A September 4th, 1933 and, 63–68; Sergeants' ABC movement, 287n4, 293n22, 294n32, 296n44, Revolt and, 53–57, 61–62, 69–71, 288n36; 1935 300n96, 307n72; Batista and, 34–35, 195, strike and, 171–176. See also Batista; Revolution 292n17; Grau and, 110–111, 116, 253, 260– of 1933; Sergeants' Revolt 261, 272; labor and, 165, 169, 172, 176, Asociación Unión Nacionalista, 298n80 327n17; Machado and, 40–45, 47, 50–55; Associated Press (news service), 81 Mendieta and, 133, 142, 157–158, 321n34; Atarés, 116–121, 312nn44, 51, 60, 313n64. See also November uprising and, 310n13; Pedraza and, November uprising 325n97; Revolution of 1933 and, 76, 87, 97, August Seventh Massacre (1933), 50 307n76; Sergeants' Revolt and, 57–58, 60, 74. Auténticos (Partido Revolucionario Cubano), 128, 137, See also Sáenz 213, 238, 261–262; 1936 elections and, 188, 196, ABC Radical, 70, 307n76 198; Grau and, 253–254, 257, 259, 269, 317n132; Academia Milanés, 293n22 labor and, 163, 169, 172, 175–176, 184. See also Acción (newspaper), 157–160, 325n104, 327n17, Grau 346n15 Authentic Insurrectional Organization (Organización Acción Republicana, 142, 169, 191–192 Insurrecional Auténtica), 257 achinado (Chinese, Indian, Afro-Cuban), 4. See also Aviation Corps, 111, 112. See also November uprising race Acosta, Pedro, 352n1 B Acosta Rendueles, Antonio, 356n42 banana industry, 6–8 Acosta Rubio, Raúl, xii–xiii, 3, 11, 17, 32, 276nn9 Banes, 2–5, 17, 19, 277n27; sugar industry and, 6–11 Adam y Silva, Ricardo, 181n18, 292nn16, 18, 297nn64, Barber, Jr., Henry A., 265 66, 298n68; Sergeants' Revolt and, 57, 62, 64– Barnet y Vinageras, José, 195, 201–202, 218, 334n4 66 Barrientos, José, 111, 113 Africanization, 10, 11–12 Batista, Elisa Aleida (daughter), 29 Afro-Cubans, 5, 11, 24, 55, 124–126, 314n83. See also Batista, Fulgencio Rubén (son), 1, 29 achinado; race Batista, Mirta Caridad (daughter), 19, 29, 30, 44, 112–113 Agrupación Revolucionario de Cuba, La, 72 Batista Fernández, Jorge, 361nn94, 95 Aguiar, Miguel Ángel , 43 Batista Palermo, Belisario (father), 3–4, 12–13, 15, 22, 30, Aguilar, Luis, 89 34; sugar industry and, 6–9 Aincart, Antonio, 53 Batista y Cuba: Cronica politica y realizaciones (Vega Air Force. See Aviation Corps Cobiellas), xiii Ala Izquierda Estudiantil (student group), 38. See also Batista Zaldívar, Francisco "Panchin" (brother), 3, 15, 30, Student Directory 43–44, 276n16 Almaguer, Alberto, 15 Batista Zaldívar, Hermelindo (brother), xiv, 3, 15, 30, 34 Alpízar, Félix, 58–59 Batista Zaldívar, Juan (brother), 3, 15; death of, 30–31 Alvárez, Santiaguito, 307n76 Batista Zaldívar, Rubén Fulgencio, ix–xi, xv–xvi, 142–143, American Chamber of Commerce, 93. See also United 199–203, 236–241; ABC and, 41–45; Army and, States 22–27, 32–34, 265–267; assassination and, 251– André, Armando, 38 252, 352–353n1; Atarés battle and, 116–121; Anti-Imperialist League, 95. See also Communists Banes sugar industry and, 6–11; biographical Antilla strike, 17–19, 181n18. See also labor; railroads; literature on, xii–xiv; Brú and, 230–235; Caffery specific strikes and, 122–123, 318n2; childhood of, 3–5, 275n6, army, 14, 21–22; Atarés battle and, 116–121; Batista 279n54, 280n55; Communists and, 253–258, resignation from, 265–267; Batista's early days 354n11, 355n23; Congress and, 241–245; 1936 in, 23–28; Batista's leadership and, 95, 102– elections and, 186–187, 186–190, 192–196, 195– 107; class and, 283n11; conditions in, 286n55; 198; 1940 elections and, 264–266, 268–273; Hernández burial and, 58–60; Hotel Nacional employment and, 14–18; Falla Bonet kidnapping battle and, 96–101; Mendieta and, 148–153, and, 179–181; fall of, 1–2; family of, 1–5, xv, 12– 156–161; November uprising and, 111–115; 15, 28–32, 43–44; Gómez and, 197–198, 204–209, officers and, 32–34, 80–85; opportunities in, 229, 337n38; Gómez impeachment and, 223–228; 282n33; opposition movements and, 36; Grau and, 88–91, 102–107, 251–253, 259–263, Pentarchy and, 71–75, 85–88; politics of, 1; 267–271, 317n124; Grau's resignation and, 127– prerevolutionary era of, 286n56; Revolution of 132; Guiteras and, 178–183, 182–185, 330n59; 1933 and, 76–79, 89–94, 108–109; rural Hernández burial and, 58–60; Hernández education program and, 217–223, 233–234; conspiracy and, 153–156; Hevia government and, 132–135; Hotel Nacional battle and, 76–80, repression and, 158–160; Welles and, 122–123, 92–95; illegimate child theory and, 276n8; 319n8; Wright and, 353n5. See also Roosevelt; inner circle of, 298n81; interpretations of, xiv– Welles; Wright xvi; labor and, 162–164, 170–175; Machado Calderío, Francisco (Blas Roca), 254, 354n9 and, 35–40, 40–45, 48–52; Martí and, 340n66; Calixto Garcia Hospital, 31 Mendieta and, 136–141, 148–153, 189–192, Callejón de el Negro (Black Man's Street), 7 315nn106, 110, 316n113; Mexico and, 353– Camagüey Province, 14, 19, 21 354n8; November uprising and, 111–115; Camp Columbia (Havana), 1, 25, 33, 40, 42; November officers and, 81–85; Pentarchy and, 71–75, 85– uprising and, 111–112, 114, 121; takeover of, 88; philosophy of, 313n94; presidency and, 299n92. See also Army 210–214, 273–274, 357n46–48; promotion of, Capitol building (Havana), 36 302nn23, 24; race and, 4–5, 18, 277n25; Capote Fiallo, Juan, 64, 297n64 railroad life and, 16–21; repression and, 156– Carbó, Sergio, 40, 295nn40–42, 296n46, 302n20, 303n29, 161; Revolution of 1933 and, 76–80, 92–95, 316n115; Batista and, 114, 124; Grau and, 130– 306n68; rural education program and, 217– 131, 259; Revolution of 1933 and, 77–79, 82–86, 221; Sans Souci and, 124–126; September 4, 103, 106–108, 308n91; Sergeants' Revolt and, 59– 1933 and, 63–68; Sergeants' Revolt and, 53– 61, 67, 70–73 57, 61–62, 69–70; social agenda and, 214–216, Cárdenas, Lázaro, 180, 254, 256, 353–354n8, 355n27 224; 1935 strike and, 165–169, 175–177; sugar Cárdenas, Raúl de, 170 and, 6–11, 144–148, 224–228; travels of, 14– Carteles (newspaper), 54, 120 18; Triennial Plan and, 246–250; Welles and, Casanova, José Manuel, 245, 351n57 44–47, 106–109, 186–189, 191–194, 197–198, Castillo de la Punto (Castle at the Point), 23, 114 301nn8–9 Castro, Felix J., 280n5 Bausa, Antonio, 28, 113, 286n53 Castro Ruz, Fidel, 120, 177, 184, 274, 288n17, 303n32; Bay of Nipe, 17 early life of, 362n96; emergence of, xvi; Bay of Pigs invasion, xiv. See also exile; invasion government of, 64; victory of, 1–2, ix–x, xii strategy Celorio, César, 302n21 Beals, Carleton, 318n2 Cementerio de Colón, 58 Benítez, Manuel, 57, 112, 149, 152, 154, 324n78 Central Boston plant, 6. See also under sugar; United Fruit Berle, Adolf, 93 Company biographical literature, xii–xiv Central Highway (Carreterra Central), 36 Blanco, Rufino, 34 Cerro, El (Havana suburb), 23, 117 Blas Hernandez, Juan, 67, 111, 116–117, 119–120, Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de, 51, 293n20, 299n92, 303n32, 298nn72, 80; November uprising and, 321n43; appointment of, 291nn70; Revolution of 312nn54, 60 1933 and, 76–77, 87, 90, 97, 306n67; Sergeants' Bohemia (newspaper), 73, 235–238, 241 Revolt and, 53–56, 60–62, 67, 70–71, 74–75 bohio (palm house), 5–6, 7 Chase National Bank, 36, 92–93 boom and bust cycles, 281n16. See also sugar industry Chester, Edmund, xii–xiii, 32, 58, 84, 120, 123–124; Buell, Raymond Leslie, 93, 104. See also Foreign Revolution of 1933 and, 101, 103, 106 Policy Association Chibás Guerra, Eduardo, 86, 257, 272, 288n19, 303n32, Bush, George H. W., xiv 316n115 Busto, Fernando del, 57, 293n23 Cienfuegos, naval revolt at, 1 Cintas, Oscar, 48 C civilian student militias, 90. See also Revolution of 1933 Cacocum, 20 civilistas, 257, 319n7 Caffery, Jefferson, xv, 47, 125, 205, 232, 254; 1936 Colegio San Mario (technical school), 26–27 elections and, 186, 188–190, 192, 194, 196– Colonos, 247, 254; Sugar Coordination Law, 249–250 198; Gómez and, 335n15, 336n26, 337n34; coloso, el (sugar processing plant), 6–11. See also sugar Gómez-Batista clash and, 204–205, 207–208, industry; United Fruit Company 211, 214; Gómez impeachment and, 224, 225, Comintern (Communist International), 288n13 227–228; Grau and, 127–129, 315n104; labor Communists, 38–39, 50, 71–72, 188, 215, 353n4; Batista and, 162–163, 168, 176, 183; Mendieta and, and, 232, 246, 253–257, 291n68, 354n11, 355n23; 316n113, 318n2; Mendieta-Batista fascism and, xi, 253, 338n57; Grau and, 260, 269– Government and, 136–140, 142–144, 147, 149, 270; labor and, 163–164; Mendieta and, 137, 142, 155; Pedraza and, 313n77; personal papers of, 157; repression and, 304n45, 325n96; Revolution 314n79; Platt amendment and, 344n3; of 1933 and, 76, 77, 90, 94–96, 305n59, 306nn62, 65. See also Castro; labor Directory Confederación de Trabajadores de Cuba (Confederation Dodds, Harold Willis, 192–196, 332nn28, 30 of Cuban Workers), 254 dollars (U.S.), value against peso, 283n13 Confederación Nacional Obrera de Cuba (Cuban Domínguez Aquino, Felipe, 119 National Confederation of Labor), 95 Dominican Republic, 2, 214, 338n52 Congress, 26, 37–38, 343n102, 347n23; Batista and, Dragones (military installation), 111, 116 198, 208, 212–214, 241–245, 274; Grau and, Duggan, Lawrence, 170, 328n29 258, 262, 265, 268; Triennial Plan and, 246– Dumois brothers, 6–7 250. See also Under Constitution Dumois (town), 17 Conjunto Party, 142, 169, 252–255, 261, 332n18, Dumont, Frederick, 304n33 333n31; 1936 elections and, 188, 190–195, 198; Gómez and, 212–213, 225. See also E Menocal Echevarría Salas, Ángel, 57, 154–155, 293n25, 303n25 Consejo Nacional de Tuberculosis (National Council on economic cycles, 281n16 Tuberculosis), 32 Ejército Caribe (Army of the Caribbean), 77 Conservative Party, 29, 37, 91, 252. See also Menocal elections, 26, 283n14. See also Congress; specific Constitutional Assembly, 127–128, 139–143, 198, 232– presidents 233, 239, 248; Brú and, 349n34 elections of 1936, 186–191, 193–196; Mendieta Constitutional Convention of 1928, 37–38 Government and, 189–192; results of, 197–198 Constitution of 1901, x, 36–38, 72, 88, 92, 321n36; elections of 1940, 262, 264–269, 358n53–58; Grau and, Constitutional Assembly and, 127, 143 270–273 Coronel, Adolfo, 8 elections of 1954-1958, 361n93 corporations (U.S.), 6, 36, 90, 278n45. See also sugar electoral code, 271–272, 319n16 industry; United Fruit Company; United Ensayo biografico Batista: Reportaje historico (Acosta States; specific corporations Rubio), 276n11, xiii counter-revolutionary role, 301n8 La España Chiquita (Little Spain), 17. See also Antilla coup of March 10, 1952, x, xiv, 305n49 Estévez Maymir, Juan, 57 Coyula, Miguel, 347n21, 348n28 Europe, 10 cronyism, 32 exile, ix, 2, 251; community in, xiii, xv–xiv; invasion Cruz, Carlos Manuel de la, 42–43, 191–192, 194, strategy and, 39–40 288n25, 320n28; Torriente and, 319n10 expropriation, 254, 355n26. See also Mexico Cruz Vidal, Ramón, 40, 57–58, 149, 293n25 Cuba (Navy ship), 116 F Cuban Electric Company, 92 Fajardo, Ángel C., 111–112 Cuban Missile Crisis, xiv Falla Bonet, Eutimio, 179–181, 329n55, 330nn56, 62 Cuban National Confederation of Labor (Confederación fascism, xi, 35, 253, 338n57 Nacional Obrera de Cuba), 95 Fernández, Enrique, 174, 328n34 Cuban Telephone Company, 319n14 Fernández, José Augustin, 296n45 Cuba Railroad Company, 17, 21 Fernández, Ramón, 9 Cué, Pedro, 193, 332nn25, 26 Fernández Medina, Benjamín, 122, 127, 305n53 Cuervo Navarro, Pelayo, 327n20 Fernández Miranda, Marta (2nd wife), 30, 274, 286n54 Curti, Segundo, 316n115 Ferrara, Orestes, 47, 251, 290nn52 Customs House bombing, 172–174 Ferrer, Horacio, 51, 82, 97–100; Revolution of 1933 and, 306n67, 307n74; Sergeants' Revolt and, 54–55, D 60, 63, 66–67, 69–70 Darío, Rubén, 2, 275n7 Ferrocarriles del Norte (Northern Rail Line), 14, 20–21 Dassá, Ramiro Valdés, 300n96 Fish, Hamilton, 291n59, 301n11 Democrat-Republican Party (Partido Demócrata- Foreign Policy Association, 93, 104, 198, 299n92, 339n61 Republicano), 253, 269 Fraga, Pedro Martinez, 250, 345–346n14 Denuncia (newspaper), 47 Franca, Porfirio, 74, 85, 303n29 Despaigne, Manuel, 331n14 Franco Granero, Ulciseno, 139, 319n17 Diario de Cuba (newspaper), 54 Franco Varona, M., 61, 120, 293n20 Diario de la Marina (newspaper), 46, 50 Freemasons, 61–62, 296n53 Díaz, Enrique Diez, 41–43 Freyre de Andrade, Gonzalo, 42–44, 289n30 Díaz, Oscar, 67, 303n25 Fulgentius, Saint, 2, 275n7 Directorio Estudiantil Universitario (DEU). See Student G 313n62; Communism and, 305n59; death of, 176– Galíndez, Ignacio, 57, 112, 126, 149–151, 181–182, 179, 182–185, 254; Falla Bonet kidnapping and, 266, 303n25 179–181, 330n62; Mendieta and, 147, 160; García Díaz, Luis, 27 November uprising and, 114, 310n13, 312nn54, García Domínguez, Bernardo, 267 60; Revolution of 1933 and, 88–91, 94, 96, 100, García Pedroso, Gonzalo, 116 106, 108–109 Garrido, Carlos, 325n92 general strikes. See under strikes H generational struggle, 292n14 Habana Vieja (Old Havana), 23, 117 Generation of 1895, 55 Haitian Revolution, 10 Gener Núñez, Pedro, 111, 119 Haitian workers, 8, 11, 92, 305n51. See also labor; sugar Gimperling, T. N., 4, 50, 66, 77, 299n90 industry Giraudy, Angel Alberto, 92 Havana, 23–24, 36; federal district of, 38. See also Hotel Godínez, Elisa (1st wife), 28–32, 43–44, 67, 112–113 Nacional; University of Havana Godínez, Heriberto, 43 Heraldo de Cuba, El (newspaper), 54 GodÍnez Córdoba, Salustiano, 28–29 Hernández, Belisario, 99, 100, 132, 152, 244–245, 350– Gómez, Abelardo, 297n56 351n53 Gómez, José Miguel, 11, 191, 205, 332n20, 335n20 Hernández, Mario, 57, 65, 149, 293n25, 303n25; Gómez, Máximo, 6 conspiracy of, 153–156; 309n92; November Gómez, Miguel Mariano, 200, 202–203, 210–214, 216; uprising and, 119–120, 312nn54, 60 death of, 332n20; Batista and, 38, 103, 142, Hernández y Rodríguez, Miguel Ángel, 58–60, 65, 294n32, 169, 176, 337n38; Caffery and, 335n15, 295nn33; funeral of, 294nn34, 36, 38–39 336n26, 337n44; clash with Batista and, 204– Herrera, Alberto, 44, 50, 53, 65 209; 1936 elections and, 191–192, 194, 197– Hevia, Carlos, 130–135, 175, 177, 316nn120, 317nn132, 198; Grau and, 253, 260–261, 272; 137 impeachment of, 223–229 Holguín, 18 Gómez Meña, José, 337n36 Hotel Nacional, 45, 116, 303n28; battle of, 96–101; Gómez Sicre, Clemente, 63 Revolution of 1933 and, 81, 84–85, 306nn67–68, Gómez y Acosta, Concepción, 28 307n75 González, Ángel A., 181–183, 316n115 Hull, Cordell, 104–105, 305n52, 308nn85–87 González, Juana (grandmother), 2 González, Justo, 294n32 I Good Neighbor policy, xii, 45, 86, 146, 290n42, Iglesias, Margarito, 58–59 305n52. See also Caffery; Roosevelt; Welles; illegimate child theory, 21–22, 276n8, 282n37. See also United States race Granados, Fèlix, 319n7, 320n28 image, xiii–xiv Grau, Paulina Alsina de, 88 immigration, 10, 11 Grau, Ramón San Martin, xi, 122–123, 267, 313n77, independence, 10, 11 317n124; appeal of, 353n2; Atarés and, 116– Independence Day (May 20), 42 121; Batista and, 200, 213, 232, 251–253, 259– Independence War of 1895-1898, 2, 6, 37, 39, 93 263; Brú and, 238, 240, 281n20, 300n97, Indians (American), 4–5 301n10, 303n29, 304n38; Communists and, indio (Indian Americans), 5 253, 257–258, 353n4; 1940 election and, 268– Intervención Cubana (military takeover plan), 320n28 273; 1933 government of, 88–92, 94–95, 96– intervention, 46–48, 70, 82, 305nn52, 59, 308n91; rights 97, 106–109; Mendieta and, 143, 146, of, 11, 36, 39, 303n28. See also United States 316n113; Pentarchy and, 72–75; resignation Invasion of 1931, 59 of, 126–32, 315nn100, 104, 106; Revolution of invasion strategy, 39–40 1933 and, 77–79, 86–87, 101–105, 308n91; Irisarri, José M., 73, 299n86, 303n29, 331n1 309n94; selection of, 303n32; uprising against, 111–115, 304n37, 310n13 J Gregg shorthand system, 26. See also stenography Jamaican workers, 7–8, 11, 92, 305n51. See also labor; Guantanamo, 106 sugar industry Guggenheim, Harry F., 39, 44, 288nn15, 16 Jones-Costigan Act, 145. See also United States Guiteras Holmes, Antonio, 123, 304nn37, 38, 45, Jorobemos (newspaper), 345n13 316n119, 326n108; Batista and, 127, 129–131, journalists, 156–161, 235–238, 318n3, 329n43. See also 133–134, 142, 307n75, 330n59; Castro and, specific newspapers Joven Cuba (Young Cuba), 165, 178, 183–184, 188, of, 35–40, 286n51, 288nn15–16, 289n30, 291n68, 251, 304n37; repression and, 142, 325n96. See 293n20; fall of, 314n83; opposition to, 294n32; also Guiteras overthrow of, 48–52; Revolution of 1933 and, 88, Junta de los Ocho, La (Junta of the Eight), 57. See also 90, 92; Welles and, 44–48 Sergeants' Revolt Machado, GIlberto Pardo, 352n1 Maidique, Modesto, 352n1 K Malecón (sea wall), 24 Kapital, Das (Marx), 93 Mañach, Jorge, 319n7 King Kong (film), 89 Mariné, Jaime, 57, 149, 151, 323nn62, 75, 343n96; Pedraza Kuquine (country home), xiv and, 349n43 Márquez Sterling, Carlos, 243–245, 350nn49–51 L Márquez Sterling, Manuel, 134, 243–245, 318n144; Hevia labor, 14, 90, 162–164, 177–182, 281n31, 305n59; and, 317n137; resignation of, 350n49–50 ABC movement and, 327n17; Antilla strike Marrero, Levi, 316n121 and, 17–19, 181n18; general strike of 1935 Martí, Jose, xiv, 9, 39, 125, 287n12; writings of, 340n66 and, 165–170, 172–177, 328n29; Guiteras and, martial law, 48, 143; 1933 use of, 286n51 183–185; railroads and, 21; strike breaking Martí Escasena, Manuel, 60, 296n44 and, 171–176; strike of 1933 and, 48, 50–51, Martin, Zenas L., 10 306n65. See also sugar industry Martínez Sáenz, Joaquín, 110, 157–158, 253, 260, 272, Labourdette, Mario, 307n76 321n34; Mendieta and, 319n7 Landa, Gabriel, 319n7 martyrdom, 39, 287n12 landowners, 7–8 Marx, Karl, 93 Laredo Brú, Federico, 229–231, 344n1, 345–346n14, masons (Freemasons), 61–62, 296n53 347n21, 348n30, 359n71; Batista and, 213, Matthews, H. Freeman, 158–159 233–240, 243, 245–246, 248; constitutional Matthews, Herbert, 298n80 assembly and, 349n34; Grau and, 257–259, Maximo Gómez Barracks, 309n5 261, 268, 272–23; Menocal and, 346n15–16 McBain, Howard Lee, 193–194, 332n27 Las Villas Province, battle of, 1 McEvoy, J. P., 265 latifundios (large landed estates), 305n57 Mella, Julio Antonio, 38–39, 94, 287nn12, 13 Latin America, 5, 45, 47, 86; class and, 283n11; role of Méndez Peñate, Rodolfo, 345n13 army in, 286n56. See also Mexico; Pan- Mendieta, Carlos, 38–40, 200–202, 209, 298n80, 301n10, American conferences 319n7; Batista and, 168–173, 180–185, 315n110, Laurent, Emilio, 71 318n6; Caffery and, 122–123, 318n2; 1936 León, Rubén de, 116, 130–131, 257–259, 303n29, elections and, 188–190, 195–196; government of, 316n115 136–152, 157–161; Grau and, 128, 315n104, Leonard, Ciro, 111, 116–117, 119, 312n47 316n113; Hevia and, 130–131, 133–134; labor Liberal Party, 37, 91, 138, 174, 225, 252; 1936 and, 162–167, 174–179; Nacionalista Party and, Elections and, 191–192, 195, 198; 1940 332n32; opposition to, 320n30–31, 321n32–34; elections and, 264, 269; Gómez and, 205, 212– Revolution of 1933 and, 80, 87, 90, 103, 105, 213 308n88; spying and, 319n17 Lincoln, Abraham, 9 Mendoza, Víctor de, 99 Lois, Luis, 302n21 Menocal, Mario García, 26, 38–40, 293n19–20, 296nn50– Loma del Burro (Jackass Hill), 118, 120 51, 303n29, 331n136; Batista and, 56, 61, 87, 142, López Castro, Amadeo, 250 176, 237; Conjunto Party and, 169, 252–253, 261, López Migoya, Manuel, 57, 149–151, 153–155, 266, 332n18; 1936 elections and, 188, 190–192, 194– 303n25, 316n115 195, 197; Gómez and, 205, 212–213; Grau and, Lorié, César, 70 260–261, 263, 269–271, 273; manifesto of, Lumen, Enrique, 120 346n15; supporters of, 43 Mercantile Educator (newspaper), 27–28 M Messersmith, George S., 353n2, xv Macau, Ramón, 57, 293n22, 296n44 Mexico, 180, 254, 256, 305n53, 353–354n8, 355n26, Maceo, Antonio, 216, 287n12 355n27; Cárdenas and, 254, 256 Maceo, José, 2 Miami, xi, xiii Machado, Gerardo, 26, 34, 53–54, 56, 58, 61; ABC migrant workers, 8. See also Haitian workers; Jamaican and, 41–45; collaboration with, 294n27; workers; labor; sugar industry Constitution of 1901 and, 321n36; dictatorship militaristas, 257 military courts, 40–41 Pan-American Conferences, 86, 92, 105, 290n56, 308n87 Mixed Military Junta (Junta Militar Mixta), 82 Parque de la Fraternidad (Fraternity Park), 94 Montalvo, Rafael, 230, 336n27, 345n8, 347n20 Partido Acción Republicana, 142, 169, 191–192 Montes, Armando, 60–61, 296n46 Partido Demócrata-Republicano (Democrat-Republican Morales y Castillo, Domingo, 336n27 Party), 253, 269 Moreno, Luis Pérez, 288n18 Partido Independiente de Color (Independent Party of Morillo, El (fort), 180–183 Color), 11 Morro, El (fort), 23 Partido Revolucionario Cubano. See Auténticos Mortgage Reevaluation Law (1938), 262–263 348n29, Partido Unión Revolucionaria (United Revolutionary 357n52 Party), 200, 253 movies, 24, 282n5 patriotism, 280n5, 291n69 Museo de la Revolucion, xiv Patterson, Guillermo, 228 Pedraza, José Eleuterio, 40, 106, 190, 293n25, 313n77, N 349n43; Batista and, 1, 265–266, 268, 272, 274; Nacionalista Party, 103, 133, 142–143, 177, 252; 1936 Mendieta and, 148–149, 153–158; Sergeants' elections and, 188, 190–192; Gómez and, 212– Revolt and, 57–58, 62, 64, 66 213, 225; tensions within, 332n32 Peña, Lucilo de la, 316n115 national anthem, 287n12 pensions, 27–28 National Association of Veterans and Patriots, 27 Pentarchy, 71–75, 77, 79–80, 83, 85–88 National Committee, 270 Perdomo, José, 62–63 National Executive Committee, 259 Personalidad y la obra del General Fulgencio Batista nationalism, x, 36, 90 Zaldívar, La (Vega Cobiellas), xiii National Labor Arbitration Board, 92 Peru, 305n53 National Police, 69, 149, 323n62 peso, value against dollar, 283n13 National Union (Unión Nacionalista), 38 Phillips, Ruby Hart, 4, 48, 95, 110, 271 Navy, 116, 130, 331n14; repression and, 325n96 Pineda, Antonio, 67–68 neocolonialism, xii Pizzi de Porras, Enrique, 279n49; death of son Enrique, New York Times (newspaper), 4, 48, 95 312n48 nine-cent tax, 224–226, 228, 233–234. See also Platt Amendment, x, 36, 50, 72, 288n15, 344n3; abrogation Congress; reciprocity treaty; sugar industry of, 321n36; Mendieta and, 129, 137, 146; North Americans, 8–10; Havana and, 23–24 Revolution of 1933 and, 88, 92, 93. See also Noticias de Hoy (newspaper), 254 under constitution November uprising (1933), 111–115, 309n2, 310n13, politics, 36, 40–45, 287n4; compromise and, 288n16; 311n35, 312n44, 313nn62–64; Atarés and, finesse in, 304n41; rumors in, 19, 300n2. See also 116–121 Batista; under elections; Grau; Guiteras; Machado; Mendieta; Menocal O Popular Party (Popularistas), 29, 37 officers, 32–34, 296n46, 302nn15, 17, 20, 303n28; population, 282n1; of Havana, 23 Batista and, 61–62, 71–75; Hernández burial Portela, Guillermo, 73, 85–87, 303n29 and, 58–60; promotions to, 303n25; relations Portell-Vilá, Herminio, 36, 42, 156, 241–242 with, 25; Revolution of 1933 and, 81–85; Portugal, 2 September 4th events and, 53–57, 63–68; Prensa, La (newspaper), 345–346n14 Sergeants' Revolt and, 69–70; Welles and, 76– presidency, 26, 300n95; abolishment of vice-presidency 80. See also army and, 38. See also Batista; Céspedes; Gómez; Grau; Oposición (newspaper), 298n80 Machado; Mendieta Ordoqui, Joaquín, 254 Presidential Guards, 111. See also November uprising Organización Insurrecional Auténtica (Authentic Presidential Palace, 114, 282n5 Insurrectional Organization), 257 Preston Sugar Mill, 17 organized crime (Mob, mafia), x, 24 Prío Socarrás, Carlos, 72, 87, 257, 300n98, 317n132 Oriente Province, 14–16; 1912 uprising in, 11 Problems of the New Cuba: Report of the Commission on Ortega, Ovidio, 32, 286n51 Cuban Affairs (Foreign Policy Association), Orthodox Party (Partido Ortodoxo), 303n32 339n61 Pro Ley y Justicia (For Law and Justice), 40, 70, 300n96, P 307n76 palmacristi treatment, 156–161, 325n92 Pueblo, El (newspaper), 10 Panama, 305n53 Q rural education program, 201, 226, 233–234, 338n58, Quaker Mission, 9–10, 45, 278nn39 339n65, 340n68, 341n74; army and, 217–223, 233–234 R Rural Guard, 27 race, 10, 18, 124–126, 288n16, 300n1, 305n51; Batista's, 3–6; definition of, 277n21. See also S achinado; Afro-Cubans Saladrigas Zayas, Carlos, 110, 309nn1, 5, 321n34 Race War of 1912, 5, 10, 279n49 San Ambrosia barracks, 111, 116, 311n35 radio broadcasts, clandestine, 40, 288n18 Sánchez, Desiderio, 63 Radio Transmission Cultural Service (El Servicio Sanguily, Julio, 51, 55, 60, 63–66; Revolution of 1933 and, Cultural de Radiodiffusión), 340n70 84, 97, 99–100, 307n75 railroads, 16–21; Antilla strike and, 181n18. See also Santana, Pedro, 77 labor Santovenia, Emeterio, 319n7 Ramos Camuzo, Pantaleón, 280n5 Second Export-Import Bank, 145 Reagan, Ronald, xiv secret societies, 35–36, 40 Realistas, 259–260 Semana, La (newspaper), 59, 295n40 Reciprocity Treaty, 134, 137, 145–148, 262–263, Sergeant Named Batista, A (Chester), xii 358n53. See also sugar industry; United States Sergeants' Revolt, 53–58, 65–70, 283n10, 286n51, 288n36; recognition, 77–80, 123, 126, 144, 228 Batista and, 59–64, 71–75; civilians and, 295n41, Red Cross of Cuba, 99 299n92; class and, 292n15; conspirators of, religious beliefs, 10 293n25, 295n42; enlisted men and, 292nn11, 16, Remos, Juan J., 238, 346n17, 357n46 297n56; Hernández burial and, 58–60; manifesto republican period (1933-1959), x, xii, xiv of, 296n45; negotiations during, 302n20; respect, 284n18 Pentarchy and, 72–75; September 4th events and, Revolutionary Popular Front, 253 63–68 Revolution of 1933, x–xi, xiii, 35, 38, 181n18, 288n20; socialism, 90, xiv Grau and, 88–91, 102–107; histories of, Soler, Urbano, 57–58, 68, 149, 289n33, 293n23, 299n88; 293n20; Hotel Nacional and, 306nn67, 70; Machado and, 40, 42–43 Hotel Nacional battle and, 96–101; officers Sosa de Quesada, Aristides, xiii, 202, 222, 292n12, and, 81–85; Pentarchy and, 85–88; rumors of, 341n79; Mendieta and, 149, 152 300n2; Welles and, 76–80, 106–109 Soto, Lionel, 79, 95 Revolution of 1959, ix, xiii, xiv; executions and, 275n2 Spain, 2, 7, 305n53; immigrants from, 17, 24 Reyes Spíndola, Octavio, 254, 257–258, 354n10, Special Council of War, 61. See also Sergeants' Revolt 356n32 State Council, 143, 202–203, 218, 321n37 Rey Perna, Santiago, 1, 149, 151, 333nn33, 35 State Department (U.S.). See Caffery; Roosevelt; United Rionda, Carlos de la, 319n7 States; Welles; Wright Rivero, Felipe, 345n13 status, 7–8 Rivero, José Ignacio, 326n108 stenography, 21, 25–28, 32–33, 284nn19–22 Rivero Agüero, Andrés, 282n39 strike of 1933, 48, 50–51 Robaina Piedra, Luis, 299n89 strike of 1935, 165–169, 175–177, 329n43; Mendieta- Roca, Blas (Francisco Calderío), 254, 354n9 Batista government and, 170–174. See also labor Rodon, Lincoln, 316n115 Student Directory (Directorio Estudiantil Universitario), Rodríguez, Pablo, 114, 149, 293n25, 294nn27, 30, 38, 76, 79–80, 293n19, 296n44, 303n29; 303n25; Grau and, 317n124; Hevia and, 130– Revolution of 1933 and, 83, 85, 87–90, 102, 105– 131; Sergeants' revolt and, 57–59, 63, 66, 74 106, 109; Sergeants' Revolt and, 56, 59, 70–73 Roman Catholicism, 2, 10 Suárez Rivas, Eduardo, 226, 343nn96, 99, 102, 351n56 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 53, 204, 208, 259, 290–91n58, Sugar Coordination Law, 249–250 305n52, xii; Caffery and, 122, 129, 144; 1936 sugar industry, xi, 144–148, 281n16, 305n57, 306n65; elections and, 187–188, 198; Hevia and, 130, Batista family and, 6–11; employment in, 15–18; 132; Machado and, 45, 48; Revolution of 1933 market prices and, 37; Reciprocity Treaty and, and, 77, 80, 86, 93, 105. See also Caffery; 137, 145–148; sugar tax bill and, 224–226, 228, Good Neighbor Policy; Welles; Wright 233–234, 342nn90–91. See also United Fruit Root, Elihu, 288n15 Company Rubio, Gustavo Cuervo, 293n19 Superior Electoral Tribunal, 192–195, 271–272, 332n23. Rubio Padilla, Juan, 71, 73, 107–108, 303n32 See also elections of 1940 Rasco y Ruiz, Federico, 32, 286n51 Supreme Court, 88, 273 urban warfare, 36 T Uruguay, 122, 127, 305n53 Tabernilla, Francisco, 57, 141–152, 149, 155, 267, USS Maine, 97 323n62 Taino Indians, 5 V teachers strike, 165–170, 176–177, 327n20; breaking Valdespino, Félix, 29, 30, 322n58 of, 171–176. See also labor; University of Van Horne, William, 16 Havana Vasconcelos, Ramón, 174 tenant farmers, 33 Vázquez Bello, Clemente, 42, 44, 289n30 Ten Years War (1868-1878), 291n1 Vega Cobiellas, Ulpiano, xiii Torre, Carlos de la, 300n95 Verdeja, Santiago, 255 Torre, Oscar de la, 300n96 veterans, 27–28 Torres Menier, Mario, 63–65, 68, 81, 293n19 vice-presidency, 38, 47, 361n88 Torriente, Cosme de la, 147, 197, 319n10, 321n43; Hevia and, 317n137; oppression and, 325n104 W tourism industry, 24 Warm Springs Declaration, 105, 122 transportation workers strike (1933), 48 Welles, Mathilda, 54 treasury (Cuban), 25 Welles, Sumner, xv, 290nn43, 52, 56, 291n69, 295n33; Triennial Plan, 201, 231–232, 243, 246–250, 351– Batista and, 44, 51, 232, 256, 259, 307n84; Batista 352n65. See also rural education program; meeting and, 301nn8, 9; Caffery and, 122–123, sugar industry 319n8; 1936 elections and, 186–189, 191–194, Tripartite Coalition, 192, 195, 198, 200, 205, 212–213 197–198; elections of 1940 and, 357n48; Gómez tuberculosis, 30–32, 44, 285n43 and, 204, 207–208, 212; Grau and, 313n77; Hull twenty-year rule, 292n16 and, 308n85; Machado and, 45–50, 53; Mendieta and, 143–145, 159–160, 163; November uprising U and, 311n35; Revolution of 1933 and, 76–79, 85, United Fruit Company, 6–11, 45, 87, 281n16, 304n33; 87–89, 96–97, 102–104, 106–109, 306nn67, 70; Antilla Strike and, 17–18; rail system of, 19– Sergeants' Revolt and, 59, 61. See also Caffery; 21, 278n34. See also sugar industry Roosevelt; Wright; United States United Revolutionary Party (Partido Unión Whitney, Robert, 334n1 Revolucionario), 200, 253 work habits, 25 United States, ix–xiv, 2; corporations and, 278n45; Wright, J. Butler, 232, 241, 254–256, 263–265, 344n3, xv; elections and, 283n14; 1936 elections and, Caffery and, 353n5. See also Caffery; Welles 186–188, 193–194, 196–198; exile in, xv–xvi; Gómez-Batista clash and, 204–205, 207–208, Z 211–212, 214; Gómez impeachment and, 224, zafra (sugar harvest), 8 225, 227–228; Grau and, 127–129, 315n104; Zaldívar, Cándida (aunt), 14–15, 18 Hevia and, 130, 132; industry and, 287n4; Zaldívar family, 2 intervention and, 46–48, 70, 82, 305nn52, 59, Zaldívar González, Carmela (mother), 3–4, 12, 15, 279– 308n91; intervention rights of, 11, 36, 39, 280n55 303n28; labor and, 162–163, 168, 176, 183; Zayas, Alfredo, 26–29, 60, 283nn15, 16, 309n1 Machado and, 45–50, 48, 53; Mendieta and, Zaydín M. Sterling, Ramón, 343n96 159–160, 163, 189–192; Mendieta-Batista Zig-Zag (newspaper), 345–346n14 Government and, 136–140, 142–145, 147, 149, 155; occupation by, 25; policy criticism and, 301n11; Reciprocity Treaty and, 134, 137, 145–148, 262–263, 358n53; recognition and, 77–80, 123, 126, 144, 228; repression and, 158–160; Revolution of 1933 and, 76–80, 85– 89, 93, 96–97, 102–104, 106–109; Roosevelt and, 53, 204, 208, 259; Sergeants' Revolt and, 59, 61; unequal relationship with, 6–7 University of Havana, 38, 88, 98, 175–177; 1935 strike and, 165–166, 169–174; Strike Committee and, 167–168 University Strike Committee, 167–168