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Sociology and the Life-World SOCIETÀ MUTAMENTOPOLITICA RIVISTA ITALIANA DI SOCIOLOGIA Sociology and the Life-World Firenze University Press DOI: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx SOCIETÀ MUTAMENTOPOLITICA RIVISTA ITALIANA DI SOCIOLOGIA REDAZIONE Gianfranco Bettin Lattes (direttore) Lorenzo Grifone Baglioni Carlo Colloca Stella Milani (segretaria di redazione) Andrea Pirni Luca Raffini Andrea Spreafico Anna Taglioli Lorenzo Viviani (caporedattore) COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Antonio Alaminos, Universidad de Alicante Luigi Bonanate, Università di Torino Marco Bontempi, Università di Firenze Fermín Bouza, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Enzo Campelli, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” Enrico Caniglia, Università di Perugia Luciano Cavalli, Università di Firenze Vincenzo Cicchelli, Université de la Sorbonne - Paris Descartes Vittorio Cotesta, Università di Roma III Gerard Delanty, University of Sussex Antonio de Lillo †, Università di Milano-Bicocca Klaus Eder, Humboldt Universität, Berlin Livia Garcia Faroldi, Universidad de Malaga Roland Inglehart, University of Michigan Laura Leonardi, Università di Firenze Mauro Magatti, Università Cattolica di Milano Stefano Monti Bragadin, Università di Genova Luigi Muzzetto, Università di Pisa Massimo Pendenza, Università di Salerno Ettore Recchi, Sciences Po, Paris M’hammed Sabour, University of Eastern Finland, Finlandia Jorge Arzate Salgado, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Messico Ambrogio Santambrogio, Università di Perugia Riccardo Scartezzini, Università di Trento Roberto Segatori, Università di Perugia Sandro Segre, Università di Genova Sylvie Strudel, Université Panthéon-Assas Paris-II José Félix Tezanos, Universidad Uned Madrid Anna Triandafyllidou, European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Paolo Turi, Università di Firenze Claudius Wagemann, Goethe University, Frankfurt Registrato al Tribunale di Firenze al n. 5771 in data 03/05/2010 ISSN 2038-3150 © 2015 Firenze University Press Borgo Albizi 28 50121 Firenze http: //www. fupress. com/ – journals@fupress. com Printed in Italy Vol. 6, N. 12 • 2015 Sociology and the Life-World a cura di Luigi Muzzetto Indice 5 Introduzione Luigi Muzzetto 13 Husserl on Lifeworld and Experiential World Chung-Chi Yu 29 Phenomenology and Sociological Research: The Constitution of “Friendship” Jochen Dreher 43 Making humor together: phenomenology and interracial humor Michael D. Barber 67 Phenomenological Alternatives of the Lifeworld: Between Multiple Realities and Virtual Realities Denisa Butnaru 81 Future Structure of the Life-World. As an inevitable consequence of the «peer-to-peer» Mototaka Mori 97 On the reiterability of pragmata. A Schutzian «alternate» to the sociological concept of «practice» Carlos Belvedere 117 Relevance as Social Matrix of Attention in Alfred Schutz Enrico Campo 149 Elements of a theory of social time. A Schützian approach Gerd Sebald 165 Time, intersubjectivity, and musical relationship in Alfred Schutz Riccardo Venturini 203 Alfred Schutz’s main contributions to the field of economic reflection Daniela Griselda López SOCIETÀMUTAMENTOPOLITICA, ISSN 2038-3150, vol. 6, n. 12, pp. 3-4, 2015 www.fupress.com/smp – © Firenze University Press 4 SOCIETÀMUTAMENTOPOLITICA 231 Biography and Action: A Schutzian Perspective to Life-world Hermílio Santos 245 Schutz, Berger and Luckmann. The question of the natural attitude Luigi Muzzetto 279 Alfred Schutz: a bibliography by Michela Beatrice Ferri L’intervista 293 The Novelty of Phenomenological Sociology and Its Interdisciplinarity. An interview to professor Carlos Belvedere Edited by Michela Beatrice Ferri Passim 303 A well-informed ‘model of administration’ for agrarian states. Or: how not to fall into the trap of ‘nostrification’ when comparing colonial West African States with 18th century Prussia Hubert Treiber 321 Cultura politica di partito e cultura politica nazionale: il caso del Pci nella Prima Repubblica Andrea Millefiorini 347 In ricordo di Luciano Gallino Giandomenico Amendola 349 A Brief Intellectual Biography of Alfred Schutz Riccardo Venturini Introduzione Luigi Muzzetto Il Life-World non è un semplice tema della sociologia fenomenologicamente orientata. È il tema. Il tema intorno al quale ruotano vari problemi inter- connessi. Il nucleo verso il quale convergono teorie relative a temi specifici e insieme interrelati. L’idea di Lebenswelt è presente sin dal momento in cui viene proposta un’alternativa alla lettura positivista del mondo sociale. Dobbiamo a Dilthey una prima formulazione embrionale dell’idea di Lebenswelt. Idea che nell’autore è connessa alla ricerca di un fondamento epistemologico delle Geisteswissenschaften. Fondamento che si presenterà, infine, nella forma di una critica della ragione storica. Critica che implica una ricostruzione della genesi e della struttura del mondo umano (è evidente la simmetria con La critica della ragion pura e il fondamento delle scienze della natura). Le scienze dello spirito “riposeranno”, nella terza fase della riflessio- ne dell’autore (1905-1911) (cfr. Magnano San Lio 1998), sulla relazione triadica tra esperienza vissuta, espressione e comprensione. Concetti non semplicemente nati dalle astrazioni dell’osservatore, ma tratti da elementi radicati nel concreto mondo vissuto intersoggettivamente dagli attori. Più ancora: le categorie delle scienze dello spirito “sono forme strutturali del mondo umano tradotte concettualmente” (Rossi 1971: 78). Non sarebbe corretto dichiarare di scarso interesse le fasi precedenti. L’idea di una psicologia descrittiva era presente già nella prima fase del suo percorso teorico. E questo è uno dei punti di interesse che Dilthey condividerà con Husserl1. 1 “Together, Dilthey and Husserl, were involved in the struggle against logicism on the one hand, and the naturalism on the other. Their positive common alternative was descriptive psychology. For both men there was always the scientific ideal, the firm objective grounding of truth upon the solid basis of leibhaftig evidence; the return of the things themselves, to lived experience and the Lebenswelt” (Tillman 1976: 123). Mary K. Tillman nell’articolo ricorda i rapporti tra Dilthey e Husserl nel periodo dal 1900 al 1911, anno della morte di Dilthey. SOCIETÀMUTAMENTOPOLITICA, ISSN 2038-3150, vol. 6, n. 12, pp. 5-11, 2015 www.fupress.com/smp – © Firenze University Press DOI: 10.13128/SMP-17845 6 SOCIETÀMUTAMENTOPOLITICA Semplificando molto il pensiero di Dilthey possiamo riassumere la sua analisi, riguardo il nucleo essenziale del mondo della vita (nucleo che ri- guarda la co-costituzione di soggetto e sociale), indicando le due dimen- sioni in cui è articolata: dimensione verticale e dimensione orizzontale2. Nella prima dimensione viene ricostruita più direttamente la costitu- zione del senso nel tempo, viene seguito il paradigma della biografia in- dividuale, della formazione del soggetto. In questa abbiamo così concetti come relazione vitale (Lebensbezug) e di insieme vitale (Lebenszusammenhang). Sono relazioni vitali le relazioni primarie, le relazioni più elementari tra il singolo soggetto e il suo ambiente (persone e cose). L’insieme vitale è la risultante del processo. Nell’ottica orizzontale l’autore si concentra principalmente sulla genesi del mondo storico-sociale, sulla sua costruzione e ricostruzione. Due le categorie principali richiamate in quest’ottica: l’oggettivazione della vita e la connessione dinamica (Wirkungszusammenhang). L’oggettivazione rappresenta il dominio esterno delle scienze della spirito. La connessione dinamica indica una struttura interagente autocentrata e teleologicamente guida- ta. “Tanto il mondo umano preso nella sua totalità, quanto ognuno dei suoi settori costituisce una connessione attiva e produttiva, fornito della propria struttura e avente in se stessa il proprio centro” (Rossi 1971: 84). Il mondo storico-sociale è quindi una connessione dinamica composta da insiemi di connessioni dinamiche avente ciascuna un carattere attivo e teleologico. Il che riguarda un qualsiasi rapporto interumano, come un qualsiasi sistema culturale, una qualsiasi forma di associazione. La separazione tra dimensione verticale e orizzontale è analitica. Non si ha un prima e un dopo. Individuazione e socializzazione sono co-originarie. L’insieme vitale, la totalità significativa della vita esperienziale del sin- golo, è necessariamente e intrinsecamente legata alla dimensione della socialità. La presenza di una comunità è la premessa della comprensione. “Tutto ciò che viene inteso, -sostiene Dilthey- porta con sé, per così dire, il marchio della sua conoscibilità sulla base di […] [una] comunanza” (Dilthey 1982). Vi è così una doppia dipendenza reciproca. Le esperienze singole, per essere rese comunicabili e condivisibili, hanno bisogno essere selezionate e raggruppate in forme o contenuti generali socialmente co- struiti. Così la scelta dei caratteri singoli presuppone i caratteri generali; e questi ultimi, a loro volta, implicano la presenza necessaria degli ele- 2 Seguiremo in particolare il percorso indicato da Zaccaï-Reyners nei due volumi seguenti: Zaccaï-Reyners 1995; Zaccaï-Reyners 1996. Introduzione 7 menti singoli. È questa una delle modalità attraverso la quale si manifesta il circolo ermeneutico. Circolo che nelle analisi di Dilthey opera a vari livelli come rapporto tra “le tout et les parties, entre le général et le parti- culier, entre l’individuel e l’universel, entre le systématique et l’historique” (Zaccaï-Reyners 1995: 69). Nel rapporto individuo-società Dilthey intende evitare, da un lato, di cadere in una
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