DOCSLIB.ORG

The Boxue Hongci 博學宏詞examinations, Literary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Boxue Hongci 博學宏詞examinations, Literary Ming Qing Yanjiu 20 (2017) 94–108 brill.com/jco The Boxue Hongci 博學宏詞 Examinations, Literary Anthologies by Emperors and the Literary Circles during the Kangxi and Qianlong Periods Bing Wang Abstract As a result of political demands and imperial cultural cultivation, the Qing Dynasty reigns of Kangxi (1661–1722) and Qianlong (1736–1796) both paid great attention to the traditional Han culture. During these periods, there were two landmark events that embodied the success of their cultural policy. These were the special examinations of boxue hongci (“breadth in learning and vastness in letters”, also called boxue hongru) in 1679 and 1736, and the publishing of numerous literary anthologies by the emperors. However, scholarly discussions have often focused mainly on aspects of political and cultural domination, and have rarely discussed the impact of these two events on liter- ary circles in the early and middle Qing Dynasty. Thus, this paper examines the boxue hongci examination and the literary anthologies by Emperors as literary events and evaluate them from three perspectives. First, with regards to literary purposes, these two events fostered the link between official and elite discourses. Second, with regards to literary styles, these two events together facilitated the emergence at the height of the Qing Dynasty styles known as qingzhen yazheng (“purity, authenticity, elegance and correctness”) and wenrou dunhou (“gentleness and restraint”). Third, with regards to literary layout, the two events changed the proportion of writers’ identity and actively advanced the balance of the north and south literary circles. Keywords Boxue examinations – Kangxi – Qianlong – Qing literary circles * National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [email protected]. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2017 | doi 10.1163/24684791-12340005Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:14:40PM via free access The Boxue Hongci 博學宏詞 Examinations, Literary Anthologies 95 Introduction In early 1678, Sanfan zhiluan 三藩之乱 (“the Revolt of the Three Feudatories”) was close to being suppressed and the land under Qing 清 (1644–1911) rule was stable. In this context, the emperor adopted the cultural policy of jigu youwen 稽古右文 (“verifying and advocating ancient culture”) to select talent, to edit various literary works, and to revitalize and strengthen domination. From the early Kangxi 康熙 period (1662–1722) to the early Qianlong 乾隆 reign (1736–1795), two public events launched by Qing officials impacted literary development. One was the boxue hongci 博學宏[鴻]詞 (“breadth in learning and vastness in letters”) examination (hereafter BHE), which was different from the traditional examinations. It revived special method of appointing scholars during the era of imperial examination, which originated in the Kaiyuan 開元 (713–741) period of the Tang 唐 Dynasty (618–907). The BHE was held twice in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, once in the 18th year of Kangxi’s reign (1679), and another in the first year of Qianlong’s reign to select the most knowledgeable and cultivated scholars who also had mas- tery of prose and poetry. In 1679, out of 154 people who participated in the examination, 50 people were selected. In 1735, out of 193 participants, 15 people were selected. In the following year’s supplementary examination, only 4 out of 26 candidates were chosen. The other event was the compilation of numer- ous Yuxuan zongji 御選總集 (Literary Anthologies by Emperors, hereafter LAE). In the section entitled Zongji 總集 (General collection) of the Siku Quanshu 四庫全書, eighteen anthologies specifically indicated yuding 御定, qinding 欽定, yuxuan 御選, yuzhi 御製 (all meaning “decreed/selected by Emperor”), such as Yuxuan guwen yuanjian 御選古文淵鑒 (Profound mirror of ancient- style prose selected by Emperor), Yuding quan Tangshi 御定全唐詩 (A complete edition of Tang poetry selected by Emperor), Yuxuan Tang Song shichun 御選 唐宋詩醇 (Essence of Tang and Song poetry selected by Emperor) and Qinding sishu wen 欽定四書文 (Anthology of four books prose authorized by Emperor), etc. In compiling these collections, emperors directly or indirectly expressed their preferences and will. In ancient China, corresponding to the social strata, literary discourse was divided into three types: official discourse, elite discourse and folk discourse. Michel Foucault’s theory of power discourse held that royal power, as the high- est level of authority, controlled the production of knowledge and culture. Furthermore, people’s values were influenced by knowledge and culture, and different cognitive styles likewise created different discourses.1 Thus, it can 1 See Foucault 1980: 78–108. Ming Qing Yanjiu 20 (2017) 94–108 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:14:40PM via free access 96 WaNG Power Disseminate Folk Literary Professional Literary Events Literary World Life Ocial Discourse F Elit Scholarly Literary olk Discourse BHE Reading Community e Discourse Model Literary Texts Consumption LAE Critique Literary Criteria Acceptance Figure 1 The pathways of official discourse. be concluded that the BHE and LAE were producers of official discourse in the Qing Dynasty. In addition, these two literary events representing official discourse would influence elite discourse of the professional or elite literary world, which was comprised of the scholarly community, the model texts and the critique criteria. Then, via relationships of social power, elite discourse continued on to influence ordinary folks’ literary life, including the reading of literature and the consumption and acceptance of ideas. This graph captured the influence of official discourse on elite and folk discourse. 1 Change in the Mentality of Scholars: The Coexistence of Official and Elite Discourse Since the Manchus conquered China and founded the Qing dynasty in 1644, emperors of different reigns emphasized on the appointment of Han 漢 intel- lectuals and their culture. The BHE not only attracted certain Han intellectual elites but also alleviated tension between the Manchu and the Han to a cer- tain extent. Similarly, the compilation of numerous LAEs would include many scholars at that time and highlight the ruler’s cultural policies. 1.1 The Influence of BHE on Scholars’ Career Choice as an Official or an Anchoret In January 1678, Emperor Kangxi decreed: 自古一代之興，必有博學鴻儒，振起文運，闡發經史，潤色詞章，以備顧問 著作之選。朕萬幾餘暇，遊心文翰，思得博學之士，用資典學. .凡有 學行兼優、文詞卓越之士，不論已仕未仕，令在京三品以上，及科道官員， 在外督撫布按，各舉所知，朕將親試錄用。 Ming QingDownloaded Yanjiu from 20 Brill.com09/25/2021 (2017) 94–108 02:14:40PM via free access The Boxue Hongci 博學宏詞 Examinations, Literary Anthologies 97 From ancient times, whenever a dynasty arose, of necessity there were profound scholars of vast learning who fostered the literary develop- ment, expounded the Classics and Histories, and enriched the literary style, thus preparing themselves for selection as advisers and writers. I, in my spare time after enacting the ten thousand affairs, gladden my heart with literature; and it is my wish to obtain scholars of vast learning who could be used as aides in the classical studies . With respect to whoever is equally excellent in knowledge and conduct and surpassing in prose and song styles, whether already in service or not, I herewith order, within the Capital those officials whose ranks are above the third grade and those who are in the Censorate, and outside the Capital the viceroys and governors, the provincial financial commissioners and the provincial judicial commissioners, all to recommend those of whom they know, so that I might personally submit them to an examination for appointment.2 After publishing the imperial edict, Emperor Kangxi repeatedly ordered the Ministry of Personnel to charge officials in every province and district to find and recommend talent. The edict was so severe as to appear threaten- ing. Initially, many Ming 明 (1368–1644) loyalists refused recruitment attempts using excuses such as illness or needing to care for parents. For instance, Li Yong 李顒 (1627–1705) declined seven times. Gu Yanwu 顧炎武 (1613–1682) disobeyed the order despite the perceived threat of execution. Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲 (1610–1695) declined the appointment with the excuse that his old mother needed care. However, the Qing government did not punish scholars who refused appointments. On the contrary, the government rewarded schol- ars who accepted their appointment by allocating heating materials and money every month to them. Even those who took the exam perfunctorily, such as Yan Shengsun 嚴繩孫 (1623–1702), the government still held a tolerant attitude and finally admitted them. Some scholars such as Fu Shan 傅山 (1607–1684), who refused to take the exam and had been repatriated to his place of origin, were given official positions by the Qing government, albeit lower positions. Thus, the Qing government adopted moderate policies that did not include coercion. Meanwhile, these policies had a major impact on the life choices and liter- ary perspectives of Ming loyalists. Even people such as Gu and Huang, who remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty by refusing to serve the Qing government, 2 Qing Shengzu ren huangdi shilu 清實錄:聖祖仁皇帝實錄: vol. 71, p. 910a. This translation is adapted from Hellmut 1951: 61. Ming Qing Yanjiu 20 (2017) 94–108 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:14:40PM via free access 98 WaNG were supportive of their students and descendants who chose to engage in Qing politics. As Dai Mingshi 戴名世 (1653–1713) said: 自明之亡,東南舊臣,多義不仕宦,而其家子弟仍習舉業、取科第,多不以非。 Since the doom of the Ming Dynasty, most scholars and officials refused to serve Qing Dynasty because of their loyalty; however, most of them did not opposed their descendants to learn how to pass the imperial exam for official positions.3 Although some early Ming loyalists reluctantly accepted Qing patronage, later scholars still remained ambivalent. An interesting example was Pan Lei 潘耒 (1646–1708), a disciple of Gu Yanwu, who vacillated at first. Before recruitment, he wrote a poem, 只合從容求放免，林泉深處好偷生。 I beg forgiveness for not wishing to be recruited, as I would like to live in seclusion instead.4 However, after recruitment he wrote, 臣幸生雍熙之代,為侍從之臣。預在末班,遭逢曠典,豈可使鴻林盛美郁而 不宣？ I am thankful to be able to live in a peaceful age, and serve the Emperor as an official.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Literatura Orientu W Piśmiennictwie Polskim XIX W
    Recenzent dr hab. Kinga Paraskiewicz Projekt okładki Igor Stanisławski Na okładce wykorzystano fragment anonimowego obrazu w stylu kad żarskim „Kobieta trzymaj ąca diadem” (Iran, poł. XIX w.), ze zbiorów Państwowego Muzeum Ermita żu, nr kat. VP 1112 Ksi ąż ka finansowana w ramach programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy ższego pod nazw ą „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” w latach 2013-2017 © Copyright by individual authors, 2016 ISBN 978-83-7638-926-4 KSI ĘGARNIA AKADEMICKA ul. św. Anny 6, 31-008 Kraków tel./faks 12-431-27-43, 12-421-13-87 e-mail: [email protected] Ksi ęgarnia internetowa www.akademicka.pl Spis tre ści Słowo wst ępne . 7 Ignacy Krasicki, O rymotwórstwie i rymotwórcach. Cz ęść dziewi ąta: o rymotwórcach wschodnich (fragmenty) . 9 § I. 11 § III. Pilpaj . 14 § IV. Ferduzy . 17 Assedy . 18 Saady . 20 Suzeni . 22 Katebi . 24 Hafiz . 26 § V. O rymotwórstwie chi ńskim . 27 Tou-fu . 30 Lipe . 31 Chaoyung . 32 Kien-Long . 34 Diwani Chod ża Hafyz Szirazi, zbiór poezji Chod ży Hafyza z Szyrazu, sławnego rymotwórcy perskiego przez Józefa S ękowskiego . 37 Wilhelm Münnich, O poezji perskiej . 63 Gazele perskiego poety Hafiza (wolny przekład z perskiego) przeło żył Jan Wiernikowski . 101 Józef Szujski, Rys dziejów pi śmiennictwa świata niechrze ścija ńskiego (fragmenty) . 115 Odczyt pierwszy: Świat ras niekaukaskich z Chinami na czele . 119 Odczyt drugi: Aryjczycy. Świat Hindusów. Wedy. Ksi ęgi Manu. Budaizm . 155 Odczyt trzeci: Epopeja indyjskie: Mahabharata i Ramajana . 183 Odczyt czwarty: Kalidasa i Dszajadewa [D źajadewa] . 211 Odczyt pi ąty: Aryjczycy. Lud Zendów – Zendawesta. Firduzi. Saadi. Hafis . 233 Piotr Chmielowski, Edward Grabowski, Obraz literatury powszechnej w streszczeniach i przekładach (fragmenty) .
    [Show full text]
  • Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907)
    Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 BuYun Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen During the Tang dynasty, an increased capacity for change created a new value system predicated on the accumulation of wealth and the obsolescence of things that is best understood as fashion. Increased wealth among Tang elites was paralleled by a greater investment in clothes, which imbued clothes with new meaning. Intellectuals, who viewed heightened commercial activity and social mobility as symptomatic of an unstable society, found such profound changes in the vestimentary landscape unsettling. For them, a range of troubling developments, including crisis in the central government, deep suspicion of the newly empowered military and professional class, and anxiety about waste and obsolescence were all subsumed under the trope of fashionable dressing. The clamor of these intellectuals about the widespread desire to be “current” reveals the significant space fashion inhabited in the empire – a space that was repeatedly gendered female. This dissertation considers fashion as a system of social practices that is governed by material relations – a system that is also embroiled in the politics of the gendered self and the body. I demonstrate that this notion of fashion is the best way to understand the process through which competition for status and self-identification among elites gradually broke away from the imperial court and its system of official ranks.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming-Qing Women's Song Lyrics to the Tune Man Jiang Hong
    engendering heroism: ming-qing women’s song 1 ENGENDERING HEROISM: MING-QING WOMEN’S SONG LYRICS TO THE TUNE MAN JIANG HONG* by LI XIAORONG (McGill University) Abstract The heroic lyric had long been a masculine symbolic space linked with the male so- cial world of career and achievement. However, the participation of a critical mass of Ming-Qing women lyricists, whose gendered consciousness played a role in their tex- tual production, complicated the issue. This paper examines how women crossed gen- der boundaries to appropriate masculine poetics, particularly within the dimension of the heroic lyric to the tune Man jiang hong, to voice their reflections on larger historical circumstances as well as women’s gender roles in their society. The song lyric (ci 詞), along with shi 詩 poetry, was one of the dominant genres in which late imperial Chinese women writers were active.1 The two conceptual categories in the aesthetics and poetics of the song lyric—“masculine” (haofang 豪放) and “feminine” (wanyue 婉約)—may have primarily referred to the textual performance of male authors in the tradition. However, the participation of a critical mass of Ming- Qing women lyricists, whose gendered consciousness played a role in * This paper was originally presented in the Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, New York, March 27-30, 2003. I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Grace S. Fong for her guidance and encouragement in the course of writing this pa- per. I would like to also express my sincere thanks to Professors Robin Yates, Robert Hegel, Daniel Bryant, Beata Grant, and Harriet Zurndorfer and to two anonymous readers for their valuable comments and suggestions that led me to think further on some critical issues in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • The Boxue Hongci 博學宏詞examinations, Literary
    Ming Qing Yanjiu 20 (2017) 94–108 brill.com/jco The Boxue Hongci 博學宏詞 Examinations, Literary Anthologies by Emperors and the Literary Circles during the Kangxi and Qianlong Periods Bing Wang Abstract As a result of political demands and imperial cultural cultivation, the Qing Dynasty reigns of Kangxi (1661–1722) and Qianlong (1736–1796) both paid great attention to the traditional Han culture. During these periods, there were two landmark events that embodied the success of their cultural policy. These were the special examinations of boxue hongci (“breadth in learning and vastness in letters”, also called boxue hongru) in 1679 and 1736, and the publishing of numerous literary anthologies by the emperors. However, scholarly discussions have often focused mainly on aspects of political and cultural domination, and have rarely discussed the impact of these two events on liter- ary circles in the early and middle Qing Dynasty. Thus, this paper examines the boxue hongci examination and the literary anthologies by Emperors as literary events and evaluate them from three perspectives. First, with regards to literary purposes, these two events fostered the link between official and elite discourses. Second, with regards to literary styles, these two events together facilitated the emergence at the height of the Qing Dynasty styles known as qingzhen yazheng (“purity, authenticity, elegance and correctness”) and wenrou dunhou (“gentleness and restraint”). Third, with regards to literary layout, the two events changed the proportion of writers’ identity and actively advanced the balance of the north and south literary circles. Keywords Boxue examinations – Kangxi – Qianlong – Qing literary circles * National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Publications Were Issued in Latin Or German
    August 23–28, 2016 St. Petersburg, Russia EACS 2016 21st Biennial Conference of the European Association for Chinese Studies Book of ABStractS 2016 EACS- The European Association for Chinese Studies The European Association for Chinese Studies (EACS) is an international organization representing China scholars from all over Europe. Currently it has more than 700 members. It was founded in 1975 and is registered in Paris. It is a non-profit orga- nization not engaging in any political activity. The purpose of the Association is to promote and foster, by every possible means, scholarly activities related to Chinese Studies in Europe. The EACS serves not only as the scholarly rep- resentative of Chinese Studies in Europe but also as contact or- ganization for academic matters in this field. One of the Association’s major activities are the biennial con- ferences hosted by various centres of Chinese Studies in diffe- rent European countries. The papers presented at these confer- ences comprise all fields from traditional Sinology to studies of modern China. In addition, summer schools and workshops are organized under the auspices of the EACS. The Association car- ries out scholarly projects on an irregular basis. Since 1995 the EACS has provided Library Travel Grants to support short visits for research in major sinological libraries in Western Europe. The scheme is funded by the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation and destined for PhD students and young scholars, primarily from Eastern European countries. The EACS furthers the careers of young scholars by awarding a Young Scholar Award for outstanding research. A jury selects the best three of the submitted papers, which are then presented at the next bi-an- nual conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Miscellaneous Subjects from Japan of Huang Zunxian (1848-1905)
    Early Modern Cross-Cultural Perspectives: the Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects from Japan of Huang Zunxian (1848-1905) RU， , hyw'.. 卜』 /1.林可 田主彰 n G3 mo、 JFO 3 KnU tr-­ n­nu ATE 、 ﹒仇 凹 n ω Huang Zunxian 黃遵憲， diplomat, statesman, rustorian, and poet, w的 a natÌve of Jiayingzhou 嘉應州(p resent-day Meizhou 梅州)， Guangdong, 企om a H泳協 (X可ia) 客家 family ， which, like so many of the area, had originally moved 企om northem China and settled during the Song and Yuan eras (ten出-出 irteen也 centuries). Hu組 g's family had achieved local promi­ nence by the time of rus great-grandfa也 er，也 d Huang's fa也缸， Huang Hongzao 黃鴻藻(1 828-1891) ， had a long and dis也guished 0伍 cial c訂 eer and is remembered in history for his management of supplies to the Chinese 缸myd盯 ing 血 e Sino-French W訂 (1882-1884) 也 southem Guangdong and Vietnam. Huang Zunxi徊 's 0伍 cial c缸eer began in 1877, when he became Coun­ selor to 也 e Imperial Chinese Legation in Tokyo (Canzanguan 參贊官)， Secre taIγ (Shujiguan 書記官) responsible for researching and drafting documents ，組lO ng other duties ，也甘d in rank after the Ambassador (Gongshi 公士 or Dachen 大臣) and Vice-Ambassador (Fugo咚.shi 副公士 IFudachen 副大臣)， a post he filled until 1882 when he was appointed Consul-General in San Francisco. He stayed in Califomia until 1889, re­ i••• -TB tumed briefly to Chi凶， and the following ye訂 he was installed as Counselor i to the Chinese Legation in London. In 1891 Huang became Consul-General in Singapore, where he remained until 1894.
    [Show full text]
  • Representing Talented Women in Eighteenth-Century Chinese Painting: Thirteen Female Disciples Seeking Instruction at the Lake Pavilion
    REPRESENTING TALENTED WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE PAINTING: THIRTEEN FEMALE DISCIPLES SEEKING INSTRUCTION AT THE LAKE PAVILION By Copyright 2016 Janet C. Chen Submitted to the graduate degree program in Art History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Marsha Haufler ________________________________ Amy McNair ________________________________ Sherry Fowler ________________________________ Jungsil Jenny Lee ________________________________ Keith McMahon Date Defended: May 13, 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Janet C. Chen certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: REPRESENTING TALENTED WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE PAINTING: THIRTEEN FEMALE DISCIPLES SEEKING INSTRUCTION AT THE LAKE PAVILION ________________________________ Chairperson Marsha Haufler Date approved: May 13, 2016 ii Abstract As the first comprehensive art-historical study of the Qing poet Yuan Mei (1716–97) and the female intellectuals in his circle, this dissertation examines the depictions of these women in an eighteenth-century handscroll, Thirteen Female Disciples Seeking Instructions at the Lake Pavilion, related paintings, and the accompanying inscriptions. Created when an increasing number of women turned to the scholarly arts, in particular painting and poetry, these paintings documented the more receptive attitude of literati toward talented women and their support in the social and artistic lives of female intellectuals. These pictures show the women cultivating themselves through literati activities and poetic meditation in nature or gardens, common tropes in portraits of male scholars. The predominantly male patrons, painters, and colophon authors all took part in the formation of the women’s public identities as poets and artists; the first two determined the visual representations, and the third, through writings, confirmed and elaborated on the designated identities.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagery of Female Daoists in Tang and Song Poetry
    Imagery of Female Daoists in Tang and Song Poetry by Yang Liu B.A. Changchun Normal University, 1985 M.A. Jilin University, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April, 2011 © Yang Liu, 2011 Abstract This dissertation involves a literary study that aims to understand the lives of female Daoists who lived from the eighth to the twelfth centuries in China. Together with an examination of the various individual qualities manifested in their poetry, this study includes related historical background, biographical information and a discussion of the aspirations and cultural life of the female clergy. Unlike some of the previous scholarship that has examined Daoist deities and mythical figures described in hagiographical texts and literary creations, or on topics such as the Divine Mother of the West and miscellaneous goddesses and fairies, this work takes the perspective of examining female Daoists as historical persons who lived in real Daoist convents. As such, this work concentrates on the assorted images of female Daoists presented in their own poetic works, including those of Yu Xuanji, Li Ye, Yuan Chun, Cao Wenyi and Sun Bu-er. Furthermore, this thesis also examines poetic works about female Daoists written by male literati from both inside and outside the Daoist religion. I do this in order to illustrate how elite men, the group with whom female Daoists interacted most frequently, appreciated and portrayed these special women and their poetry. I believe that a study of their works on Daoist women will not only allow us a better understanding of the nature and characters of female Daoists, but will also contribute to our knowledge of intellectual life in Tang and Song society.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents and Contributors
    Contents List of Entries viii List of Contributors ix Introduction and Acknowledgments xxx Joan Lebold Cohen xxxviii Volume 1 Abacus to Cult of Maitreya Volume 2 Cultural Revolution to HU Yaobang Volume 3 Huai River to Old Prose Movement Volume 4 Olympics Games of 2008 to TANG Yin Volume 5 Tangshan Earthquake, Great to ZUO Zongtang Image Sources Volume 5, page 2666 Index Volume 5, page 2667 © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC List of Entries Abacus Asian Games BORODIN, Mikhail Academia Sinica Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Boxer Protocol (Xinchou Treaty) Acrobatics Atheism Boxer Rebellion Acupuncture Australia China Friendship Society Boycotts and Economic Adoption Australia-China Relations Nationalism Africa-China Relations Auto Industry BRIDGMAN, E. C. Agricultural Cooperatives Autonomous Areas British American Tobacco Movement BA Jin Company Agriculture Bamboo British Association for Chinese Agro-geography Bank of China Studies American Chamber of Commerce Banking—History British Chamber of Commerce in in China Banking—Modern China Ami Harvest Festival Banque de l’Indochine Bronzes of the Shang Dynasty An Lushan (An Shi) Rebellion Baojia Brookings Institution Analects Baosteel Group Buddhism Ancestor Worship Beijing Buddhism, Chan Anhui Province Beijing Consensus Buddhism, Four Sacred Sites of Antidrug Campaigns Bian Que Buddhism, Persecution of Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Bianzhong Buddhism, Pure Land Anyang Bishu Shanzhuang Buddhism, Tibetan Aquaculture Black Gold Politics Buddhist Association of China Archaeology and
    [Show full text]
  • Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 230 August, 2012 Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD) by Lucas Christopoulos Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Images of the Immortal : the Cult of Lu Dongbin At
    IMAGES OF THE IMMORTAL IMAGES OF THE THE CULT OF LÜ DONGBIN AT THE PALACE OF ETERNAL JOY IMMORTAL Paul R. Katz University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu © 1999 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 040302010099 54321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Katz, Paul R., 1961– Images of the immortal: the cult of Lü Dongbin at the Palace of Eternal Joy/Paul R. Katz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–8248–2170–X (alk. paper) 1. Yung-le kung (Temple; Jui-ch’eng, China) 2. Lü, Tung- pin, b. 798. 3. Taoism. I. Title. II. Title: Cult of Lü Dongbin at the Palace of Eternal Joy. BL1941.5.J84K37 1999 99–31640 299’.51—dc21 CIP University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by Jeanne Calabrese Printed by The Maple Vail Manufacturing Group To Shufen, Emily, and Philip Contents Preface ix Notes on Citation and Transliteration xiii Periods of Chinese History xv Abbreviations xvi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Site—the Palace of Eternal Joy 24 Chapter 2 The Cult—the Immortal Lü Dongbin 52 Chapter 3 Text 1—Temple Inscriptions 94 Chapter 4 Text 2—the Murals 131 Chapter 5 Reception and Reinterpretation 177 Conclusion 195 Appendix A Stele Inscriptions at the Palace of Eternal Joy 203 Appendix B Hagiographic Murals in the Hall of Purified Yang 211 Notes 225 Glossary 247 Bibliography 257 Index 299 vii Preface hortly after completing the rough draft of this book, I received the summerS 1997 issue of the Asian Studies Newsletter (vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Bachelor's Thesis
    MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Arts China Studies Seminar Bachelor‘s Thesis 2018 Petra Zigáčková MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Arts China Studies Seminar Petra Zigáčková The Life and Work of the Tang Poet Li He Bachelor‘s Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Lucie Olivová, MA, Ph.D., DSc. Brno 2018 I hereby declare that the submitted thesis is the result of my own original independent work. All references have been properly cited and acknowledged. ………………………… Acknowledgement I would like to give special thanks to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Lucie Olivová, MA, Ph.D., DSc., for the professional and patient guidance she has been providing me with throughout the whole process of writing the thesis. Anotace Cílem této práce je představení čínského básníka Li He žijícím v období panování dynastie Tang. Li He se proslavil díky svému jedinečnému básnickému stylu, reprezentovaným především v básních ve starém stylu gushi a básních ve stylu lidových písní yuefu. Práce seznamuje s básníkovým životem a poté se zaměřuje na jeho básnickou tvorbu. Básníkův styl s označením changji ti je analyzován z hlediska jeho formálních a stylistických kvalit. Z dochovaných básní básníka Li He je hlubší pozornost věnována jeho básním fantastickým, milostným, historickým, autobiografickým a básním, které Li He věnoval svým přátelům. Jednotlivé popisy typů tvorby jsou doplněny ukázkami. Tyto ukázky básní jsou interpretovány v kontextu básníkova života. V podkapitolách jsou stručně nastíněny oblíbené básnické žánry dynastie Tang a jejich představitelé. Také je věnována pozornost dílům a osobnostem, které ovlivnily tvorbu Li He, např. básníci Li Bai a Han Yu. V neposlední řadě je krátce zhodnocen básníkův odkaz a jeho přijetí veřejností.
    [Show full text]