THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE CULTURE AS SEEN IN THE LAST

SAMURAI MOVIE BY EDWAR ZWICK

THESIS

Submitted to Board of examiner In Partial Fulfilment the requirement For Literary Degree at English Literature Department

by: DENI OKTAVIANI NIM : AI.140226

ADAB AND HUMANIORA FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI

2019

MOTTO

بِ ْس ِم هَّللاِ ال هر ْح َم ِن ال هر ِحيم

َو َم ْن َجا َه َد فَ ِإ َّن َما يُ َجا ِه ُد ِل َن ْف ِس

Meaning: "Whosoever truly matters, the sincerity is for his own good"1

Artinya: "Barang siapa yang bersungguh sungguh, sesungguhnya kesungguhan tersebut untuk kebaikan dirinya sendiri"2

1 Al-Qur’an ofline terjemah bahasa inggris 2 Al- ankabut ayat 6 https:/www.abanaonline.com/2018/01/motto-hidup-islami-dari-al- quran.html?m

DEDICATION

بِ ْس ِم هَّللاِ ال هر ْح َم ِن ال هر ِحيم

First of all I would say the grateful to Allah SWT always gives me health to finish this thesis. I would like to dedicate this thesis to: My beloved Father, Unang Sofyan for all your patients to educate me so far, gave me a way to be the student, supporting and praying. My beloved Mother, Siti Inayah thanks you so much for everything and miss you so much mom. And My beloved brother Dani Ramadan who have been good brother and always help all of my need even thought sometime disturb me in making the thesis,.

THANK YOU SO MUCH

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘aalamiin.

All praises be to Allah, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful, who has given me the mercy, strength, health, and guidance in accomplishing the thesis entitled ” THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE CULTURE AS SEEN IN THE

LAST SAMURAI MOVIE BY EDWAR ZWICK” which is submitted to fulfill the requirements for bachelor degree (S1) in English Literature, Adab and Humanities,

Islamic State University, Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. Shalawat and Salam are upon our Prophet and last Messenger, Muhammad SAW, who has taken us from the darkness to lightness as we feel today.

Then, I would like to address my gratitude those who have assisted me in writing this thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to:

1. The Rector of Islamic State University, Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, Prof.

Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA. The Vice of Rector,Prof. Dr. H. Suaidi, MA, Ph.D.,

Dr. H. Hidayat, M.Pd., and Dr. H. Fadilla, M.Pd., who allowed me to study in

the university.

2. The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I., The

Vice of dean, Dr. Alfian, M.Ed., Dr.H.M. Fadhil, M.Ag., and Dr. Raudhoh,

M.Pd.I.

3. The head of English literature department Ulfatmi Azlan, S.S., MA and the

secretary Dian Mukhlisa, MA who have given the great supervised.

ABSTRACT

Deni Oktaviani. The American And Japanese Culture As Seen In The Last Samurai Movie By Edwar Zwick. English Literature Department, Adab And Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Supervisor I : Dr. Alfian, M. Ed Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A

This thesis discusses cultural differences that occur in The Last Samurai movie. Movie as discourse is able to form impressions about the character, history, and culture of a nation. The history of Japanese modernization is filled with radical changes that affect the fate of the samurai and the Japanese nation as a whole so that Japan is able to achieve its progress to date. The objectives to be achieved are (1) to find out the cultural differences between American and Japanese culture seen from The Last Samurai movie by Edward Zwick. (2) to find out the acculturation factor between American and Japanese culture seen from The Last Samurai movie by Edward Zwick. (3) to find out the impact of acculturation between American and Japanese culture seen from The Last Samurai Movie by Edward Zwick. The author uses cultural theory from the greets, cross-cultural conflict, cultural conflict, and acculturation. This study also uses descriptive qualitative methods to explain and analyze data. The results of the authors found answers to 3 problems found in The Last Samurai movie by Edward Zwick. (1) cultural differences in American and Japanese can be seen in clothing used, weapons used for war and self-protection, a behavior seen in The Last Samurai Movie. (2) acculturation factors are 2, internal factors and external factors. Internal factors are new discoveries that have caused Japan to change its traditional weapons into pistols, snaps, and cannons. external factors, there are wars caused by conflicts that occur in society. Foreign cultural influences that made Omura make agreements with Americans to buy new weapons. (3) the impact of acculturation that occurs between American and Japanese cultures due to a change in the perspective of society and a change in community relations that allows Americans to enter Japan to learn Japanese culture and blend with Japanese society.

Keywords: American and Japanese culture, the impact of acculturation

ABSTRAK

Deni Oktaviani. : The American And Japanese Culture As Seen In The Last Samurai Movie By Edwar Zwick. English Literature Department, Adab And Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Pembimbing I : Dr. Alfian, M. Ed Pembimbing II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A

Skripsi ini membahas tentang perbedaan budaya yang terjadi dalam the last samurai movie. Film sebagai wacana mampu membentuk kesan-kesan mengenai karakter, sejarah, dan budaya pada suatu bangsa. Sejarah modernisasi Jepang diisi dengan Perubahan radikal yang memengaruhi nasib kaum samurai dan bangsa Jepang secara keseluruhan sehingga Jepang mampu mencapai kemajuannya hingga saat ini. Adapun tujuan yang akan di capai adalah (1) untuk mengetahui perbedaan budaya antara budaya Amerika dan Jepang terlihat dari The Last Samurai movie oleh Edward Zwick. (2) untuk mengetahui faktor akulturasi antara budaya Amerika dan Jepang terlihat dari The Last Samurai movie oleh Edward Zwick. (3) untuk mengetahui dampak akultirasi antara budaya Amerika dan Jepang terlihat dari The Last Samurai Movie oleh Edward Zwick. Penulis menggunakan teori budaya dari greets, cross cultural conflict, konflik budaya dan akulturasi. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisa data. Hasilnya penulis menemukan jawaban dari 3 masalah yang di temukan dalam The Last Samurai movie oleh Eward Zwick. (1) perbedaan budaya pada Amerika dan Jepang terlihat pada pakain yang digunakan, senjata yang di gunakan untuk perang maupun melindungi diri, tingkahlaku yang terlihat pada The Last Samurai Movie. (2) faktor akulturasi ada 2, faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal adanya penemuan baru yang menyebabkan Jepang merubah senjata tradisionalnya menjadi pistol, snapan, dan meriam. faktor eksternal, terjadi peperangan yang diakibatkan oleh konflik yang terjadi pada masyarakat. Pengaruh budaya asing yang membuat Omura membuat perjanjian dengan orang Amerika untuk membeli senjata baru. (3) dampak akulturasi yang terjadi antara budaya Amerika dan jepang di karenakan adanya perubahan cara pandang masyarakat dan terjadi perubahan pergaulan masyarakat yang membolehkan orang Amerika masuk ke jepang untuk mempelajari budaya jepang dan berbaur dengan masyarakat jepang.

Kata Kunci: Budaya Amerika, budaya Jepang, dampak akulturasi

TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE OF TITLE APPROVAL NOTA DINAS LETTER OF RATIFICATION ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT MOTTO DEDICATION ACKNOWLADGEMENT ABSTRAC ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT ...... CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1.1. Background of The Research ...... 1 1.2. Formulation of The Research ...... 6 1.3. Limitation of The Research ...... 6 1.4. Purpose of The Research ...... 6 1.5. Significance of the research ...... 7 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAME WORK ...... 2.1. Socio-culture Approach ...... 8 2.2. Culture theory ...... 10 2.3. Cross-Cultural Conflict ...... 12 2.5. Culture Conflict ...... 13 2.4. Acculturation ...... 14 2.5. American culture ...... 18 2.6. Japan culture ...... 14 2.7. Ojigi ...... 20 2.8.Movie ...... 21 2.9.Acculturation ...... 21 2.10. Review of the research ...... 22 CHAPTER III: METHOD OF THE RESEARCH ...... 3.1. Design of The Research ...... 25 3.2. Source of Data Collecting ...... 27 3.3. Technique of Data Collecting ...... 27 3.4. Technique of Data Analyzing ...... 28 CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND ANALYSIS ...... 4.1. Japanese culure and American culture ...... 30 4.2. Factors acculturation ...... 37 4.3. Impact of the acculturation ...... 43 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 5.1. Conclusion ...... 49 5.2. suggestion ...... 51 REFERENCES ...... APENDIXES I APENDIXES II 1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem

Culture is a strong part of people's lives. It influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears. So when you are working with people and building relationships with them, it helps to have some perspective and understanding of their cultures. “Culture is ordinary: that is the first fact. Every human society has its own shape, its own purposes, its own meanings.

Every human society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning. The making of a society is the finding of common meanings and directions, and its growth is an active debate and amendment under the pressures of experience, contact, and discovery, writing themselves into the land.1

Literary works can be said as a reflection of social reality. It is faction or nonfiction and part of our life. According to Wellek and Warren2: “Literature is primarily an imitation of life as it is and of social life in particular because literature is no substitute for sociology or politics. it has its own justification and aim.”

Jonathan said literature has been the activity creative of human being and it has been

1Williams Raymond. (1958). Culture is Ordinari.Originally published in N. McKenzie (ed.), Convictions. 2 Wellek and Warren in M. Keith Booker, A Practical Introduction to Literary Theory and Criticism, (United Stated of America: Linda Moser Book Center, Betty L &Sokol, 1996), p. 19

2

what is sometimes called cultural capital. From state meant above it can be concluded that literature is everything which is written and seen as an activity of human being from their imagination through a work by the medium of language. Mario Klarer said that human wise to leave behind the trace of oneself through creative expression3. It means that literature is an activity creative of human from his of her imagination and through to became an art like film.

Literature is an art that uses language as a medium. As a form of art, literature has grown and expanded to fill the human civilization. Along with developments, some experts give various definition of the uniform of the litarature.”Literature by

Sudjuman is an oral or written work that has a variety of characteristic advanteges such as originality ,artistry, beauty and content and exprestion”.4 Said argues that literature is an art that questioned life. Good writers will try to approach the nature of life is that opu’s really meaningful for all readers. based on these opinions, literary life is a chain that can not be sparated. Of life, literature was born and developed as expression of experience poet, author and poet about life. There are some kinds of literary work such as: movie, novel, drama, autobiography, short story, and poetry.

From those kinds of literary works above the writer interest in analyzing movie, where the last samurai by Edwar Zwick.

3 Mario Klarer, An Introduction Literary Studies, (United Stated of America29 west 35th street, 2005), p. 1 4Sudjiman,study of literary, yogyakarta. P.6 3

According to Salman Rusdie’s explanation above literature is the explore of people to find the imagination of the heart. It is known together that the study of literature is universal, not only to analyze and study of written, either in the form of novel, short story, or poetry.

But movie is also one of the objects of interesting literature review to be studied and analyzed. To find out how a situation or even and reality are depicted visually through the movie. A a movie is motion picture theatrical film or photoplay is a series of still images which when shown on a screen creates, the illusion of moving images due to the phiphenomen on this optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate object viewed rapidly in succession.5

Movie is a media that can affect people and share knowledge, ideology , and new discourses. Movie became significant media to educate the public about what we understand and what we believe. Unique effect contained in the film makes the audience unconsciously receive new stimuli, either in the form of knowledge, ideology, and various other things. Then the audience believe and justify the values that exist in the film, unconsciously.6 and here the writer can tell about a little

American.

5 Bordwell, David and Kristen Thompson. Film Art: An Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006. 6 M. Alif Mahmudi Analisis Teknik Propaganda Anti-Iran dalam Film Argo Vol.06, No. 2, oktober 2013. P.83 4

American has a huge number of influences from other cultures, Something from virtually every culture has been integrated into American culture, much of it in such a small way that you wouldn’t notice it uncless you knew what you knew exactly what you where looking for. “American” culture is in a sense an amalgamation of many, many different cultures into one. Learn about other cultures, andyou will certainly find a pieces of it American culture. American culture also influence in japan, that culture change several traditional in Japan. Japan began the

19th century as it had existed for centuries. Japan known as nation that close to traditional values, such as samurai, it is the people which hold the values, rules, and traditional. In this analysis the writer found the significant diffrerent culture between america and japan it could be find in The Last Samurai Movie.

The last Samurai is a movie by Edward Zwick which is the movie is talking about the Samurai tradition and the oncle-loyal adviser Saigo Takamori in movie named Katsumoto, commited suicide on the battlefield in a final fray between modern troops and mounted Samurai warriors. The Last Samurai is a 2003 American epic drama film directed and co-produced by Edward Zwick, who also co wrote the screeplay with John Logan. Shin Koyamada, Tony Goldwyn,Hiroki Sanada, Timothy

Spall Billy Connolly. Ispired by a project by Vincent Ward, it interested Zwick, with

Ward later serving as executive producer. The film production went ahead with

Zwick and was shot in Ward’s native New Zealand. 5

(Picture:1)7

On this picture there is two culture japanese and american, each culture have different customs like the picture. People in japan respected with the attitude. If they meet the older they are will bow. Most Japanese maintain an impassive expression when speaking. Expressions to watch out for include inhaling through clenched teeth, tilting the head, scratching the back of the head, and scratching the eyebrow. Non- verbal communication is so vital that there is a book for 'gaijins' (foreigners) on how to interpret the signs.

The people Americans are relacted and different. Americans are extremely independent, individualistic. People in American when they meet other people from other countries always give their hands, invite shaking hands.Many people especially teenagers wear strange clothes and many have tattoos and body piercing

The writer choosed this tittle because the writer want to know about Japanese and American culture. a lot of differences and a very interesting variety of cultures between American and Japanese culture that the writer don't know yet. that showed in

7Duration 00:46:22 6

the Last Samurai movie. In analyzing the problem the writer used culture theory, because this theory relevant with what the writer want to analysis that is about culture. This theory used culture as based analysis to found the result. Thethesis entitled: THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE CULTURE AS SEEN IN THE

LAST SAMURAI MOVIE BY EDWAR ZWICK.

1.2 Formulation of the Problem

Based on the background above, the writer formulates the problem as follows:

a. What are the differences between American and Japanese culture as seen

in The Last Samurai movie?

b. What are the factors of acculturation between American and Japanese

culture in The Last Samurai movie?

c. What is the impact of acculturation between American and Japanese

culture as seen The Last Samurai movie?

1.3 Limitation of the Problem

In this research, the writer focuses on the culture American and japan on The

Last Samurai movie. The writer limits the analysis of culture that is seen in The Last

Samurai movie, such as behavior and lifestyle.

1.4 Purpose of the Research

Based on the problems statements mentioned above, the purpose of this

research are: 7

1. To know the difference between American and Japanese culture as seen

in The Last Samurai movie.

2. To know factors of acculturation between American and Japanese culture

in The Last Smaurai movie.

3. To know the impact of acculturtion between American and Japanese

culture as seen The Last Samurai movie.

1.5 Significance of the research

The writer hope that this research would provide the theory that can be useful to the next researcher who wants to analyze same object but different point of view.

This research could be used for the reference in literature study. It also helped the reader to know about culture and impact acculturation on movie. This research hopefully can be addition information and additional knowladge for the writer and especially to the student of english literature who want to analyze this movie.

8

BAB II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Socio - culture Approach

In this research, The writer wants to try to find out something that can give to the reader about a socio-culture in e literary work especially to the analysis the content of the story in this movie is to see it from socio-culture overview.

“The socio-cultural approach is based on the idea that society and culture shape cognition. Social costums, beliefs, values, and language are all part of what shapes a person’s identity and reality. According to this approach, what a person thinks is based on his or her socio-cultural background. A socio- cultural approach taks into account more than the individualy attemping to the understand cognitive person.”8 Based on statment above, the socio-cultural approach is that society and culture shape one's beliefs about what they get from someone through a thought process. social costums, beliefs, values and languages that shape one's identity and reality. according to the social approach what one thinks is based on socio-cultural background.

Socio-cultural approach examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior. A major influence on people’s behavior, thought processes and emotions are other people and society they have created. The understandiing of human behavior and personality can be developed by examining

8 Stainer Vera John, 1996, Socio Cultural Approaches to learning and development: A Vygotsskian Frame, University of New Mexico, America. Pg. 192. 9

rules of the social groups and subgroups in which the individual is apart of race and ethicity, religion, gender, social class, family traditions peer groups, and age are some of the subgruops that may influence someone’s behavior.

Socio-cultural approaches emphasize the independence of social and individual process in the construction of social knowledge”. The relation between the social-culture is a case of social changes, it is not impossible culture in the society also changed. Human culture as creators and users should always be able to maintain and preserve what they have created.

Socio-cultural approach examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior. A major influence on people’s behavior, thought processes and emotions are other people and society they have created. The understandiing of human behavior and personality can be developed by examining rules of the social groups and subgroups in which the individual is apart of race and ethicity, religion, gender, social class, family traditions peer groups, and age are some of the subgruops that may influence someone’s behavior.9

In this study the writer uses the socio-cultural approach to the describe of the

American and Japanese culture and to know the impact acculturation American and

Japanese culture. As the title of this research the writer will analyze American and

Japanese Culture seen in the lasr samurai movie by Edward Zwick.

9Stainer Vera John, 1996, Socio Cultural Approaches to learning and development: A Vygotsskian Frame, University of New Mexico, America. 10

2.2 Culture Theory

Cultural theory has evolved over the past 20 years to become an important framework for understanding how groups in society interpret danger and build trust or distrust in institutions creating and regulating risk. This paper examines the theoretical roots of cultural theory, traces its passage in the risk literature, and explores its value in current risk management issues. It concludes that cultural theory continues to be of value, but that its role needs to be reassessed in the emerging age of deliberative science. Some examples of how cultural theory might be applied to health risk management and to the genetic modification of food debate are provided to illustrate the scope for further research.10

Culture invention has come to mean any invention that is new ad found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior but which doesnot exist as a physical object. Humanity is in a global accelerating culture change period driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and above all, the human population explosion, among other factors. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and natural events, and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within current structures, which themselves are subject to change. Social conflict and the development of values can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new culture models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may

10 Broker Piter, 2003, Cultural Theor, Oxford University, london. 11

accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. According to Carlos

Noronha in his book: Two important points concerning culture should be noted here.

Firstly, values are among the building blocks of culture, study of action system, pointed out that value-orientation is the logical device for articulating cultural traditions into an action system. Thus, culture is the result of value systems, ad behaviors and actions are influenced by culture. Secondly, culture has a collective sense. It is means that value systems is resulted culture and behaviors and actions are influenced by culture.

Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce or inhibit social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. According to Geertz in Roger M. Keesing’s book: 11

Either culture is regarded as wholly derivative from the forms of social organization. . . or the forms of social organization are regarded as behavior embodiments of culture patters. In either case. . . the dynamic elements in social change which arise from the failure of cultural patterns to be perfectly congruent with the forms of social organization are largely incapable of formulation. Additional, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. Samurai has become a tradition thta comes from the habit of a group to develop into a strong tradition in Japan. But when

11Roger M. Keesing, Theories of Culture, Institute of Advanced Studies, Autralian National University Canberra Australia, 1974, P.83 12

it comes the tradition of western culture began to be eliminated because of its lack of awareness of the meaing of culture that has hundred of years into the Japanese imperial fortress. So the Samurai tradition failed seen it in Japan because of the social changes caused by the larger organization.

In this thesis the writer will analyse about culture American and japan in The

Last Samurai movie. Samurai is a hereditarily tradition that has existed in japan.

Samurai goal also is a guard imperial Japan empire. But western culture came to make samurai tradition was weakened in the Japanese empire, but Japanese society still keep the tradition of the Samurai.

2.3. Cross- Cultural Conflict

Conflict occurring between individuals or social groups that are separated by cultural boundaries can be considered “cross-cultural conflict.” But individuals, even in the same society, are potentially members of many different groups, organized in different ways by different criteria: for example, by kinship into families or clans; by language, religion, ethnicity, or nationality; by socioeconomic characteristics into social classes; by geographical region into political interest groups; and by education, occupation, or institutional memberships into professions, trade unions, organizations, industries, bureaucracies, political parties, or militaries. The more complex and differentiated the society the more numerous are potential groupings.

Each of these groups is a potential “container” for culture, and thus any complex 13

society is likely to be made up various “subcultures,” that is of individuals who, by virtue of overlapping and multiple group memberships, are themselves

“multicultural.” This means that conflict across cultural boundaries may occur simultaneously at many different levels, not just at the higher levels of social grouping—for example, those that separate “American” from “Japanese” cultures.12

2.4. Culture Coflict

Cultural conflict is not just conflict about cultural differences "out there" in the world governed by conflict doctrines. It is also conflict about the study or representation of culture-in conflicts doctrines and analyses as in other arena of cultural description. The judge, the legislator or the lawyer making conflicts arguments therefore is an inescapable party to the cultural conflict, not simply an observer.13

cultural conflict is an intercultural difference that occurs throughout the world that has been influenced by the doctrine of conflict. cultural conflicts carry a bad influence between cultures themselves and will lead to intercultural warfare. The author chose this theory to be able to see the cultural differences that occur between

American and Japanese cultures that are very visible in The Last Samurai movie

12Kevin Avruch, cross – Culture Coflict, George Mason University,Washington, USE. Page 5 13Riles annelise, (2008) “Cultural Conflicts” scholarship@cornell law: a digital repository. Page:290 14

2.5. Acculturation

Acculturation is a mixture of two or more cultures that meet each other and influence each other between the processes of influencing the influence of foreign cultures in a society, some absorbing selectively little or many elements of foreign culture, and some trying to reject that influence. The process or outcome of cultural or linguistic meetings between members of two linguistic societies, characterized by lending or bilingualism. According to Melville J. Herskovits dan Bronislaw

Malinowski14: “segala sesuatu yang terdapat dalam masyarakat ditentukan oleh kebudayaan yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat itu sendiri. Istilah untuk pendapat itu adalah Cultural-Determinism.”

Can be understood from that explanation if something that exists in society is definitely determined by the culture that is owned by the community itself. because culture is very important for a group of people.

Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups. The acculturation process, therefore, is an interactive and continuous process that evolves in and through the communication of an immigrant with the new sociocultural environment. The acquired communication competence, in turn, reflects the degree of that immigrant’s acculturation

14https://treshadiwijoyo.wordpress.com/2013/10/19/pencampuran-budaya-dimasyarakat-dan- dampak-positif-juga-negatif/ 15

The anthropologists Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits (1936) were the first to describe this process, and they stated that acculturation comprises of “those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups” (p.149). Later, Graves (1967) coined the term psychological acculturation which refers to changes experienced by an individual whose cultural group is collectively experiencing acculturation.15

1. Faktor akulturasi Menurut saebani16 a) Faktor internal 1. Penduduk yang semakin bertambah dan berkurang 2. Adanya penemuan baru 3. Proses penyempurnaan terhadap penemuan baru 4. Terjadi konflik dalam masyarakat 5. Terjadi pemberontakan. b) Faktor eksternal 6. Terjadi perubahan alam 7. Terjadi peperangan 8. Pengaruh budaya asing 2. Dampak akulturasi Menurut saebani (2012:191) yang menguraikan akibat yang di timbulkan oleh akulturasi: 1. Terjadi perubahan cara pandang tentang kehidupan masyarakat dari sebelumnya 2. Terjadinya perubahan pergaulan serta terbukannya hal yang di anggap tabu. 3. Terbukannya wawasan masyarakat ke arah pengetahuan yang luas. 4. Perubahan mentalitas, rasa malu dan kepiawaian masyarakat.

15 Jacomijntje Hofstra, 2009, Attaching Cultures, the Netherlands. Page 9 16 Saebani Beni Ahmad, 2012, Pengantar sistem sosial budaya indonesia, Pustaka setia, Bandung. Pg. 191. 16

Based on statement the according to saebani (2012:191) there are 2 fators acculturation: 1. Internal factors, namely the population that is increasing. The existence of new discoveries. The process of perfecting new discoveries. Conflict occured in the community. And there was was a rebilion. 2.exsternal factors, namely occurance of natural changes and the occurrence of war. The impact of acculturation such as the change in perspective about people’s lives from before. The occurence of changes in association and the opening of things that are considerad taboo. The opening of public insight towards broad knowladge. Changes in mentaly, shame and community expertise.

Here the author combines two theories from Beni Ahmad Saebani and

Melville J. Herskovits and Bronislaw Malinowski to answer questions about the factors and the effects of acculturation.

2.3.1. American culture

Gary Weaver explain American culture for some parts, it is like compare with

European culture17. The U.S is culturally diverse society. However there is also a dominant culture and imigrant became a part of this culture by giving up their differences, so that they could fit into the mainstream of the society. American are not

Europeans, some people think of the US as simply another Europeans culture. But, the first immigrant who came to American in large numbers where not ‘typical’

Europeans. Some social scientists would even claim they were exaggerated and

17 Gary R. Weaver,2011, American Culture Values, Boston, London. 17

perpedtuated in amerce because of its unique physical and social environment.

American religion, religion has always an important value for American. Many of the fist stated were firmed by particular religious group that later marged into the US where all religion were values. American believe if individual has the meaning itself, because of that, they agreed about egalitarianism. American does not like titles and will often use their first name. American assumes everyone is equal in status or at least ought to be giving an equal opportunity to achieve status through hard work.

Here are some of Americans costoms, Americans are extremely independent, individualistic, and like to be different from each other. Many people especially teenagers wear strange clothes and many have tattoos and body piercing. Americans follow te rule of law. Make small talk at the beginning of conversation. After a few question, you will be asked, ’what do you do?’(this means what is your job?). Some

Americans hug a lot. It is okay for Woman and men thug even if they are not close friend. It is not normal for Americans teacher to sit on the desk. Always call your teacher by his/her name.18

“Menurut Abdillah husain: gaya busana bervariasi menurut status sosial, wilayah, pekerjaan dan iklim. Jas, Jeans, sepatu kets, topi baseball, topi koboi dan sepatu bot adalah beberapa item pakaian yang sangat terkait dengan orang Amerika. Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors dan Victoria Secret adalah beberapa merek Amerika yang terkenal”. 19

18 Weaver R. Gary and Mendelson Adam, 2008, America’s midlife Crisis the future of a troubled Superpower, London. 19Abdillah Husain, 2017, https://abdillahhusain.blogspot.com/2017/07/budaya-amerika- tradisi-dan-adat.html 18

Based on statatment above, According to Abdillah Husain: fashion styles vary according to social status, region, work, and climate. Jas, Jeans, sneakers, baseball caps, cowboy hats, and boots are some of the clothing items that are very related to

Americans. Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors, and Victoria Secret are some of the famous American brands.

In western culture, especially the American people often use clothes to wear everyday clothes and wear suits for men. Whereas women wear dresses. But now

Americans are more likely to wear t-shirts and jeans as everyday clothes. Americans also choose to wear clothes that are comfortable to wear every day.

2.3.2 Japan culture

Since the Japan strive for harmony and are group depedent, they rely

on facial expression, tone of voice and posture to tell them what someone

feels. They of the trush non-verbal messages more than the spoken word as

words can have saveral meanings. Most Japanese maintain an impassive

expression when speaking. Expressions to watch out for include inhaling

through clenched teeth, tilting the head, scratching the back of the head, and

scratching the eyebrow. Non-verbal communication is so vital that there is a

book for 'gaijins' (foreigners) on how to interpret the signs. It is considered

disrespectful to stare into another person's eyes, particularly those of a person

who is senior to you because of age or status. In crowded situations the

Japanese avoid eye contact to give themselves privacy. 19

Japan are very conscious of age and status. Everyone has a distinct place in the hierarchy, be it the family unit, the extended family, a social or a business situation. At school children learn to address other students as senior to them or junior to them kohai. The oldest person in a group is always revered and honoured. In a social situation, they will be served first and their drinks will be poured for them.

Greetings in Japan are very formal and ritualized. It is important to show the correct amount of respect and deference to someone based upon their status relative to your own. If at all possible, wait to be introduced. It can be seen as impolite to introduce yourself, even in a large gathering. While foreigners are expected to shake hands, the traditional form of greeting is the bow. How far you bow depends upon your relationship to the other person as well as the situation. The deeper you bow, the more respect you show. A foreign visit or gaijin, may bow the head slightly, since no one expects foreigners to generally understand the subtle nuances of bowing.20

Japan knew it’s religion of Shinto. In short, Shinto indigenous to Japan and is related Izanami and Izanagi, who are considered the of the Japanese isles. Shinto is japan’s oldest religion, the way of the gods.21 Shinto was the state religion from the

1870s to 1940s. Today, few Japanese are purely Shintoists, but, most will observe

Shinto rituals alongside Buddhist practices. Many Japanese habits, least in part from shinto.

20https://www.commisceo-global.com/resorces/country-guides/japan-guide 21Mayumi hayashi. 2007. Eyewitness traveling japan. Bblue Island Limited london, England. Page 26 20

Beside Shinto, another product in Japan about political science, philosophy and literature had quickly graviated to the concept of Minzoku. Minzoku was the site for the creation of the spirit of freedom for Japan’s people. As a product of culture rather than nature, antropology was taking a binger to accept this idea. In the their sense

Minzoku was the most important part for political views in japan.22

1.Ojigi

ojigi is bow, before bow down first, say hello. Origin suggested the word ojigi etymology from the word jigi then writing turn into jigi on Edo2 period which means hope good when doing something. As for the Heian period 3, ojigi often practiced / done with true / original meaning namely bending over the body, then in the

Kamakura period and Muromachi 4 meanings of the word ojigi become various kinds

(apologies, sayings thank you etc.)23

kind of ojigi:

1. Eshaku or also called bent a little.Performed with bow down ± 15 level. How

to bend this casually, around 1-2 seconds, used for greet people known but not

familiar.In addition, it is also commonly used by superiors for reply to ojigi's

actions from subordinate.

2. Keirei or also called bowing respectfully.Performed with bow ± 30 level. How

to bend this is used for show respect to boss or to people of their age older.

22M.Blum and R. Kersten. 2007. A history of Nationalism in Modern Japan Placing the People. Koniklije Brill: Page 237 23Budi mulyadi, Budaya Membukukkan Badan (Ojigi) Dan Fungsinya Dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Jepang. 21

Aside from that used at the ceremony official, an apology inside, as well as

formal expressions for a statement of gratitude and sympathy.

3. Saikeirei or also called bent to worship. Do by bowing body ± 45 degrees.

Way This bow is used to show feelings deeply sorry when making a

mistake.This is also used for show respect very large to people with positions

or very high social status, for example the Emperor Japan. At first ojigi This

type is only used for gods and emperors, but now often seen in various formal

events.

2.4. Movie

Movie is moving images which are combination of two senses, visual and auditory and they make movie is interested to be watch and easier to remember and interesting. Word movie has synonym “Film” or Cinematography. Movie is also recording images that tells about a story and that people watch on screen or television.

A movie is an electronic signal of moving graphics, pictures, or text used to combine a steady stream of images used for entertainment, education, or other uses.

This term is often used to describe content that is longer than ten minutes or something you would watch on your TV or at the theater. Whereas video is used to 22

describe short clips or files on the Internet, see the video definition for further information and online example.24

2.6.Review of Related Research

The first related study, the thesis of Herianto 2014, student of State Islamic

University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. thesis entitled “The struggle of

Katsumoto to maintain the Samurai tradition from influence of Western Culture in

Japan as seen in the last Samurai film by Edwar zwick”. This research discussed about the struggle of Katsumoto to maintain the Samurai culture from influenceof western culture in Japan. The purpose would be reached are, (1) to know the stuggle of Katsumoto to maintain the Samurai culture from influence of western culture in japan as seen The Last Samaurai film by Edwar Zwick. (2) to know the effect of

Katsumoto struggle as seen in The Last Samurai film by Edwar zwick. The writer used culural theory from geertz, the struggle concept from Darwin and Sociological

Approach from Nyoman Kuthana Ratna to support the writing of this thessis. This research also used qualitative method and descriptive technique to explain and analyze the data.

The other student who discussed the thesis of Rabiatul Adwiya, 2016, his student from States Islamic University Shulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, entitled

“The reflection of Nigerian Culture myth toward the twins, as seen Helen Oyeyemi’s

24 Bakilapadavu Geetha, 2018, Film Language: Film Form And Meaning, Birla Institue Of Technologi And Science Pilani, India. 23

Novel the Icarus Girl”. This research examines the meaning of Nigerian culture myth toward the twin, the purpose of this research are: (1) to know the myth of belief on twins in nigerian culture as seen in novel the Icarus Girl. (2) to know the reflection of

Nigerian culture myth toword the personality attitude as seen in the novel The Icarus

Girl. In this research, researcher uses qualitative method to get clear reflection about character personality condition in the Icarus Girl novel. This research usrd culture theory of Edward (2012), to explains the culture who reflection of belief, law and culture in the Icarus Girl novel. Beside that, researcher also used qualitative research of Bruce L. Berg (2006) and descriptive method of bogdan and taylor (2006). In this research, the researcher used documentation technique to get data fromArikonto and content analysis method Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2011).

The other student who discussed the thesis of Madina Priska Diani is student from Sebelas Maret UnivesityEntitled: Semiotic study on cultural representations of

Japan as a high contex culture in The Last Samurai film. The purpose of this research is to know what kind of non-verbal commuication symbols which represents

Japanese culture in the film The Last Samurai and also the meaning contained in it.

This research is part of a Qualitative descriptive study usung semiotic analysis based on Roland Barthes approach contained in tha book written by Alex Sobur

Communication Semiotic.

From all the research that has been summarized above, the writer concludes that the relevance of this research from some other research is the similary of the 24

theory used is cultural theory. Another conclusion is that the cultural theory Cultural theory has evolved over the past 20 years to become an important framework for understanding how groups in society interpret danger and build trust or distrust in institutions creating and regulating risk. This paper examines the theoretical roots of cultural theory, traces its passage in the risk literature, and explores its value in current risk management issues. It concludes that cultural theory continues to be of value, but that its role needs to be reassessed in the emerging age of deliberative science. Some examples of how cultural theory might be applied to health risk management and to the genetic modification of food debate are provided to illustrate the scope for further research.

25

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Design of Research

Methodology is derived from words “Metha” and “Logos”, means a way to find an answer. According to Wiratha, Methodology of research is: 25

“Suatu cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang membicarakan atau mempersoalkan cara-cara melaksanakan penelitian (yaitu meliputi kegiatan-kegiatan mencari, mencatat, merumuskan, menganalisis sampai menyusun laporannya) berdasarkan fakta-fakta atau gejala- gejala secara ilmiah”

Based on statement above, A branch of science that discusses or questions the ways of carrying out research (includes activities that seek, record, formulate, analyze and compile reports) based on scientific facts or symptoms. It means that methodology is an important part of a research because it is used to find, get, and collect the data and also used to arrange a scientific works. Based on the problems, this research was conduct with Qualitative Descriptive method which used descriptive data such as words, sentences written or oral that can be observed.

This research uses qualitative descriptive because it aims to describe Of culture between America And Japan As Seen In The Last Samurai Movie.

“Pendekatan kualitatif adalah suatu proses penelitian dan pemahaman yang berdasarkan pada metodologi yang menyalidiki suatu fenomena social dan

25Wiratha, I Made, 2006, MetodologiPenelitianSosialEkonomi. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset. 26

masalah manusia. Pada pendekatan ini, peneliti membuat suatu gambaran kompleks, meneliti kata-kata, laporan terinci dan pandangan responden, dan melakukan studi pada siuasi yang alami (creswell, 1998:15).Bog dan Taulor (Moleong, 2007:3), mengemukakan bahwa metodologi kualitatif merupakan prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis maupun lisan dari orang-orang dan prilaku yang di amati”.26

Based on statement above, qualitative research is research process and understanding based on the methodology that investigates a social phenomenon and human problems. In this approach, the researcher makes a complex picture, examines the words, detailed reports and views of the respondents, and conducts studies in natural situations. According to Bog and Taulor, argues that qualitative methodology is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written and oral words from people and behaviors observed.

Qualitative research is a descriptive study and tend to use inductive socio- cultural approach. Process and fine more meaning in qualitative research. The foundation of the theory is used as a guide to focus the research in accordance with the facts on the ground. Besides the theoretical basis is also useful to provide an overview of the background research and as a discussion of the research result.

The writer get a supporting idea about the qualitative research which the writer will use to this research. It also make the reason for using qualitative resaerch as the design of this research become more strong or the writer, and of course, will help the writer.

26http://www.scribd.commobiledocumentsearchquery=metode+penelitian&commit=search.pd f 27

3.2 Source of the Data

In this research the writer uses the last samurai movie. The Last Samurai is a

2003 American epic drama film directed and co-produced by Edward Zwick and duration 0:43:19. This movie as the primary in this research, the writer uses the picture on the screen from the movie to find out of the comparison of culture between

America and Japan as seen in the last Samurai Movie by Edward zwick. Than to support this research the writer taken data from some books, jurnal, Dictionaris and article on internet, and other sources that have coreletion with the research.

3.3 Technique of data collection

In this research, the writer used technique of documents for analalyzing this research.” Dokumen merupakan proseses pembuktian yang di dasarkan atas sumber jenis apapun, baik yang bersifat tulisan, lisan gambar atau arkeologis”.27 So it means that documents are dialogues or utterance from the movie which is also important, that is concluding in document.

Technique of data collecting is the strategic way in the research because the main aim is getting the data. There are some steps that writer does in collecting the data.

1. Firstly, the writer watches The Last Samurai Movie repeatedly.

27 Renier G. J, 1997, Pengertian dokumen, Universitt Collage, London. Page 104

28

2. Then, the writer watch the last samurai movie dialogues and see the gesture,

the sign some important dialogue or events, to make understand in analyzing.

3. The last, the writer classifies the data based on formulation of the problems.

1.4. Technique of Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data. In qualitative research, technique analysis data is applied to answer the formulation of the problem. In this research, the writer applies content-analysis technique. According to Suwardi

Endaswara28 “penelitian baru memanfaatkan analisis konten apabila hendak mengungkapkan kandungan nilai tertentu dalam karyasastra”.

Based on statement above, that analysis content is applied for the researcher who wants to fine the particular content in literary works. Furthermore, while Holsri stated in Qualitative Research method for the Social Research: “content analysis is any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying special characteristics of message”.29It means the purpose of content analysis also is the way to identify special characteristics of the message objectively. To find any possible answers of the the problems previously listed in the formulation of the problem there are some steps taken to analyze the data are:

28Suwardi Endraswara, 2011, Metodologi Penelitian Sastra, Epistemology, Model, Teori, Dan Aplikasi, Yogyakarta: CAPS. Page 160 29Berg L Bruce, 2001, Qualitative Research Method For The Social Science Fourth Edition, United Stated of America: A person Education Company, page 240 29

1. It started by arranging the identified data that has correlation with

formulation of the background. The preparation of the data is how the

Japanese and American culture in the last samurai movie.

2. Furthermore, the writer explains what the acculturation Japanese and

American culture as seen in the last samurai movie.

3. Then, all about American and Japanese culture as seen in The Last

Samurai movie would be analyze based on Cultural point of view.

30

CHAPTER IV FINDING ANALYSIS

In this section, the writer explain and analyze of Japan culture and American culture in the last samurai movie. After describing Japanese culture and American culture in the last samurai movie, the writer would like to show how the factor Kaisar changes traditional culture become modern culture in The Last Samurai movie. And the writer also wants to show impact of the acculturation between American and

Japanese culture as seen The Last Samurai movie.

4.1. The differences Japanese and American culture in the last samurai movie

Before the writer continue to analyze the differences between Japanese culture and American culture the writer found there are three differences between Japanese culture and American culture, the differences consist of bow but people in Japan called Ojigi, Clothes and Weapon. The writer found Ojigi in Japanese culture different with American and the writer found differences hand shake, clothes and also their weapon.

4.1.1 Clothes

In Japan the clothes commonly used by the other people are kimono. Kimono is a traditional Japanese clothing used by men and women everyday. 31

Picture 1 picture 2

From the picture 1 above is an example of traditional Japanese clothing. or

commonly called kimono,the kimono is a traditional Japanese garment. Kimonos

come in a range of styles and patterns. They are typically hand-sewn into a “T”

shape from 4 single pieces of fabric called tans and tied with an obi, or belt.

Kimonos are made from various handmade and hand-decorated fabrics.

Traditionally, these include linen, silk, and hemp. Today, materials like rayon,

cotton, and polyester are often used. Unsurprisingly, however, the traditional, non-

synthetic fabrics are favored.

From the picture 2 above is the shape of the clothes are usually used by the

American people in the form of a suit. in American many men use suits as their

formal wear, and women in American wear dresses. But there are also American

people wearing regular shirts and jeans. Especially for westren, Americans including

western culture that follow western ways and behavior.

Differences Japanese and American Culture on the 2 picture, both have

different traditional clothes that are commonly used as everyday clothes. Japan uses 32

kimono as daily wear. Japan also has armor as traditional clothing that is used for

war. In American, people tend to use suits for men and dresses for women. But there

are also those who wear T-shirts and jeans as everyday clothes. Suits and dresses are

clothes that are commonly used by westerners, including the western part of western

culture.

4.1.2. Weapon

The picture above is the example of traditional Japanese weapons, namely swords and arrows that they used in battle, guarding and protecting the public and themselves from enemies. Japanese society has taught children from an early age to learn to use swords.

A sword that is somewhat shorter than Katana is called Wakizashi. Its length is about 68 cm. In order to be able to fight inside a small room Samurai worn this sword indoors. Besides swords, the traditional Japanese weapons include knifes. One of such is called The Tanto. It represents a small Japanese knife made from the same 33

hard steel as the famous sword - Katana and its younger brother - Wakizashi. Tanto was a weapon which the Samurai sometimes worn instead of the Wakizashi.

The Kama is a weapon that originally served as a farming tool, used to weed plants. It became a weapon because Japanese farmers could not carry weapons with them and thus they used their tools to defend themselves. The Kama is known to be one of the weapons that ninjas used. In contrast to Americans, the weapons of

American society are different from Japan not using samurai or arrows using pistols

The picture above is an example of American culture when it entered the modern area, they had complete weapons such as: pistols and cannons. in American such weapons are easy to get.

America is not the only country that uses pistols as the main weapon in the war. America is one of the western cultures that has been modern and can find new weapons as a means of fighting. Now a gun, a long barrel rifle has become a trend as a weapon of war. Not all western cultures fight with guns, they choose to fight with bombs and tanks. 34

American one of the developed countries of the former colonization which is one of the developed and developing countries. So that they are able to create weapons that are more modern and practical to use, it is not surprising if America is one of the countries feared by other countries because of their intelligence in war.

The picture above is an example of American culture when it entered the modern area, they had complete weapons such as: pistols and cannons. in American such weapons are easy to get.

America is not the only country that uses pistols as the main weapon in the war. America is one of the western cultures that has been modern and can find new weapons as a means of fighting. Now a gun, a long barrel rifle has become a trend as a weapon of war. Not all western cultures fight with guns, they choose to fight with bombs and tanks.

American one of the developed countries of the former colonization which is one of the developed and developing countries. So that they are able to create weapons that are more modern and practical to use, it is not surprising if America is one of the countries feared by other countries because of their intelligence in war.

From the 3 images above it seems clear that there are two cultural differences in using weapons in warfare. In Japan using swords and arrows as a tool to fight and protect themselves from enemies. Whereas in America the people tend to use modern weapons such as pistols, mariams, and bombs.

35

4.1.3 Attitude

Picture30

The picture above is an example of ojigi played by Nobutada. In this picture are types Eshaku or also called bent a little.Performed with bow down ± 15 level.

How to bend this casually, around 1-2 seconds, used for greet people known but not familiar. In addition, it is also commonly used by superiors for reply to ojigi's actions from subordinate.

Japan is a country that highly upholds the cultural and aesthetic values of

Japanese people who have great respect for outsiders in Japan. Bushido values in

Japan continue to be maintained and attached to moral values in Japanese society until now. This value comes from the value of Bushido, Makoto which means honesty and sincerity, Jin which means kindness and generosity, Gi which means

30Duration 00:46:22 36

picture31

the picture above is an example of American culture when meeting people they reach out to shake hands is one of the American cultures when meeting other people and is an American habit of initiating communication. Shake hands as an introduction or how to blend into the community. Shaking hands is one of the cultures of western people to mingle in society. America is one of the western cultures.

Cultural differences seen in the picture above between American and Japanese culture are very different, in Japan when meeting with outside communities or meeting older and younger people will lower their heads as a sign of respect for others. Whereas in America they will reach out to shake hands when meeting with the outside community. Americans also tend to be ignorant and care less about the surrounding community.

31 Duration 00:11:58 37

American culture in the last samurai movie not to visible butvery different with Japanese culture. In Japan when meeting someone will bow your head, if you are in a meeting or in serious conversation, Japanese people are reluctant to talk if they are not invited, because according to Japanese people speaking if there is no order is very rude, let alone laughing during serious talk, in Japanese people really value guests.But Americans people in movies are very disrespectful, lack respect for guests, and have no tolerance for older people, while talking away without thinking about guests' feelings, in America such a thing often happens.

In Japan, if you meet with the emperor, the Japanese people will bow their heads, but not with Nathan Algren, they have been told by Simon Graham to look down and do not look at the emperor's eyes, but Nathan does not hear it. Because in

American culture looking and seeing the face of the other person is a very ordinary thing. Unlike the Japanese people. Very impolite towards the emperor. In the movie,

American culture is very little displayed, in contrast to Japanese culture, almost all scane tells Japanese culture, American culture played by Nathan Algren is very little.

4.2 The factors of acculturation between American and Japanese culture in

the Last Smaurai movie

Before the writer can tell factors acculturation between American and

Japanese in the last samurai movie There are factors acculturation between American and Japanese culture. One of the factors that caused acculturation between American and Japanese cultures was one of them because there was interference from the 38

kingdom and the weapons of inflammation that Omura. There is 2 factor acculturation

4.2.1. Internal factors

4.2.1.1. The process of perfecting new discoveries

the desire of officials Trade in weapons is one of the factors that has caused acculturation between American and Japanese culture. the arms trade itself was carried out by the royal officials themselves, namely by Omura as the emperor's trust or adviser. Omura trades arms by bringing in people from outside countries.to be modern.

picture32

From the picture above, it appears that Omura brought in outside guests to discuss the purchase of new weapons and sign a work contract as a new work partner.

32Duration 1:21:27 39

Because of his obsession with the change of Omura, Japan became modern, to bring

Americans to teach Japanese to practice using weapons. Omura did not think that his actions by buying weapons from people outside of Omura had damaged the good name of Japanese people who used to use samurai as heroes who used Japanese-style swords to protect Japanese society including themselves.

All of Omura's desire to change to become more modern does not go smoothly. There are still many Japanese people who oppose changing Japan as modern Japan. This causes a war between tribes itself, there is bloodshed that is detrimental to Japanese society. many people lost relatives, children, and husbands for the war.

4.2.1.2. The desire of officials to be modern

Omura is trust kaisar as asistant kaisar to manage empire, Omura had wrongly used the trust the emperor gave him. Omura became obsessed with making Japan a more modern Japan, by doing business with foreign countries. And the emperor has been seduced by Omura to transform traditional Japan into modern Japan. In the movie, Omura seemed to be the ruler of Japan and ordered his men to take swords from samurai who did not want to follow their wishes to change Japan into a modern one.

40

picture33

from the picture above Omura is talking to clients from outside the country to negotiate funds for the purchase of new weapons. Here Omura is very enthusiastic about welcoming outsiders because according to Omura buying new weapons can change Japan for the better. But the estimation of the turnover to change Japan into a more modern one actually made inter-tribal warfare, and much to the detriment of the civilian population, children who lost their parents because they died in the war.

Omura never thought of thinking about the impact of his desire to turn Japan into a more modern one that would make Japan divided. All Omura never thought of.

Even Omura was happy to see the samurai fall on the battlefield to defend the old culture. But to want Omura to change Japan doesn't work smoothly. After the war was over the emperor canceled all arms import approval contracts from outside

33 Duration 0:14:30 41

countries. Because according to the emperor everything he did was wrong and made the Japanese people suffer and lose a lot of families.

4.2.2. External factor

4.2.2.1. Wars

War is one of the factors in acculturation found in the last samurai movie

Picture34

From the picture above is inter-tribal warfare that occurred in Japan because of different opinions. Omura wanted Japan to be more modern and advanced, while the samurai did not want Japan to become more modern by ignoring samurai and replacing weapons that had been used since the days of our ancestors.

The occurrence of war in the movie because of the rebellion of the samurai who refused the modernization process. What Omura made with the permission of the

34 Duration 2:03:47 42

emperors of the samurai refused with all the changes in modernization that occurred and there was a war which resulted in the death of the samurai. Until there were no more samurai who survived the shield.

4.2.2.2. Foreign cultural influences

picture35

From the picture above is one of the influences of foreign culture that occurred in Japan to change weapons that previously used swords and arrows as a tool used to fight and protect themselves. But now they have switched to using weapons commonly used by Americans such as guns, snaps, and cannons. The influence of foreign culture is very influential in Japanese society. because they can divide Japan so that it can lead to war between communities that can harm them themselves.

35 Duration 1:19:07 43

4.3. The impact of the acculturation between American and Japanese culture as seen The Last Samurai movie

When American culture or Western come to Japan, there are many changes

Japanese culture. As for impact acculturation American and Japanese culture are openess of public insight towords broad knowladge, change make Japanese give away, war between people , many civil society die with war.

4.3.1 Openess of public insight towords broad knowladge

Picture 36

From the picture above is one of the last honors or apologies to one of the most important people. The way is by bending the body. They will lower their heads to the lowest position even to prostrate and cry in expressing their apologies. This honor is called O-jigi in Japan.

36 Duration2:16:17 44

The impact of acculturation in the picture is that Japanese culture was defeated and chose to follow outside buyers such as importing weapons, pistols, mariam. Japanese culture should use kimono clothes. For Japanese men must have to knots. Because top knots are a characteristic of a samurai. Still using samurai as personal protection and protecting the public. From that, Japanese men were obliged to learn to use swords from childhood.

4.3.2 Social change

picture37

From the picture above is a form of acculturation of cultural change from the culture of America to Japanese culture. in America no one wears a kimono, plays with swords, and subdues. The picture above shows that American culture gradually disappeared, Nathan Algren began wearing a kimono, learning to use a sword,

37Duration 1:00:13 45

learning Japanese. Americans should wear suits, and use weapons such a pistols, grenades and cannons.

During his stay in Japan for some time, Nathan Algren began to progress a lot and followed Japanese culture. like starting to learn Japanese, learning to use a sword, learning to write using Japanese letters. many things that exist in Japan began to be learned by Algren.

The picture above is a form of the impact of acculturation of social changes that occur in Americans played by Nathan Algren who wants to learn Japanese culture more deeply. The Japanese community also allowed Nathan Algren to study their culture more deeply. Although at the beginning Nathan Algren found it difficult to communicate with Japanese people.

picture38

38Duration 2:23:57 46

from the picture above it can be seen the impact of the meeting of two cultures played by nathan algren. From the picture it appears Nathan Algren chose to return to

Japan instead of returning to his own country. Because he was comfortable and managed to blend in with Japanese culture. So Nathan Algren easily forgets his own birthplace.

For some time nathan algren lived in Japan he began to get used to and began to love Japanese culture and society. nathan algren began to like Japanese culture as seen from the way he mingled with the community. Until Nathan Algren returned to

Japan to help the Japanese people in the war, Nathan Algen also gave his idea to plan at the location of the war.

Picture 39

The picture above shows Algren as an American who learned to fight using a sword in one of the samurai and of course when he first tried he was overwhelmed

39Duration 1:06:26 47

and felt pain when hit with a wooden sword. From the photo and the au thor's explanation conclude if the impact of the meeting of the two cultures from the photo above is when Algen must learn Japanese to be able to communicate with Japanese people where he is held by samurai groups and also seen in the film as an American people. home sick when you have to adapt to Japanese culture.

picture 40

The picture above shows the meeting between modern Japanese soldiers with samurai, which is the samurai of Japanese soldiers in the past. In the picture above and the explanation the writer conclude that the impacts aculturasi seen in the picture above is the Japanese soldiers affected aculturasi from western countries, seemingly modern with army fatigues typical western firearms and also otherwise visible army of American affected by acculturation Japan using kimono and the katana weapon which is a samurai uniform.

40Duration 1:25:04 48

From the pictures, above it can be seen from the meeting of 2 cultures, played by Nathan Algren , he began to blend and learn Japanese culture such as language, behavior and learning to become a samurai. People who were afraid and looked at

Nathan Lgren began to accept his arrival. After Nathan Algren returned to Tokyo he saw Nobutada being attacked by Omura's men who ordered his men to take swords and cut the top knots that were typical of samurai. But Tom Cruise's help was in vain because after the disappearance of Tom Cruise and hiding in Katsumoto's township, everything had changed he was no longer considered as their coach. All systems have been changed by Omura because they are obsessed with wanting to turn Japan into a modern Japan by all means. Even though you have to fight the samurai.

In the picture the impact of acculturation is emperor began to change Japanese culture which used to be Japanese using swords and top knots for men, but in this picture all weapons have changed which are commonly used for war and keep

Japanese people using swords. Has turned into a gun, long barrel, and cannon.

Weapons of pride in Japan little by little began to be forgotten and turned to Western weapons.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing American and Japanese culture, factors of acculturation and impact of the acculturation between American and Japanese culture as seen in The

Last Samurai movie, based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that in The

Last Samurai Movie by Edward Zwick,

1. The differences of American and Japanese culture showed in the form of ,

Clothes, Weapon, and attitude. There are so many cultural differences

between American and Japan. in terms of clothing, Americans wear suits,

jeans, and dresses for women. Whereas in Japan use kimono as their

traditional clothes. Weapons, America uses pistols, rifles, bombs as a tool

for war. In Japan, they use swords and heat as a means of fighting and

protecting themselves. The last is behavior, in American, if you meet

someone they will reach out like a handshake. In Japan, they will bow their

heads when meeting other people as a sign of respect. There are so many

cultural differences that appear in the film the last samurai.

2. The factors of acculturation between American and Japanese culture there

are 2 factors there is internal factor and external factor. Internal factors

such as the existence of new discoveries such as buying weapons from

America to be used by Japanese people. the process of refining new 50

discoveries that caused Japan to change modern Japan by bringing

collectors from America to buy weapons. External factors, such as war and

foreign culture. The war that occurred was caused by differences in views

and rebellions from traditional Japanese society with modern Japan so that

the war occurred. The influence of foreign culture is also very influential in

Japanese society so that there are differences of thought and wars

3. The impact of the acculturation between American and Japanese culture are

the influences of foreign culture that occurred in Japan to change weapons

that previously used swords and arrows as a tool used to fight and protect

themselves. And social changes, which resulted in mutual openness

between Japanese and American communities, Japanese society also

allowed Americans to study Japanese culture and include Americans to

fight.

From the conclusion above, the writer make the concusion that American and

Japanese culture have different ideas, so that if one of the depths of the new culture influences the culture itself and ceates a different perspective, there will be war because it is influenced by foreign culture. And forget about the traditional culture that has happened so long ago it changed into a new culture.

51

5.2 Suggestions

Based on analysis in this research, there are some suggestions related to this research:

1. The writer expect that this study can help the readers, expectialy English

Literature Studens in understanding the concept of culture as seen in The

Last Samurai movie. This film can be analyzed with other theories and

concept. Thus, the writer suggests to other researcher there are many things

the researcher can analyze from this film, such as about characterization of

the main character.

2. The writer hopes that this thesis will give contribution, knowledge and

creativity to make literary work for the reader, especially for students of

English Literature Department. This research has the weakness that is the

lack of theory that is used to analyze the problem, it is recomended for the

future writer especially who are interested to analyze the same topic to try

to use more than one theory to cover the result of analysis wider.

REFERENCES

Avruch Kevin. cross–Culture Coflict, George Mason University. Washington. USA.

Geerts. Clifford. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: basic book. Inc

Klarer Mario. (2005) An Introduction Literary Studies. (United Stated of America29 west 35th street).

Mayumi Hayashi. (2007). Eyewitness Traveling Japan. Bblu Island Limited london. England.

M. blum and R. Kersen. (2007). A history of Nationalism in Modern Japan Placing the People. Koniklije Brill.

Paul N. Lankey, Acculturation: a Review of the literature, Abilane christian University, 2003

Pothukuchi. Vijai. Dkk. national and organization culture differences and international joint venture performance.

Prawiodigdo Bayu Hastinoto, representasi bangsa america dan bangsa jepang dalam film the last samaurai. Kampus Undip Tembalang, Semarang, Jawa Tengah

M. Kessing Roger. (1974). Theories of Culture. Institute of Advanced Studies. Australian National University Canberra Australia.

Sudjiman. Study of Literarry. Yogyakarta

Sudjiman,study of literary, yogyakarta. P.6 Strorey, John. 2009. Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: an introduction. Person people. Koninklijke Brill

Wiratha, I Made. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.

Raymond Williams. (1958). Culture is Ordinari. Originally published in N. McKenzie (ed.), Convictions.

Wellek and Warrein M. Keith Booker.(1996). A Practical introduction to Literary Theory and Criticism. (United Stated of America: Linda Moser Book Center. Betty L & Sokol).

Wiratha. I Made. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset. http://www.google.com.writen by Gary R. Weaver. (2011). American Culture Values. accessd http://neboliterature.mrkdevelopment.com.au/topic-areas/criticallit/Psychological- Approach-to-Literature http://www.press.umich.edu Anonymouse. 101 Characteristic of American Culture. https://eprints.uns.ac.id https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vijay_Pothukuchi/publication/5222990_Nati onal_and_Organizational_Culture_Differences_and_International_Joint_V enture_Performance/links/53f6a9260cf22be01c4515d9/National-and- Organizational-Culture-Differences-and-International-Joint-Venture- Performance.pdf https://mymodernmet.com/japanese-kimono/ http://www.educativ.info/lib/japanese-weapons.html APPENDIX I

THE SYNOPSIS OF THE LAST SAMURAI MOVIE BY EDWAR ZWICK

The last samurai tells about Captain Nathan Algren, haunted by his role in a massacre of innocent Native Americans, After the show, his former commander, the rapacious Colonel Benjamin Bagley, introduces him to Omura, a

Japanese businessman bent on making feudal Japan into a modern nation for his own financial gain. Omura offers Algren a lucrative job working with Bagley to mold conscripted farmers into Japan's first modern army. Realizing his outburst at the sideshow has cost him his job and needing to feed his penchant for alcohol,

Algren accepts the offer to work with Bagley and his loyal former sergeant,

Zebulon Gant, in Japan, but seethes with rage against Bagley for having ordered

Algren to slaughter innocent Native Americans.

Arriving in Yokohama Harbor weeks later, Algren is greeted by English expatriate Simon Graham, a translator and photographer, who, after showing him

Tokyo's bustling streets, escorts the visitor to the palace for an audience with

Emperor Meiji. Once there, despite Graham's etiquette advice, Algren breaks the imperial code by boldly looking into the young emperor's eyes. Days later, during training, Algren learns that veteran Samurai Katsumoto, once a member of the

Emperor's Guard and Meiji's personal teacher, is offended by the country's modernization and plans to lead a rebellion against which the army must soon be prepared to fight. After General Hasegawa, who once fought with Katsumoto, informs Algren that Katsumoto and his Samurai are only armed with swords and arrows, not firearms, the American decides to study his enemy by reading Graham's extensive writings on the Samurai and Bushido, their code of honor.

When days later, Katsumoto attacks a railroad owned by Omura, Algren refuses to follow Omura's orders to enter into immediate battle and attempts to prove the army's lack of preparedness by ordering one of his men to shoot at him.

The peasant shakes in fear so uncontrollably that he repeatedly misses

Algren, but Bagley nevertheless insists they fight Katsumoto. The next day at the foggy, forest battleground, the soldiers hear the approaching Samurai yell and, fearing for their lives, begin shooting too early, thus allowing dozens of Samurai on horseback to expertly wield their swords, wounding most of the men. When

Gant is killed, Algren rushes to his side, and, having run out of ammunition, fights several Samurai in hand-to-hand combat, despite his own wounds. Katsumoto watches as a Samurai clad in red armor prepares to deliver the American a final blow, but the prone Algren manages to spear and kill his enemy. Impressed by

Algren's skill and perseverance, Katsumoto decides to take him prisoner rather than kill him.

Algren witnesses Hasegawa, who has surrendered to Katsumoto, perform seppuku, a ritual in which a defeated Samurai disembowels himself with his sword to maintain his honor, while another Samurai assists by decapitating the dying man to prevent prolonged pain. After they arrive at a remote mountain village, Algren is housed with Katsumoto's sister Taka, who is forced to nurse him back to health, despite knowing that the American killed her husband Hirotaro, the warrior in red. Later, Katsumoto, finding Algren's book about military strategies to conquer the Cheyenne, begins to study his enemy, but when he questions Algren about it, the American refuses to answer. Sober and sufficiently recovered from his wounds, Algren is then allowed to walk through the village accompanied by a guard, the Silent Samurai, and observes the Samurais' diligent daily practice of martial arts and swordsmanship.

When he is called before Katsumoto and asked his name, Algren at first refuses to answer, but his curiosity about the seppuku ritual opens up a conversation between the two. After Algren learns that Taka's husband was the red-armored Samurai he killed during battle, Katsumoto tells the guilt-ridden

Algren that it was a "good death." Although, upon returning to Taka's house

Algren is pleased to be invited to dine with family, Taka insults him in Japanese, which he does not understand, and later begs Katsumoto to remove him from her house. One day, Ujio, the most traditional of Katsumoto's Samurai, viciously knocks Algren down with his wooden practice sword, as Taka and her young son

Higen watch with satisfaction.

However, as Algren, despite his lack of skill or strength, continues to stand and face Ujio, Taka and Higen begin to feel sympathy for him. During one of their short conversations, Algren tells Katsumoto that he served under Lt. Col.

George Armstrong Custer. Katsumoto praises the illustrious soldier, but Algren retorts that Custer was a vain and malicious murderer. After months of being treated with "mild neglect" while living among the villagers, Algren concludes that, despite their polite and quiet demeanor, the Japanese are filled with emotion and still dedicated to their emperor. Soon after, Algren, having won Taka and the Samurais' respect, is given traditional Japanese clothing to wear and begins learning Samurai fighting and riding skills, while Higen teaches him Japanese.

At the village baths, Algren's eyes meet Taka's and, realizing she has deep feelings for him, he thanks her for her kindness. After learning that he has been granted an audience with the emperor, Katsumoto returns Algren's books to him, explaining that he is no longer an enemy, and they both depart for Tokyo. Algren returns to find Bagley has trained thousands of soldiers, and Omura has promised the army to the emperor if Meiji agrees to sign a new trade treaty. In an audience with Meiji, Katsumoto offers to end his life for the emperor, but when the inexperienced leader asks for advice from his former teacher, Katsumoto insists the emperor must make his own decisions. Later, Omura asks Algren to lead an attack against Katsumoto, but Algren insists he was only hired to train the army and leaves the meeting. Meanwhile, when Katsumoto meets with the council and suggests that Japan has become a "nation of whores" selling themselves to the

West, the council arrests him without protest from the emperor.

Learning of Katsumoto's fate, Algren is determined to free his friend, but is attacked by Omura's men and forced to fight them off with swords. With

Graham's help, Algren then gains entrance to Katsumoto's cell, where he and Ujio convince Katsumoto to escape rather than kill himself. During the ensuing battle,

Nobutada is mortally wounded and, after telling his father that "it is my time" to die, raises his sword and rushes into the enemy fire, allowing the others escape.

Later, Katsumoto laments that the Samurai are no longer necessary in the new

Japan, but Algren argues that the Samurai must fight Omura's army to make the emperor understand that the ancient ways must not be forgotten in the wake of

Japan's modernization. Arriving at the village the next day, Algren tells Taka and

Higen he will fight alongside the Samurai. When Taka informs Algren that his decision has caused Higen to fear that, in addition to losing his father, he might lose Algren as well, the soldier holds the boy in a tearful embrace. As they make battle plans to defeat Omura's army, which is armed with machine guns, Algren suggests to Katsumoto that they must lure the enemy in close enough to engage them in sword battle. On 25 May 1877, the day of battle, as Algren prepares himself to greet death, Taka offers him her husband's suit of armor and slowly undresses and kisses Algren. Later, Katsumoto gives him a handcrafted sword with the inscription "I belong to the warrior in whom the old ways have joined the new." Later, as they approach the battlefield, Algren hands his notebooks to

Graham, who positions himself high above the soldiers to document the battle with his camera. After the first round of cannon fire from Omura's men, the

Samurai light fires to cover their retreat with smoke, luring all of Omura's infantry into marching behind a hill where the Samurai archers shoot and kill hundreds of the soldiers. After a round of hand-to-hand combat between bayonets and swords,

Ujio leads an attack on horseback, but is soon killed. Suddenly a bugle is sounded, signifying the army's retreat. Realizing that two more regiments will be brought in, Algren tells Katsumoto that the Samurai will now be forced to march into

Omura's machine guns. Lining up his remaining men on the battlefield,

Katsumoto lets out a war cry and leads the suicidal charge with Algren at his side.

The westernized Omura is incredulous that the defeated Samurai will not surrender despite their losses. Bagley, regaining his sense of honor, mounts his horse and rides into battle to meet his enemy and face his certain death. The soldiers then commence firing the new and powerful Howitzer machine guns, which litter the plain with dead Samurai, injuring both Algren and Katsumoto.

Realizing that Katsumoto is mortally wounded, Algren assists his friend in his final courageous act, that of seppuku. As he dies, Katsumoto watches nearby cherry blossoms float through the air and whispers to Algren, "they are all perfect." Filled with humility at the passing of so great a hero, Omura's men kneel reverentially in tribute. Days later, Algren interrupts the emperor only moments before he is to sign an American trade treaty. Kneeling before Meiji, Algren offers him Katsumoto's sword, asks that he remember what his ancestors died for and offers to end his own life at the emperor's command. Having finally embraced

Katsumoto's advice, the emperor announces that he will not sign the treaty, because it is not in the best interest of his people. Algren then returns to the village, where he is reunited with Taka and her children to begin a new life.

APPENDIX II THE IMPORTANT PICTURES OF THE LAST SAMURAI MOVIE