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Untitled Manuscript from the Late 1940S Confucian Rituals and Chinese Villagers Religion in Chinese Societies Edited by Kenneth Dean, McGill University Richard Madsen, University of California, San Diego David Palmer, University of Hong Kong VOLUME 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rics Confucian Rituals and Chinese Villagers Ritual Change and Social Transformation in a Southeastern Chinese Community, 1368–1949 By Yonghua Liu LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Justus Doolittle, Social Life of the Chinese (London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston, 1868), 196. This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-6264 ISBN 978-90-04-25724-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25725-2 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Tables, Figures, Illustrations, and Maps ..................................... ix Terms for Measures and Money ................................................................. xi Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ xiii PART ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Confucian Rituals in Late Imperial Chinese State and Society ... 3 Commoners, Confucian Rituals, and Neo-Confucianism ....... 4 The Appropriation of Confucian Rituals ..................................... 8 A Social History of Rituals in Sibao ............................................... 13 Principal Themes ................................................................................ 17 Sources ................................................................................................... 20 2 History at the Periphery: Tingzhou and Sibao ................................ 23 Tingzhou: Banditry, Ethnicity, and the State ............................. 23 Sibao: Making a Center out of a Periphery ................................. 32 PART TWO LISHENG AS CULTURAL MEDIATORS 3 Who Are Lisheng? .................................................................................... 47 Lisheng: An Overview ........................................................................ 48 Lisheng in the Imperial State ..................................................... 48 Lisheng in Late Imperial and Modern Chinese Society ..... 52 Lisheng and Sibao Society ................................................................ 62 A Summary of Rituals in Sibao .................................................. 62 Who Are Lisheng? .......................................................................... 65 4 Lisheng and Their Rituals ...................................................................... 71 Lisheng and Sibao Rituals ................................................................. 71 Ritual Formats ................................................................................. 71 Lisheng in Action ........................................................................... 77 vi contents Manuals of Sacrificial Texts ............................................................. 86 A Summary of Manuals of Sacrificial Texts ........................... 86 Who Wrote the Texts? .................................................................. 89 PART THREE LINEAGE, RITUAL, AND CORPORATE ESTATES 5 The Creation of a Lineage Society ...................................................... 107 Lineage Building .................................................................................. 109 The Mas of Mawu .......................................................................... 109 The Zous of Wuge .......................................................................... 120 The Yans of Yanwu ........................................................................ 129 Ancestors, Genealogy, and Lineage Building ............................. 132 6 Rites, Land, and Lineages ...................................................................... 143 Ancestral Rites ..................................................................................... 143 Land, Lineage, and Local Elite ........................................................ 147 The Limits of Lineage Building ....................................................... 157 PART FOUR A STRANGE COMMUNITY COMPACT? 7 Community Compacts, Village Rituals, and Local Society .......... 167 Community Compacts in Late Imperial Sibao .......................... 171 Villages and Descent Groups around Shangbao ....................... 179 The Making of a Community Compact ....................................... 182 Shangbao Compact and Local Society ......................................... 193 PART FIVE THE WORSHIP OF GODS 8 Gods, Ancestors, and Demons ............................................................. 205 Zougong: A God Becoming an Ancestor ...................................... 209 Gods and Temples in Pre-Ming Sibao ..................................... 209 When a God Became an Ancestor ............................................ 211 contents vii The Transformation of She and Li .................................................... 220 Shegong in Pre-Ming Tingzhou .................................................... 220 Lishe Altars and Xiangli Altars since the Ming ........................ 222 Legends of Shegong and Ritual Masters .................................... 228 9 Temples, Markets, and Village Identity .......................................... 239 Temple Building and Village Identity ......................................... 239 Guandi and Village Identity ..................................................... 242 Temples and Commerce ................................................................. 246 Construction of the Tianhou Temple at the Laijiaxu Market ...................................................................................... 246 Opening a Market in the Eighteenth Century .................... 249 The Tianhou Temple of Shangbao ......................................... 256 10 Locating Rituals in Time and Space ................................................ 263 The Genealogy of a Grand Narrative .......................................... 263 Cultural Hybridization as a Historical Process ........................ 268 APPENDICES 1 Jinshi (Metropolitan Graduates) in Late Imperial Tingzhou .... 275 2 Lisheng and the Rituals Performed by Them in Tingzhou ....... 276 3 Fifty Sibao Jiwenben (I): Basic Facts ................................................. 279 4 Fifty Sibao Jiwenben (II): Breakdown of Contents ....................... 283 5 Five Prohibitions of the Shangbao Compact ................................ 285 6 Villages and Surnames in Sibao ........................................................ 289 7 Temples and Gods in the Sibao Basin ............................................. 291 8 Gods and Texts Dedicated to Them in Three Sibao Jiwenben .................................................................................................... 298 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 301 Index ................................................................................................................... 323 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND MAPS Tables 2.1 Degree and title holders among the Lower Shrine Branch of the Zous of Wuge ............................................................................ 43 4.1 A comparison of the ritual structure between the Sibao ritual format, the Confucian Temple rites, and the Altar of the Gods of the Soil and Grains rites ................................................................ 76 5.1 Managers of the compilation of the Zou Family Genealogy of Wuge in 1764 .................................................................................... 129 5.2 Number of degree and title holders and officials of the Mas and the Zous in Sibao ......................................................................... 142 6.1 Ownership of arable land in the fifth districts of Qingliu County on the eve of land reform (1952) ..................................... 149 8.1 Lishe and Xiangli altars in Tingzhou during the Ming Dynasty .................................................................................................... 222 9.1 The social background of the members of the Soaring Dragon Society ...................................................................................... 254 Figures 4.1 Layout of the rituals performed by four lisheng ......................... 71 5.1 Simplified genealogy of the Mas of Mawu ................................... 111 5.2 Simplified genealogy of the Zous of Wuge ................................... 122
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