershed, especially around implied in this tradition need to be bank of rivers, is really needed to conserve maintained and inherited to the next the rivers from the erosion and landslides. generation. Bamboo conservation in West Sumatera has been going on for a long Bamboo Conservation time. It is characterized by the existence of Bamboo is a plant that grows local wisdom in the form of proverb “Nan densely and has round stems with complex Lurah Tanami Bambu” that rules the social branching segments (Utami, 2011). life in Minangkabau culture. The meaning Bamboo belongs to poaceae or gramineae of this proverb is that the slope and ravine family, tribe of bambuseae, and sub-tribe areas must be planted by bamboo. Such of bambusoideae. Besides, bamboo grows areas are highly at risk of landslide between 100 to 2200 masl. However, in (Aliman, 2017). People, who adhere to this the damp areas with high rainfall, bamboo proverb, are automatically participating in can grow well in the bank of rivers and in preserving the existence of bamboo which the steep cliff. Bamboo also grows in reduces the risk of landslides. wavy, bumpy and mountainous typography. The suitable temperature for Supplementary Material in Teaching the place where the bamboo grows is Geography

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Education in Indonesia has started teaching geography which contains the to adopt the values required in dealing values of local wisdom. with the 21st century’s challenges. Malamang, that is a tradition of Education this day emphasizes on building Minangkabaunese in West Sumatera, can the characters values such as religious be used as supplementary material in value, nationalist, independence, integrity teaching geography. Based on the results and mutual cooperative value (Sunendar, of interview with some people, it is known 2017). In order to give the contribution in that this tradition has local wisdom values education, it is necessary to build students’ which can be inserted to material in characters while learning the materials. teaching geography. For more detail One of the efforts is to provide the reading information, the results of the interview material as supplementary material in are provided in the following table.

Tabel 1: The Results of Interview No Interviewee Information Translation 1 Sulasmi, S.Pd 1. “Sajak daulu malah, lamang 1. This tradition has existed /Uwaik Laih. ko dibuek. Ndak lo jaleh for a long time. However, Bundo Kanduang bilo ado nyo dikampuangko. the exact time is not Nagari Duo Koto, Lamang tu dibuek dari exactly known by the subdistrict bareh katan, diagiah santan people. Lamang is made of Tanjung Raya, karambia, siap tu diangai- ketan rise, then it is added Agam Regency angai jo api” coconut milk and lastly it is (Woman) 2. “Sadang malamang tu, boiled. biasonyo uwaik-uwaik 2. In the process of making The interview was bamain talempong aguang, lamang, the women usually held on 23 Juni karano malamang tu lamo, play “talempong aguang”/ 2017 subuah wak mulai, tangah traditional music ari baru masak” instrument, because this process takes much time. It starts at down and finishes at noon. 2 Melki Hijranur. 1. “Acok kami disuruah dek 1. We are often asked to find Pemuda Jorong uwaik mancaghi kayu ntuak the firewood to make Railia, Nagari Duo buek lamang, ndak lo jauh lamang. It is not far from Koto, Tanjung mancarinyo, di ateh the village, around Raya subdistrict, ulumambu tu nyo” Ulumambu (small village). Agam Regency 2. “Di ulumambu tu 2. In Ulumambu, there are a (Young Adult) sarangnyo, banyak bambu lot of bamboos. And they disitu, ndak payah wak are not hard to find. The interview was mancari” 3. The children are often held on 2 Juli 3. “Kadang…pareman- asked to find the bamboos. 2017 pareman tu disuruah pai 4. Besides, the bamboo is also mancari bambu” used to make torch to do 4. “Kadang dibuek untuak night parade in takbiran pawai obor malam takbiran and 1 Muharam (New Year samo malam satu muaram” Eve in Islamic calendar).

3 Irwan Suganda, 1. “Biasonyo uwaik-uwaik nan 1. Usually, the women will S.Pd. Kepala mambuek lamang tu, kok make lamang, but if the

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Jorong Mudiak, apak-apak ndak lamo men make it, it won’t take Nagari Duo Koto, maangai-angai lamang tu. much time. After lamang is Tanjung Raya Lah masak lamang tu, baru ready, then it is given to subdistrict, Agam diagiah ka urang-urang relatives such as siblings regency (member dakek, tarutamo mintuo jo and family in-law. of goverment dunsanak” 2. Besides Ied fitri, Lamang is representative in 2. “Salain ari rayo, lamang ko also served on Ied Adha the regency) ado nyo katiko rayo aji, pai and special occasions such manjalang, baralek” as visiting the The interview was 3. “Bisa dibuek tungku father/mother in law and in held on 27 Juni mamasak, marawa, ntuak wedding ceremony. 2017 rumah” 3. Bamboo can be used as 4. “Acara-acara adaik pasti houseware, flagpole, and ado lamang, sarupo building materials. maangkek pangulu, 4. There must be Lamang in manakok ari, baduduak, cultural events such as manutuik alek” innagurating of the head of community, deciding the day of the wedding, discussing the wedding processions and the closing ceremony. 4 Revi Anisa, S.Pd 1. “Alun ado lai masuak ka 1. There has not been any (Geography pelajaran, kaarifan lokal tu material that contains the teacher at SMAN paliang pas maja kelas duo local wisdom, Malamang Agam Cendekia) nyo” in the supplementary 2. “Materi kaarifan lokal tu, material in teaching The interview was sasuai KD se nyo di kelas geography. The material held on 3 Juli duo” for local wisdom is 2017 provided at grade XI. 2. Material for local wisdom is adjusted to Basic Competence 3.7, grade XI.

Based on the data and the reduction of the the people care about the existence of data in Table 1, the preposition is built as bamboo. People understand that bamboo it is explained in following section. has a lot of benefits in protecting environment and assissting them to do Preposition their daily activities. Moreover, it also Based on the interview results, it fosters a sense of social care among them. can be interpreted that the tradition of The results of the intrepretation values of Malamang in West Sumatera, especially in Malamang can be seen in Table 2. Nagari Duo Koto, Tanjung Raya subdistrict, Agam Regency, has been done for a long time. It is done on special occasions such as celebrating feast days, Tabel 2: Interpretation Value of Malamang discussing about cultural aspects and No Aspects Value/ Benefits cultural events such as wedding 1 Character 1. Mutual procession. Besides, this tradition makes cooperation

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2. Kinship 3.6 The change of 3. Responsibility Atmosphere Global climate 4. Environmental in life care 3.7 Groundwater 5. Social care Hidrosphere and watershed 2 Environmental 1. Preventing the conservation Conservation landslide XI 3.2 Biosphere The (Bamboo 2. Becoming a distribution of Conservation) groundwater flora in binder Indonesia 3. Preventing the 3.3 Management erosion Distribution, of forest 4. Absorbing the management of resources. rainwater with forest, mining, tiny marine and evaporation. tourism 5. Absorbing the resources. carbon 3.4 National Community 3 Economy 1. Building food security, and creative (The use of materials provision of industry. Bamboo) 2. Houseware industrial materials materials. 3. Traditional 3.6 Cultural Traditional music diversity of culture and instrument nation. creative materials economy. 4. Hunting tool 3.7 Types and Local wisdom materials mitigation of in disaster 5. Food natural mitigation ingredients disasters 6. Medicine through local wisdom In Table 2, it can be seen that the education. values and the benefits of malamang can be adjusted and integrated to geography Table 3 shows that there are eight curriculum at senior high school. The core competences in high school values of malamang are suitable with the geography curriculum that are integrated core competence and materials on the with values of local wisdom and the curriculum. The integration of character benefits of malamang. The application of values and the benefits of this tradition can this integration does not fully dominate the be seen in Table 3. materials. However, it is limited to reading material as the supplementary material for Tabel 3: Integration of Local Wisdom teaching geography. The teacher gives a Values of Malamang in contextual example about tradition of Supplement Material for Teaching malamang in West Sumatera. Then, the Geography teacher explains the interrelationship Clas Core Materials between the materials with each process in s Competence 3 malamang and the character values in each X 3.5 Litosphere Soil proces. The character values in this Conservation tradition are hopefully able to explore the

774 2017 International Conference on Education and Science (ICONS 2017) students’ potential and are able to The integration of this tradition and empower the environment as a source of the materials for teaching geography can learning. The resources of learning can be be applied in eight core competences in well developed so that the students have curriculum. These eight core competences sensitivity to the environment (Indrawini, are adjusted with materials such as soil Amiruddin, & Widiati, 2016). conservation, global climate change in life, In the supplementary material, it is groundwater and watershed corservation, described that malamang starts with the spreading flora in Indonesia, florest gathering the ingredients and tools until resources management, traditional culture, procession of delivering lamang. This creative economy as well as local wisdom supplementary material also describes material in disaster mitigation. The relationship between each material and the application of this supplementary material tradition. Besides, this material provides is limited to additional reading material character values which are developed from which provides the examples of local each procession in malamang. There are wisdom. also benefits of malamang that are viewed from several aspects such as environment, Suggestions culture, social and economy. This Education in Indonesia has integration will not take much time since it adjusted to the challenges in 21th century. is a supplementary. The teacher can stick Therefore, it is necessary to do some to their teaching plan without having to be efforts in order to prepare the students for affected by this supplementary material. their future. It is necessarily needed the further research that develops teaching CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS material which is based on the local Conclusion wisdom as well as the research that tests Based on the explanation in this the effectiveness of that material. Besides, study, the tradition of malamang is the teachers in each region are expected to culinery tradition of Minangkabaunese in be able to develop a supplementary West Sumatera that has already existed, material based on local wisdom in their along with the spreading of Islam religion respected regions. at the west coast of Sumatera. Tradition of malamang has local wisdom values which References can be used as supplementary material in teaching geography at senior high school. Agustina, Ramadhan, S., & Asri, Y. The values include mutual cooperation, (2016). Muatan Kearifan Lokal kinship, responsibility, a sense of dalam Cerpen Mutakhir Karya environmental care and social care. Cerpenis Minangkabau. Jurnal Besides, the local wisdom of malamang HUMANUS. Pusat Kajian has a meaning in the preservation of the Humaniora, FBS UNP. Indonesia, environment. Tradition of malamang, that XV(1), 14–31. requires bamboo and firewood, Alfian, M. (2013). Potensi Kearifan Lokal automatically preserves bamboo that has a dalam Pembentukan Jati Diri dan lot of benefits. The benefits of bamboo Karakter Bangsa. Prosiding The include preventing landslides and erosion, 5th International Conference on binding the groundwater, absorbing the Indonesian Studies ‘Etnicity and rainwater and absorbing the carbon. In Globalization’, 424. economical aspect, bamboo has benefits as Aliman, M. (2017). Pengintegrasian the building, housewares, traditional music Pepatah Minangkabau dalam instruments, and hunting tools materials. It Pembelajaran Geografi. Presented also serves as food and medicine. at the Seminar Nasional,

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