T S the Social Phenomenology of Alfred Schütz and Its Contribution For

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DOI: 10.1590/S0080-623420130000300030 T The social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz HEORETICAL and its contribution for the nursing

A FENOMENOLOGIA SOCIAL DE ALFRED SCHÜTZ E SUA CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA A ENFERMAGEM S TUDY LA FENOMENOLOGÍA DE ALFRED SCHÜTZ Y SU CONTRIBUCIÓN PARA ENFERMERÍA

Maria Cristina Pinto de Jesus1, Creusa Capalbo2, Miriam Aparecida Barbosa Merighi3, Deíse Moura de Oliveira4, Florence Romijn Tocantins5, Benedita Maria Rêgo Deusdará Rodrigues6, Lia Leão Ciuffo7

ABSTRACT RESUMO RESUMEN Nursing care can be considered a social O cuidado de enfermagem pode ser con- El cuidado de enfermería puede ser con- ac on that is set in the everyday world, siderado uma ação social que tem como siderado una acción social que ene como where intersubjec ve rela ons are estab- cenário o mundo cotidiano, onde são escenario el mundo co diano, donde son lished and must be valued by the nurse estabelecidas relações intersubje vas que establecidas relaciones intersubje vas que in the diff erent contexts in which it acts. devem ser valorizadas pelo enfermeiro nos deben ser valoradas por el enfermero en los It is a theore cal study which aimed to diversos contextos em que atua. Estudo diferentes contextos en que actúa. Estudio highlight the main concepts of the social teórico que teve como obje vo destacar teórico que tuvo como obje vo poner de phenomenology of Alfred Schütz’s and as principais concepções da fenomenologia relieve las principales concepciones teóricas its contribution to Nursing as a knowl- social de Alfred Schütz e sua contribuição de la fenomenología social de Alfred Schütz y edge and professional prac ce fi eld. The para a Enfermagem como área de conhec- su contribución para Enfermería como un área following questions guided this study: imento e prá ca profi ssional. As seguintes de conocimiento y prác ca profesional. Las what is the understanding of caring in questões nortearam este estudo: qual a siguientes preguntas orientaron este estudio: Nursing from the perspec ve of the social compreensão do cuidar em Enfermagem ¿Cuál es la comprensión del cuidado en En- phenomenology of Alfred Schütz’s? How sob a ótica da fenomenologia social de fermería, desde la perspec va de la fenome- to apply Alfred Schütz’s theore cal con- Alfred Schütz? Como aplicar as concepções nología social de Alfred Schütz? ¿Cómo aplicar cepts in the ac on of caring in Nursing? teóricas de Alfred Schütz na ação de cuidar los conceptos teóricos de Alfred Schütz, en la The theoretical concepts of the social em Enfermagem? Foram demarcadas tais acción del cuidado en Enfermería?. Fueron phenomenology and their interface with concepções e a interface destas com a demarcadas las concepciones teóricas y la Nursing were delimited. By incorpora ng Enfermagem. Ao incorporar à Enferma- relación de las mismas con Enfermería. Al the concepts of the theory of social ac on gem conceitos da teoria da ação social incorporar a Enfermería conceptos de la developed by Alfred Schütz into Nursing, elaborados por Alfred Schütz, este estudo teoría de acción social elaborados por Alfred this study allows nurses to value and apply permite ao enfermeiro valorizar e aplicar Schütz, permite al enfermero valorar y aplicar the aspects highlighted by this theore cal os aspectos apontados por este referencial los aspectos nombrados por este referencial framework within healthcare, educa on teórico no âmbito assistencial, no ensino e teórico en el ámbito asistencial, en la docencia and scien fi c research. na inves gação cien fi ca. y en la inves gación cien fi ca.

DESCRIPTORS DESCRITORES DESCRIPTORES Nursing care Cuidados de enfermagem Atención de enfermería Philosophy Filosoﬁ a Filoso a Sociology Sociologia Sociología Nursing research Pesquisa em enfermagem Inves gación en enfermería Qualita ve research Pesquisa qualita va Inves gación cualita va

1 Doctorate. Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (Federal University of Juiz de Fora. Juiz de Fora), MG, Brazil. [email protected] 2 Philosopher. Retired Professor of the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (State University of Rio de Janeiro). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. [email protected] 3 Full Professor, School of Nursing, University of São Paulo. São Paulo,SP, Brazil. [email protected] 4 Doctoral Student from the School of Nursing, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo). São Paulo, SP, Brazil. [email protected] 5 Full Professor of Alfredo Pinto Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. ﬂ [email protected] 6 Full Professor of the School of Nursing at the State University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. [email protected] 7 Doctoral Student from the School of Nursing at the State University of Rio de Janeiro. Assistant Professor of Nursing Anna Nery School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. [email protected]

Português / Inglês Received: 12/08/2011 Rev Esc Enferm USP www.scielo.br/reeusp Approved: 02/15/2013 2013; 47(3):728-33 www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/ 728 INTRODUCTION to evidence the applicability of the theore cal framework of Alfred Schütz in knowledge construc on and development The phenomenological perspec ve is an alterna ve re- of Nursing. search that contributes to an eff ec ve look on experiences In contemporary mes, the ramifi ca ons of this ini a ve related to health-disease process in human beings, especially translate into publica ons especially coming from academic those experienced in diff erent assistance and healthcare set- (1) research in diff erent areas of Nursing knowledge, cons tut- ngs . This comprehensive inves ga ve approach has been ing scien fi c evidence relevant to the area(10-15). used in Nursing research. It is important to no ce that, as a fi eld of knowledge and professional prac ce, Nursing consists Considering the diff usion of scien fi c produc on in fundamentally in the rela onship between human beings Nursing based on Alfred Schütz, the following ques ons whose understanding is an important indicator of healthcare(2). arised: what is the understanding of caring in Nursing from the perspec ve of social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz? A bibliometric study on Brazilian dissertations and How to apply the theore cal concepts of Alfred Schütz in theses which had used phenomenological approach in the ac on of caring in Nursing? Nursing found that most theore cal and philosophical references that supported analysis were based on the This study aims to highlight the main theore cal con- concep ons of Heidegger (50.4%), Alfred Schütz (21.7%) cep ons of social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz and its and Merleau-Ponty (20%) between 1981-2002(3). contribu on to Nursing as a fi eld of knowledge and professional prac ce. It is hoped that the knowledge generated In the present study, emphasis is given to the theore cal provides a reference for researchers who use or will use this framework of social phenomenology, spe- theore cal framework in Nursing and relat- cifi cally on social phenomenology of Alfred In Brazil, since the ed fi elds. Nurses in prac ce are expected to Schütz, which is based on understanding poten alize the social dimension inscribed 1990s, Nursing the ac on of individuals in the social world, in the care rela onship within the diff erent having as reference the rela onships among has been using contexts of care where they act bearing the (4) subjects in everyday experiences . the theoretical look proposed by Schütz. Schütz proposes the conduc on of a phil- framework of social phenomenology of THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS OF osophical inves ga on on the nature of the THE SOCIAL PHENOMENOLOGY ac on, basically using the studies of Edmund Alfred Schütz to support OF ALFRED SCHÜTZ Husserl to work on the concept of meaning. the development of That is analyzed in the everyday and not in qualitative research, the realm of transcendental phenomenolog- The sociologist Alfred Schütz (1899- especially in Stricto 1959) based his thinking in two philoso- ical reduc on. It refers to the understanding sensu graduate studies. of people’s ac ons in the world of life, as phers, understood as the cornerstones of subjects themselves or within the intersub- his work: Max Weber and Edmund Husserl. jec ve rela onship, mediated by the eide c descrip on, i.e., Max Weber inspired Schütz by bringing out by an invariant structure, a priori unique, of a society of living a perspec ve of interpreta on of social reality based on the minds aware of the world where they are(5). signifi ca on of the acts by the person who prac ces them. The contribu on of Schütz to Weber’s postulate was to Taking care of others presupposes considering the deepen the meaning of human ac ons in the social world. In playing fi eld of Nursing as one of interac ons among sub- this sense, he sought in Husserl the philosophical framework jec ves, recognizing it as a complex environment and space that allowed him to understand social phenomena from the of human ac vi es that require understanding of the social meaning a ributed by the subject to the ac on, suppor ng ac on of the subjects they contain(6). the concepts of inten onality and intersubjec vity(5). Worldwide, scien fi c studies on the phenomenology Schütz’s fi rst work was published in 1932, in Vienna, reference of social rela onship in health and Nursing have en tled Der Sinnha e Sozialen Au au der Welt (The con- been developed in a more expressive way in English (United struc on of meaningful social world) understood as crucial States), Portuguese (Brazil) and Japanese (Japan). These for bringing the merge of Weber’s and Husserl’s thoughts. In studies concentrate on various topics, focusing on bioethics, 1939, Schütz came to the United States, where he con nued with an apprecia on of the experiences of the subjects in his career as a sociologist, researcher and writer. Altogether, the health-disease process and in healthcare(7). he published 33 texts during his life me, mostly in English, some translated into French, German and Spanish. Post- In Brazil, since the 1990s, Nursing has been using the humously, the three volumes of the Collected Papers were theore cal framework of social phenomenology of Alfred published in English, containing most of his wri en texts(5). Schütz to support the development of qualita ve research, especially in Stricto sensu graduate studies. Emphasis is Schütz discusses the structure of reality and emphasizes given on the pioneer academic studies(8-9) that contributed the social rela onship as a key element in the interpreta on

The social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz Rev Esc Enferm USP and its contribution for nursing 2013; 47(3):728-33 Jesus MPC, Capalbo C, Merighi MAB, Oliveira DM, www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/ 729 Tocantins FR, Rodrigues BMRD, Ciuffo LL of the meanings of the subjects’ ac ons in the everyday possibili es of doing so are directly linked to the elements world. For this reason, he considers essen al understand- of the present experienced. The biographical situa on and ing what occurs in everyday human existence in the world the body of knowledge available and accessible condi on of life, considered the social world. Sciences that aim to the projec on of the ac on(4). When performing the ac on, interpret the human ac on must start with a descrip on its original meaning – they way it was planned – can be of the fundamental structures formed by prerefl exive, i.e. modifi ed, considering how it was eff ec ve, opening up a the reality that shows itself as clear and unques onable for range of infi nite refl ec ons(17). men. This reality is the everyday world(16), which is perme- ated by a structure that enables the social construc on of Ac on is interpreted by the subject from their exis- subjects and infl uences their rela onships. ten al mo ves, derived from the experiences recorded in subjec vity, cons tu ng leading wires of the ac on For the social phenomenology, the everyday world is in the social world. Those rela ng to the achievement of the scenario where human beings live, which is previously objec ves, expecta ons, projects are called reasons for structured prior to his birth. Reading this established reality and those based on history, body of knowledge, experi- makes man act naturally, from what is presented to him as ence within the biopsychosocial context of the person are a social reality. Moreover, he has the ability to intervene called reasons why(4). in this world naturally, infl uencing and being infl uenced, transforming himself con nuously and changing social The set of reasons for and why refers to typical situa- structures. Schütz calls this way of the subject to put himself ons with typical means and purposes. They do not refl ect in the world of life natural aƫ tude(16). the full fl ow of consciousness of the other in the social rela ons, since, for this to occur, it is necessary that this The everyday world is considered a cultural and fl ow occurs en rely, which is impossible(17). From the point inter-subjec ve world, as men coexist and live together, of view of the social sciences, the possible understanding not only bodily and among objects, but also as being en- of man in the world of life takes place through a subjec ve dowed with a consciousness that is essen ally similar(4). It is perspec ve of social rela ons. The transcendence of this intersubjec ve because the subject is bound up in diff erent understanding requires the researcher to distance himself social rela onships, understanding and being understood from the subject to observe it and to develop a conceptual through them. It is cultural, because from the beginning this framework from the objec fi ca on of subjec ve matrix of world is a universe of meaning which must be interpreted sense, gathering informa on about the world of common to guide and lead the human being(4). sense – the typifi ca on(17). In order to live in this world, man is guided by the way The idea of typifi ca on is one of the most important and he defi nes the scenario of ac on, interprets its possibili es representa ve concep ons of phenomenology. It favors the and faces its challenges. That precedes the recogni on of apprehension of an anonymous and objec ve knowledge of the individual’s current status, consis ng of a sedimented the phenomenon, which will unfold from the experiences history in all its previous subjec ve experiences(4). The ma- and subjec ve and intersubjec ve experiences(4). trix of all social ac on has a common sense, yet each person lies in a specifi c way in the world of life, which Schütz(4) calls The typifi ca on refers to a conceptual framework that biographical situa on. unites the conscious experiences of a person or a group in the social world. It is an invariant representa on of the Every person, during his whole life, sees the world from ac on or the person/group that makes it homogeneous, the perspec ve of his own interests, mo ves, desires, ideo- refraining individual characteris cs(4). Because it is an ob- logical and religious commitments. The reality of common jec ve elabora on, it can be expressed through meaningful sense is culturally considered universal, however, the way language, being recognized and understood by those who these forms are expressed in individual life depends on the experience a similar situa on. Therefore, understanding totality of experience that the subject constructs in the that part of the existen al mo va on has both a meaning course of his concrete existence. This experience brings a that is subjec ve – because it was experienced by the sub- body of knowledge that is available and accessible according jects – and objec ve – which refers to a concrete situa on to the biographical situa on of the subject(4). that shows itself signifi cant and relevant for those who experience the phenomenon inves gated. The body of knowledge is primarily cons tuted through the parents, considered the mediators of human inser on The characteristics typified assume that the re- in the social world. Besides those, knowledge added by searcher considers the principles of science to ensure educators and by prac cal experience sum up, which con- the scientific validity of existing models (postulate of nuously structure this collec on, cons tu ng on a basis logical consistency), the subjective meaning of the action for subsequent ac on(4). Schütz defi nes ac on as human (postulate of subjective interpretation) and the compat- conduct designed by the subject inten onal and purpose- ibility between the constructions of the researcher and fully. When designing the ac on, the person an cipates the experiences of the common sense of social reality behavior – the act as if it had been accomplished – and the (postulate of adequacy)(17).

Rev Esc Enferm USP The social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz 2013; 47(3):728-33 and its contribution for nursing 730 www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/ Jesus MPC, Capalbo C, Merighi MAB, Oliveira DM, Tocantins FR, Rodrigues BMRD, Ciuffo LL CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE SOCIAL are typical construc ons of objects of thought that refl ect PHENOMENOLOGY OF ALFRED SCHÜTZ the understanding of this object and its aspects known to FOR NURSING people in the social world(4). Contemporaneous Nursing has Florence Nigh ngale as Nursing has caring as social action, involving pioneer, who established important founda ons for profes- acts, behaviors and attitudes that are related to the sional Nursing in the world, giving rise to the typifi ca on of health-disease process. The acts performed vary ac- the ac on of caring for the profession. However, the typical cording to care situations and the type of relationship (18) characteris cs of the original care should not be crystallized, established in them . taken as fi nal and fi nished knowledge. The typical ac on of Caring transcends an ac on performed only by health caring, therefore, is not fi xed, being con nuously restruc- professionals. It cons tutes a natural a tude presented tured from diff erent situa ons as a basis for mo va ons to the human being as a social reality. One takes care of that will lead to new ac ons of caring. himself, his family, friends, house. One acts naturally before The relevance of considering the human essence when care, as it is an act inherent in the human experience, the caring for people and the search for new ways of looking most original of interpersonal rela ons, the remainder at care(19) justifies the adoption of qualitative research being subsidized by it. approach with the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz The dimension of caring in Nursing is ini ally experi- in Nursing. enced in the fac city of human life and it may vary from one This approach draws on the phenomenological in- person to another. It presents something in common that terview for intuitive understanding of the experience, allows, in diff erent care situa ons, to group characteris cs in order to access the experiences of the social world. that allow men to recognize them as such, in view of the This type of interview is a feature that allows the indi- fact that they have experienced them preliminarily. Care vidual who experiences the phenomenon to express the is an ac on experienced individually, but immersed in the meaning of their action developed in the world of their world of social life. It happens in interpersonal rela ons, relationships(9). being signifi ed and resignifi ed from the type of rela onship established with the other. The interview presupposes a face to face rela onship – direct and authen c encounter among the subjects – taken Professional care implies a kind of specific social as the most expressive of social rela onship(4). It enables rela on among subjects who par cipate in it. It adds to one to remain open and accessible to the inten onal ac ons factual care the technical-scien fi c dimension that dis- of another, cons tu ng a we-relaƟ on permissible for the nguishes it from what is prac ced by common sense, fl ow of consciousness of one to present to the other(4). It besides suppor ng itself on intersubjec vity, on the body should be guided by ques ons that evoke the mo va on, of knowledge and on the biographical situa on of the which underlies and drives the ac on. professional caregiver. With this understanding, the thema c content of the Caring requires the establishment of a face to face ques ons aims to insert the subject interviewed in the relationship, which is defined by Schütz as the one in context of his past and present experiences (reasons-why) which individuals involved are aware of each other and and send him to his future (reasons-for)(4). Thus, access (4) facing each other mutually in time and space . The to the meaning of the ac on involves a par cular way relationship in the action of caring in Nursing involves of looking at a par cular aspect of a person living, from a social context that expresses different conceptions the internal temporal consciousness that is based on a of health, disease, needs and doing itself by the nurse, mo va onal context(4). which can lead to positive and negative experiences by individuals involved in the promotion, prevention and The speech of the subjects regarding their mo va on recovery of health. is the externaliza on of their inten ons, which are cap- tured by the researcher or by nurses during the interview. At the same me, understanding care in Nursing occurs The intersubjec ve understanding through the seizure of through typifi ca on of the ac on and it is rooted in the the mo ves of human ac on structured in the midst of socio-historical context of subjects – individual and col- the experience and, therefore, the ac on that integrates lec ve – involved in social rela onship. This typifi ca on is the social rela onship are searched. Careful reading and cons tuted through a uniform and homogeneous rela on of cri cal analysis of the content of the speech enable iden- determina ons and social condi ons and health, sediment- fi ca on and descrip on of the meanings of the ac on ed in experiences brought from the common sense to the – the categoriza on – with consequent understanding of professional world. Understanding the ac on of caring will the phenomenon inves gated. happen in depth as it is guided by the reciprocity of inten- ons and expecta ons between the person being cared for The categories resul ng from the study based on social and the professional caregiver. The reciprocal perspec ves phenomenology of Alfred Schütz are called concrete and

The social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz Rev Esc Enferm USP and its contribution for nursing 2013; 47(3):728-33 Jesus MPC, Capalbo C, Merighi MAB, Oliveira DM, www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/ 731 Tocantins FR, Rodrigues BMRD, Ciuffo LL objec ve summaries of the diff erent meanings of ac on Therefore, from the perspec ve of social phenom- that emerge from the experiences of the subjects. They enology of Alfred Schütz, Nursing care can be regarded cons tute the so-called second-level constructs, emerging as a social ac on that is set in the world of life, in which and originated from experiences in the social world(4). interpersonal rela ons are established that should be Those categories express the relevant aspects of ac ons valued by nurses in the diff erent contexts in which it acts. that involve social phenomena as they occur in the social Such apprecia on permeates the recogni on of the person world, and involve both the refl ec on of the subjects and considering the amount of knowledge and experience the researcher’s view. Moreover, the meanings are not nec- acquired over a life me, as well as biographical situa on essarily mutually exclusive, as some aspects may be present in which it she is at the me of care. That will allow the in more than one category since they are interrelated in the professional to launch an expanded vision on care, based experience of the subjects. The organized set of concrete cat- on the life of the subject and considering the social context egories of the experience allows the objec ve construc on of in which he is. the typical ac on, considered a theore cal construct(9). To do so, it is necessary that it contains the meaning of the social CONCLUSION ac on in focus and accurately express the methodological framework of the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. The social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz is a possibility of thinking, motivating and developing the Both from the perspec ve of scien fi c research and from action to investigate and care in Nursing, guided by the the founda on for professional care, understanding the typi- social relations established in the world of life. Such cal ac on in the social world has as a guiding axis the dialogue framework values the intersubjective dimension of care among the results of the research, the theore cal framework of social phenomenology and scien fi c evidence related to and translates as the most original of the relationships the topic under study . This triad will enable a theore cally among human beings. grounded and contextualized view of the phenomenon, un- It is emphasized that the subjects of care in Nurs- folding into new perspec ves of thinking and doing Nursing. ing, both individual and collectively, are embedded in Thus, the content that cons tutes the typifi ca on of the a socio-historical and cultural context that needs to be subject’s or group’s ac on inves gated, under the theoret- valued. In this sense, the biographical situa on and the ical point of view or ac on of care, must be interpreted in body of knowledge available to them are important signs light of the scien fi c evidence rela ng to the topic studied, for planning and performance of ac ons for professional considering the sociohistorical context that permeates care. In the research fi eld, this framework brings out the the experience in focus. Thus, both the researcher and importance of careful thinking from the perspec ve of the Nursing professional establish a dialogical rela onship rela ons emana ng from it, considering the perspec ve of between what appears as a typical characteris c of ac on those involved in the ac on of caring in Nursing. and/or the experience of the social group studied or to be cared for and knowledge produc on in the area, in order to It is hoped that this study, by incorpora ng the concepts contextualize the essence of the phenomenon in the fi eld of the theory of social ac on developed by Alfred Schütz to of social science. This dialogical rela on is relevant and Nursing, allows nurses to appreciate and apply the aspects necessary for be er understanding and clarifi ca on of the highlighted by this theore cal framework within healthcare, phenomenon inves gated. educa on and scien fi c research.

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CorrespondenceThe social phenomenology addressed of Alfred to: SchützMaria Cristina Pinto de Jesus Rev Esc Enferm USP Ruaand its Barão contribution de Cataguases for nursing 303 - Bairro Santa Helena 2013; 47(3):728-33 CEPJesus MPC,36015-370 Capalbo C,- JuizMerighi de MAB, Fora, Oliveira MG, DM, Brazil www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/ 733 Tocantins FR, Rodrigues BMRD, Ciuffo LL