Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Between C¸I˘Glıkara and Dibek Nature Reserves in Antalya, Turkey

Home , Altica lythri, Crepidodera aurata, Leaf beetle, Phyllotreta, Podagrica malvae, Psylliodes

Biologia 65/2: 316—324, 2010 Section Zoology DOI: 10.2478/s11756-010-0025-7

Comparative diversity of Alticinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) between C¸ı˘glıkara and Dibek nature reserves in Antalya, Turkey

Ebru G. Aslan

S¨uleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 32260, Isparta, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Alticinae species composition, richness and abundance were investigated and compared between Çı˘glıkara and Dibek nature reserves in Antalya, at the Mediterranean region of Turkey. The study was conducted in six sites, three for each area (C1–C3 for Çı˘glıkara, D1–D3 for Dibek). The sites have different vegetation structure and degrees of altitudes: Çı˘glıkara sites (altitudes 1500–1800 m a.s.l.) are dominated by Cedrus libani; Dibek sites (650–1550 m a.s.l.) by juniper and cedar. Collections, using sweep-net and aspirator, were carried out at 15–day intervals from 2005 to 2006. A total of 4,245 individuals belonging to 60 species of Alticinae were captured. Dibek was distinctly more diverse than Çı˘glıkara in both years. D1, D3, C3 were the most diverse sites in 2005 while the diversity index values were higher for D1, D2, and D3 in 2006. Cluster analyses using Jaccard and Bray-Curtis indices revealed a high degree of similarity between Alticinae communities at sites D1, C3, and D2 in both years. Comparing Alticinae diversity among sites, the highest species richness and diversity was verified at D1, a forest area including mixed populations of Cedrus, Juniperus and Acer (altitude 1553 m a.s.l.). Factors influencing differences in Alticinae diversity among sites and nature reserves were discussed. Key words: Alticinae; richness; diversity; similarity; host plant; nature reserve; Turkey

Introduction formed by Furth et al. (2003) which is (essentially) based on comparison of the different sampling meth- Alticinae, or flea beetles, have been the most species- ods. More recently, some studies on diversity, commu- rich and abundant group in Chrysomelidae with ap- nity structure and seasonal fluctuation of Brazilian Al- proximately 560 genera and more than 8,000 de- ticinae have been performed by Linzmeier et al. (2006) scribed species (Furth 1988; Konstantinov & Vanden- and Linzmeier & Ribeiro-Costa (2008, 2009). berg 1996). The total number of Palearctic flea bee- Recognition of the importance to study and mea- tle has reached 1,388 species, classified in 90 genera sure biodiversity has became a worldwide topic, re- (Gruev & Döberl 2005). Turkish Alticinae fauna con- cently very discussed. Biodiversity is, in essence, a com- tains about 300 species, including the recent contribu- parative science; the investigator tries to find if one do- tions of Aslan & Warchalowski (2001, 2005), Aslan et main is more diverse than another, or whether diversity al. (2002, 2004), Gök& Ç ilbiro˘glu (2004a, b, c), and has changed over time (Magurran 2004). The western Aslan & Gök (2005, 2006, 2007). Despite the taxonomic and southern coasts of Turkey, including the study ar- papers recently published on Alticinae of Turkey, there eas Çı˘glıkara and Dibek nature reserves, represent an is still little information about their diversity and com- important part of the Mediterranean Basin hotspot of munity structure in this country. biodiversity (Myers et al. 2000). So, each of the study Alticinae are highly specialized insects feeding on areas were considered to have specific Alticinae fau- a wide range of plant groups, especially the Angiosper- nas depending on the distinct vegetation structures and mae (Konstantinov & Vandenberg 1996) and this fea- ecological patterns. ture, associated to their high diversity, makes this The objectives of this study were to (i) survey the group an important indicator for biodiversity surveys flea beetle fauna of Çı˘glıkara and Dibek nature reserves (Furth et al. 2003). They are important both ecolog- located in Antalya province of Turkey, (ii) compare the ically and economically due to their worldwide distri- species diversity, faunal similarity and other parameters bution and distinct phytophagous diet. Detailed knowl- between nature reserves and among sampled sites of edge of species diversity patterns is therefore important the areas, (iii) discuss the possible factors that affect for conservation biology, biodiversity monitoring, and Alticinae communities. community ecology. However, studies focused on Altic- Because of the specific food habit of Alticinae, it inae species diversity and composition patterns are still is expected that the diversity of this group is closely absent or very limited. Most of these have been car- related with the presence and diversity of their host ried out in tropical rainforests including the one per- plants. Thus, the hypothesis of the present study is that

c 2010 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Alticinae diversity in nature reserves of Turkey 317 vegetation structure and composition is the main factor Dibek Nature Reserve influencing the diversity and similarity among different This area is a part of Beyda˘gları mountains, located in the Alticinae communities. The nature reserves are of great southwestern extension of the Taurus mountain chain, in importance for the diversity of phytophagous insects Kumluca province of Antalya. The juniper and cedar domi- because of their rich floristic composition. Although Al- nated forest ecosystem accompanied with a number of mon- umental trees makes the area a natural arboretum. The total ticinae constitutes a noticeable part of phytophagous area is about 550 ha. Lower parts of the reserve comprise insect groups, studies on comparative Alticinae diver- Pinus brutia Ten. assemblages while upper parts (more than sity of different sites are quite limited in worldwide. 1000 m a.s.l.) include species of Cedrus and Juniperus pre- Increasing this kind of comparative studies will help to dominantly. Quercus spp., Crataegus spp., Acer spp., Frax- get a better understanding of the factors influencing the inus sp., Berberis sp., and Celtis sp. are other common tree distribution and diversity of flea beetle species. and shrub species in the area. Average annual temperature was 11.54 ◦C, and average relative humidity was 61.07%. The first site (D1; 36◦38.22 N, 30◦16.07 E) is a forest Material and methods area including mixed populations of Cedrus, Juniperus and Study areas Acer, at 1553 m altitude. The site has a rich herbaceous The survey was carried out in two nature reserves in the vegetation, and is interesting due to its vegetation diversity province of Antalya, placed at the Mediterranean region of changing in small distances. Euphorbia, Salvia, Teucrium, Turkey. Six sites, three for each area, were selected for the Alcea, Nepeta, Stachys, Clinopodium, and Verbascum rep- inventory. The study areas and sites are described below. resent other common genera. The second site (D2; 36◦38.76 N, 30◦16.78 E) in- Çı˘glıkara Nature Reserve cludes an open area dominated by Salvia, Nepeta, Euphor- This place is located in Elmalı province of Antalya with bia, Stachys, Teucrium, Cardaria, and Verbascum species an area of 15.889 ha. This region is dominated by Cedrus followed with a shrubby area mainly consisting of Quercus libani A. Rich. which has half of the total C. libani popula- spp., Celtis sp., and Berberis sp. The site has an altitude of tions existing in Turkey. The area is considered as unique in about 1360 m a.s.l. The open part of the field was exposed the world including the oldest and pure cedar populations. to apiculture activities in both study years beginning from Different vegetation types (forest, shrub, steppe, etc.) ex- mid-spring to early-autumn. ist in the area as well as many endemic plant species. The ◦ ◦ The third site (D3; 36 32.04 N, 30 13.01 E) greatly higher elevations (1800–2500 m a.s.l.) represent sub-alpine differs from other two sites in vegetation structure, and alti- zone features with relatively cold climate and members be- tude. The site has an average altitude of 650–700 m a.s.l. and longing to steppe vegetation are present. Juniperus excelsa a predominance of shrubs. Styrax officinalis forms the dom- Bieb. is the second dominant species in the forest area af- inant species of shrub vegetation. Euphorbia, Heliotropium, ter Cedrus libani. Among the species of shrub vegetation, Salvia, Sinapis, and Alyssum are other important plant gen- Quercus coccifera L. populations form the dominant group era of the herbaceous vegetation. The site was highly dis- with a high proportion of others (Fraxinus ornus L., Rosa turbed by human activities compared to others. canina L., Jasminum fruticans L., Phlomis grandiflora H.S. Thompson, Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Amelanchier parv- iflora Boiss., Prunus cocomilia Ten., Amygdalus orientalis Sampling method and collection Miller and Styrax officinalis L.) occurring in the area. Av- Six sites, three for each nature reserve, representing dif- erage annual temperature was 9.24 ◦C and average relative ferent habitats were investigated. Field surveys were per- humidity was 61.75%. formed at 15-day intervals from April to October in 2005 The first site (C1; 36◦30.80 N, 29◦46.95 E) is a and 2006. Adult Alticinae were collected using an entomo- meadow dominated by Verbascum and Astragalus species, logical sweep-net and aspirator. A total of 14 samplings surrounded by dense cedar populations at higher elevations. were performed each year in each site; each consisted of Erysimum and Isatis are other common genera in this area. 500 sweeps of the net. The collections were performed only by the author started during morning, at about 9 a.m. A The altitude ranges from 1600 to 1700 m a.s.l. The site was exposed to grazing and apiculture activities in both study climate data recorder (HOBO data logger temp/RH/2 ext years. channels) was installed at each study area in order to mea- The second site (C2; 36◦33.93 N, 29◦53.63 E) is a sure the temperature and relative humidity. forest area dominated by Cedrus libani, at an average al- Collected beetles were taken to the laboratory to be titude of 1560 m a.s.l. The cedar forest is rarely accom- mounted and labeled. Specimens were identified to species panied by Pinus nigra Arnold and Berberis crataegina DC. under an Olympus SZ61 stereomicroscope according to the Herbaceous vegetation is virtually uniform including Poten- taxonomic keys and figures given by Mohr (1966, 1981), tilla recta L., Nepeta nuda L., Erysimum sp., and Carduus Lopatin (1984), Döberl (1994), Warchalowski (1996, 1998, sp. in large numbers. The site was near the houses of for- 2000, 2003), and Čížek & Doguet (2008). est guards, hence, affected by sheltering activities especially Plant species on which beetles were constantly ob- during summer months. served feeding in field were considered to be potential host The third site (C3; 36◦33.63 N, 29◦54.41 E) is a val- plants. Damaged host plants were also collected, preserved ley continued with an open forest area including mixed by standard methods, and sent to specialists for identifica- populations of Cedrus, Quercus, Crataegus,andJuniperus tion. The collected specimens are deposited at the Biology species. The site has an average altitude of 1500 m a.s.l. Department of Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta. Salvia heldreichiana Boiss. & Bentham and Alyssum mu- rale Waldst & Kit. constitute the majority of the herba- Data analysis ceous vegetation, together with other species belonging to Species diversity and richness of Alticinae in nature re- the genera Astragalus, Cardaria, Erysimum, Euphorbia,and serves and among the sites were examined using the pro- Carduus. grams BioDiversity Pro (Biodiversity Professional Version 318 E.G. Aslan

2) (McAleece et al. 1997), and MVSP (Multi-Variate Statis- Psylliodes tical Package) (Kovach 2005). The Shannon index of species Çığlıkara Dibek diversity (H ), Shannon evenness index (J ), Simpson’s in- Dibolia dex (D) and Berger-Parker index of dominance (d)–Eqs1, Podagrica 2, 3 and 4, respectively – were used as the alpha-diversity Crepidodera indices (Magurran 2004). Shannon diversity index is deﬁned as Derocrepis H − pi pi = ln( )(1)Altica Shannon’s evenness index is deﬁned as Longitarsus Aphthona J = H / ln(S)(2) Phyllotreta

Simpson’s index is deﬁned as 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Species number 2 D = pi (3) Fig. 1. Distribution of genera among nature reserves based on species number. and Berger-Parker index of dominance is deﬁned as

d = Nmax/N (4) where pi is the proportion of individuals found in the ith species, S is the number of species, N is the total number of individuals and Nmax is the number of individuals in the most abundant species. For Simpson’s index and Berger- Parker index of dominance, the reciprocal forms (1/D and 1/d) were used so that an increase in the value of index ac- companies an increase in diversity and a reduction in dominance. Cluster analyses were performed using Jaccard (Cj ) and Bray-Curtis (CN ) coeﬃcients (Magurran 2004) in order to determine the similarity among the areas and sites (Eqs 5 and 6). The Jaccard similarity index is deﬁned as

Cj = a/a + b + c (5) and Bray-Curtis index is deﬁned as

CN =2jN/(Na + Nb)(6) where a is the total number of species present in both sites compared, b is the number of species present only in site A, c is the number of species present only in site B, Na is the total number of individuals in site A, Nb is the total number of individuals in site B, and 2jN is the sum of the lower of the two abundances for species found in both sites (Magurran 2004).

Results

Species richness and diversity A total of 4,245 Alticinae specimens belonging to nine genera and 60 species were collected from Dibek and Çı˘glıkara nature reserves as a result of field surveys carried out during two years, 2005 and 2006 (Table 1). Longitarsus Berthold, 1827, Psylliodes Latreille, 1825, and Phyllotreta Chevrolat, 1837 were the most common genera in both studied areas, with higher dominance of Fig. 2. Similarity between Alticinae communities inhabiting six Longitarsus in number of species (Fig. 1). sites, based on species composition (Jaccard index) in 2005 and In 2005, a total of 1,853 alticines of 53 species 2006. were recorded from Dibek and Çı˘glıkara nature reserves while these numbers were 2,392 specimens and salviae (6.40%), L. alfierii furthi (5.99%), L. obliteratus 45 species for the year 2006. Dibek had the high- (5.42%), L. aramaicus (5.26%), and Dibolia carpathica est richness and abundance in both years. Longitarsus (4.99%) were the most abundant species, comprising Alticinae diversity in nature reserves of Turkey 319

Table 1. Species composition, numbers of individuals and relative abundance of Alticinae communities inhabiting nature reserves in 2005 and 2006 (DB: Dibek, CK: C¸ı˘glıkara).

2005 2006 Species Total number Relative abundance (%) DB CK DB CK

Phyllotreta 1 P. nigripes (F., 1775) 6 23 29 105 163 2.36 2 P. maculicornis Pic, 1906 2 2 0.03 3 P. procera (Redtenbacher, 1849) 1 1 0.01 4 P. erysimi Weise, 1900 8 4 16 7 35 0.51 5 P. pontoaegeica Gruev, 1982 89 18 107 1.55 6 P. egridirensis Gruev et Kasap, 1985 4 38 42 0.61 7 P. diademata Foudras, 1860 4 4 0.06 8 P. astrachanica Lopatin, 1977 2 5 7 0.10 9 P. vittula (Redtenbacher, 1849) 2 7 9 0.13 Aphthona 10 A. pygmaea (Kutschera, 1861) 22 46 11 79 1.15 11 A. warchalowskii Fritzlar, 2001 17 17 0.25 12 A. bonvouloiri Allard, 1861 22 22 0.32 Longitarsus 13 L. pinguis Weise, 1888 1 5 39 45 0.65 14 L. alfierii furthi Gruev, 1982 176 37 190 10 413 5.99 15 L. aeneicollis (Faldermann, 1837) 22 27 35 4 88 1.28 16 L. succineus (Foudras, 1860) 14 13 27 0.39 17 L. aramaicus Leonardi, 1979 86 147 33 97 363 5.26 18 L. pellucidus (Foudras, 1860) 46 43 89 1.29 19 L. nigrofasciatus (Goeze, 1777) 6 2 18 24 50 0.73 20 L. obliteratus (Rosenhauer, 1847) 200 174 374 5.42 21 L. trepidus Warchalowski, 1973 54 9 6 69 1.00 22 L. tabidus (F., 1775) 2 3 5 0.07 23 L. lateripunctatus personatus Weise, 1893 2 2 0.03 24 L. obliteratoides Gruev, 1973 8 8 0.12 25 L. fallax Weise, 1888 5 3 8 0.12 26 L. salviae Gruev, 1975 37 67 125 212 441 6.40 27 L. karlheinzi Warchalowski, 1972 3 3 0.04 28 L. nanus (Foudras, 1860) 5 5 0.07 29 L. luridus (Scopoli, 1763) 41 3 44 0.64 30 L. lycopi (Foudras, 1860) 1 1 0.01 31 L. foudrasi Weise, 1893 16 2 2 2 22 0.32 32 L. helvolus Kutschera, 1863 20 73 93 1.35 33 L. nimrodi Furth, 1979 36 66 102 1.48 34 L. baeticus Leonardi, 1979 17 86 16 59 178 2.58 35 L. atricillus (L., 1761) 1 2 5 8 0.12 36 L. hermonensis Furth, 1979 61 119 180 2.61 37 L. albineus (Foudras, 1860) 20 34 54 0.78 38 L. ballotae (Marsham, 1802) 31 15 46 0.67 39 L. angelikae Fritzlar, 2001 51 43 78 87 259 3.76 Altica 40 A. lythri Aubé, 1843 5 5 0.07 Aeschrocnemis 41 A. whiteheadi (Warchalowski, 1998) 1 3 4 0.06 Crepidodera 42 C. aurata (Marsham, 1802) 1 1 0.01 Podagrica 43 P. malvae (Illiger, 1807) 39 56 95 1.38 Dibolia 44 D. carpathica Weise, 1893 77 48 55 164 344 4.99 45 D. rugulosa Redtenbacher, 1849 2 7 3 12 0.17 46 D. timida (Illiger, 1807) 1 1 0.01 Psylliodes 47 P. cupreus (Koch, 1803) 9 11 10 30 0.44 48 P. instabilis Foudras, 1860 19 43 34 107 203 2.94 49 P. napi (F., 1792) 1 1 2 0.03 50 P. hyoscyami (L., 1758) 10 3 13 0.19 51 P. anatolicus Gök et Ç ilbiroglu, 2004 9 2 11 0.16 52 P. hospes Wollaston, 1854 1 1 0.01 53 P. chalcomerus (Illiger, 1807) 4 7 5 16 0.23 54 P. kiesenwetteri Kutschera, 1864 12 12 0.17 55 P. gibbosus Allard, 1860 1 1 0.01 56 P. chrysocephalus (L., 1758) 4 14 18 0.26 57 P. inflatus Reiche et Saulcy, 1858 4 4 0.06 58 P. circumdatus (Redtenbacher, 1842) 1 1 0.01 320 E.G. Aslan

Table 1. (continued)

2005 2006 Species Total number Relative abundance (%) DB CK DB CK

59 P. tricolor Weise, 1888 1 3 4 0.06 60 P. toelgi Heikertinger, 1914 2 2 0.03

Numberofspecies 4226372760 Number of individuals 1162 691 1360 1032 – Total 1853 2392 4245

about 45% of the total specimens collected during the study (Table 1). Species composition and abundance varied evenly within nature reserves, especially at Dibek where sites contained 26, 18, 15 species in 2005, and 28, 17, 16 species in 2006. Among the sites studied, the ones chosen from Dibek (D1–D3) had the highest species numbers, respectively, in both years. Species richness in the sites of C¸ı˘glıkara (C1–C3), on the contrary, was rather low, but more consistent (Table 2). In 2005, there were no species shared among the sites studied whereas in 2006, Longitarsus salviae and Psylliodes instabilis were recorded from all six sites (Table 2). Dibek was distinctly more diverse than C¸ı˘glıkara according to Shannon’s, Simpson’s and Berger-Parker’s indices of diversity both in 2005 and 2006 (Table 3). As for the sites, D1, D3, C3 were the most diverse ones respectively in 2005 while the index values were higher for D1, D2, and D3 in 2006. C2 had the fewest number of species; hence it was the least diverse site for both years (Table 3). Compared the Alticinae diversity among all sites studied, D1 had the highest species richness and index values in both of the study years.

Species composition and faunal similarity Among the 53 species collected in 2005, 15 species were common to Çı˘glıkara and Dibek nature reserves. Clus- ter analysis based on species composition (Jaccard’s index) revealed a similarity of 28% between the Altici- nae communities of the two areas. However, according to Bray-Curtis index, which takes into account both species composition and number of individuals, the sim- Fig. 3. Similarity between Alticinae communities inhabiting six ilarity was 35%. In 2006, 19 species of the 45 were sites, based on quantitative data (Bray-Curtis index) in 2005 and shared between nature reserves, resulting higher per- 2006. centages of similarity degrees (42% Jaccard, 37% Bray- Curtis). Similarity among sites with respect to species com- Murray et al. (2003), Márquez (2003), Ohsawa (2003, position (Jaccard index) revealed a closer relationship 2005), Flowers & Hanson (2003), W˛asowska (2004, between sites D1, C3 and D2 in 2005, while it resulted 2006), Charles & Basset (2005), Derunkov (2005), with two different groups in 2006 (Fig. 2). The dendo- Zelazna˙ & Bla˙zejewicz-Zawadzińska (2005), Baselga gram resulting from Bray-Curtis index showed similar & Novoa (2006, 2008), Balog & Markó (2007), but results, with sites D1, C3, D2 closer to one another in there is still few information when considering the 2005 and 2006 (Fig. 3). size of the group that consists about 40% of all described insects with more than 350,000 species (Bor- Discussion ror et al. 1989). About Alticinae (or Alticini as some authors consider the group; a tribe of Galerucinae), There are a number of papers published about Coleo- some papers have been published only recently in South ptera focusing on biodiversity, e.g., by Wagner (2000), and Central America (Furth et al. 2003; Linzmeier Alticinae diversity in nature reserves of Turkey 321

Table 2. Species composition and abundance of Alticinae species collected from the six sites in 2005 and 2006.

2005 2006 Species D1 D2 D3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 C1 C2 C3

Phyllotreta nigripes 6 17 6 22 7 8 28 69 P. maculicornis 2 P. procera 1 P. erysimi 8 4 565 43 P. pontoaegeica 89 18 P. egridirensis 4632 P. diademata 4 P. astrachanica 25 P. vittula 27 Aphthona pygmaea 616 192711 A. warchalowski 17 A. bonvouloiri 22 Longitarsus pinguis 1232217 L. alﬁerii furthi 31 135 10 6 31 34 137 19 5 5 L. aeneicollis 3 19911764254 L. succineus 1 13 382 L. aramaicus 12 74 147 33 94 3 L. pellucidus 27 19 9 34 L. nigrofasciatus 123 2 18 5 19 L. obliteratus 44 156 60 114 L. trepidus 44469 6 L. tabidus 23 L. lateripunctatus personatus 2 L. obliteratoides 8 L. fallax 53 L. salviae 28 9 4 63 81 33 11 10 24 178 L. karlheinzi 3 L. nanus 5 L. luridus 41 3 L. lycopi 1 L. foudrasi 214 2 2 2 L. helvolus 19 1 56 17 L. nimrodi 36 66 L. baeticus 17 78 5 3 16 59 L. atricillus 1223 L. hermonensis 61 2 117 L. albineus 20 34 L. ballotae 12 19 15 L. angelikae 38 13 43 59 19 87 Altica lythri 5 Aeschrocnemis whiteheadi 13 Crepidodera aurata 1 Podagrica malvae 39 14 42 Dibolia carpathica 58 19 22 18 8 47 8 24 108 32 D. rugulosa 2253 D. timida 1 Psylliodes cupreus 97482 P. instabilis 910 431120320780 P. napi 11 P. hyoscyami 10 3 P. anatolicus 92 P. hospes 1 P. chalcomerus 13 16 3 2 P. kiesenwetteri 12 P. gibbosus 1 P. chrysocephalus 4113 P. inﬂatus 4 P. circumdatus 1 P. tricolor 13 P. toelgi 2

Number of species 26 18 15 14 13 13 28 17 16 15 13 16 Number of individuals 389 470 297 151 219 298 525 586 220 154 319 454

& Ribeiro-Costa 2009) and Turkey (Aslan & Ayvaz vegetation, abiotic factors, topography, and human ac- 2009). tivities are the main factors inﬂuencing the diversity It is known that the structure and composition of of phytophagous insects (Wallner 1987; Lien & Yuan 322 E.G. Aslan

Table 3. Results of the alpha-diversity indices and Berger-Parker dominance index of Alticinae communities in the six sites, and in the nature reserves according to years.

2005 2006 Site Shannon Simpson Berger-Parker Shannon Simpson Berger-Parker

D1 1.16 12.26 6.81 1.17 11.61 6.75 D2 0.84 4.66 3.01 0.96 6.79 4.28 D3 0.93 5.88 3.34 1.06 10.38 6.68 C1 0.82 3.99 2.15 0.93 5.6 2.75 C2 0.60 2.26 1.53 0.84 5.14 3.21 C3 0.92 7.19 4.73 0.86 5.27 2.94

Dibek 1.28 12.55 5.81 1.29 14.38 7.16 C¸ı˘glıkara 1.12 10.11 4.70 1.08 9.01 4.87

2003; Andrew & Hughes 2004; W˛asowska 2004; Lassau Table 4. The similarity index (Jaccard) of Alticinae species com- et al. 2005). The results of this study highlighted that positions between the sites of each nature reserve, in 2005 and flea beetle communities are clearly different in compo- 2006. sition, abundance and diversity in habitats of different 2005 2006 characteristics. There were differences in species richness and di- DibekD1D2D3D1D2D3 versity among the sites studied. Dibek sites D1 and D3 D1 * 33.33 17.14 * 45.16 29.41 Dibek were the most diverse in 2005 followed closely by D2 * * 6.45 * * 22.22 C3 (Çı˘glıkara). In 2006, sites belonging to Dibek na- D3** *** * ture reserve had distinctly higher diversity index values Çı˘glıkaraC1C2C3C1C2C3 than those belonging to Çı˘glıkara. Cluster analyses using Bray-Curtis and Jaccard similarity indices showed C1 * 28.57 28.57 * 33.33 24.00 that, among the six sites studied, the highest similar- C2 * * 30.00 * * 38.10 ities of species compositions were found between D1, C3** *** * C3 and D2. These three sites present similar vegetation structure thus, are more similar in species composition. For both studied years, D3 and C1 clearly differed in species compositions compared to other sites, although frequently carried out in the C1 site, it was preferred D3 was the most diverse. only by some species. Comparing flea beetle species in nature reserves, Comparing Alticinae similarity of nature reserves Dibek have more species than Çı˘glıkara in both years of among years with respect to species composition (Jac- investigation. The recorded numbers of species in Dibek card index), the similarity degree between the two years and Çı˘glıkara were 42 and 26, respectively in 2005, was 60% for Çı˘glıkara while it was 52% for Dibek. while they were 37 and 27 in 2006. Similarly, the sites Among the sites chosen from Dibek, D1 and D2 were chosen from Dibek had higher number of species and closely related both in 2005 and 2006 with similar- diversity indices than those from Çı˘glıkara. The con- ity percentages of 33% and 45%, respectively. As for ditions supporting higher Alticinae diversity in Dibek, Çı˘glıkara, the highest similarity was found between the particularly in D1, seem to be more favorable than those sites C2 and C3 with 30% for 2005, and 38% for 2006 in Çı˘glıkara. The floristic diversity of the D1 site un- (Table 4). The low number of shared species among the doubtedly influenced the species composition and rich- nature reserves (15 species in 2005, 19 in 2006) indi- ness of Alticinae. The low average temperature related cates that there are distinct differences in characteris- to high altitude, cedrus dominated tree vegetation, and tics (floristic, topographic, climatic, etc.) of each area. widely uniform herbaceous cover were the possible fac- The species composition of phytophagous beetles tors responsible for the low species diversity found in may vary considerably between sites because of the Çı˘glıkara nature reserve. differences in some determinants for insect species di- According to results from cluster analyses, D3 and versity, such as host plant abundance, distribution C1 were clearly separated from the other sites in both and species richness (Ødegaard 2006). Flea beetles are years. D3 has the lowest altitude and is dominated highly specialized phytophagous insects, most of the mainly by shrubs (especially Styrax officinalis). Because species being mono- or oligophagous (Furth 1979; Jo- of different food sources in addition to low altitude, D3 livet 1988; Konstantinov & Vandenberg 1996). So, the probably has peculiar Alticinae fauna. The greater hu- Alticinae diversity of the sites is closely associated with man disturbance in this site which provides more di- the herbaceous vegetation diversity and abundance. Ac- verse host plants, increase the Alticinae richness. Simi- tually, D1, which was determined as the most diverse larly, because grazing and apiculture activities had been site overall the study, had a quite rich herbaceous cover Alticinae diversity in nature reserves of Turkey 323 compared to other sites. The composition of Alticinae Aslan E.G. & Ayvaz Y. 2009. Diversity of Alticinae (Coleoptera, communities in the sites also changed based on the rich- Chrysomelidae) in Kasnak Oak Forest Nature Reserve, Is- 33: ness and availability of host plant species, or their al- parta, Turkey. Turk. J. Zool. 251–262. Aslan (Ç ilbiro˘glu) E.G. & Gök A. 2005. Two Longitarsus ternatives existing at each site. The highest records of Berthold species new for the Turkish fauna (Coleoptera: species richness, abundance, and diversity at the sites Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). J. Entomol. Res. Soc. 7: 47–50. chosen from Dibek, and C3 from Çı˘glıkara prove that Aslan E.G. & Gök A. 2006. Host-plant relationships of 65 flea bee- most alticines are preferentially distributed in areas tles species from Turkey, with new associations (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Entomol. News 117: 297–308. with various microhabitats composed of many herbs Aslan E.G. & Gök A. 2007. Two new records of leaf beetles and grasses, accompanied by shrubs. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Turkey with habitat and Longitarsus represents the dominant genus in all host plant information. Entomol. Zeitschr. 117: 103–104. collecting sites. This is because it has a wider range Aslan I., Beenen R. & Ozbek¨ H. 2002. New records of leaf beetles from Turkey (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Entomol. Blätter of habitat and host plant preference than most of Al- 98: 231–235. ticinae genera (Furth 1980). Therefore, it is not sur- Aslan I., Ozbek¨ H. & Warchalowski A. 2004. Five new records, prising that nearly all of the dominant species found new localities and new host plants for the Turkish flea- in this study belonged to the genus Longitarsus.The beetle fauna (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticinae). Ento- 15: distribution of the following Longitarsus species was mol. Fenn. 138–141. Aslan I. & Warchalowski A. 2001. New records of the subfamily closely related with the presence and abundance of their Alticinae (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae) for the Turkish fauna. host plants: L. alfierii furthi (Nepeta nuda), L. ange- J. Entomol. Res. Soc. 3: 1–4. likae (Salvia sp., Teucrium chamaedrys), L. aramaicus Aslan I. & Warchalowski A. 2005. New records of leaf beetles from 115: (Salvia sp.), L. obliteratus (Nepeta sp., Salvia spp.), L. Turkey (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomol. Zeitschr. 217–218. salviae (Salvia heldreichiana)andL. baeticus (Verbas- Balog A. & Markó V. 2007. Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphyli- cum spp.). The overdominances of these species can nidae) in Central European apple and pear orchards – com- be explained by the spatial organization of their host parative studies of species richness, abundance and diversity. 47: plants. J. Plant Prot. Res. 309–320. Borror D.J., Triplehorn C.A. & Johnson N.F. 1989. An Introduc- Dibolia carpathica, one of the abundant species of tion to the Study of Insects. Thomson Learning, Inc., USA, the study areas, was recorded from all sites (except 875 pp. D3) in both study years. The absence of this species Baselga A. & Novoa F. 2006. 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