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13. Het Vedische Ritueel

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13. Het Vedische Ritueel Dit document vormt een onderdeel van de website https://www.religies-overzichtelijk.nl Hier vindt u tevens de koppelingen naar de andere teksten en de indexen, de toelichtingen en de afkortingen Laatste bewerking: 26-09-2020 Het Vedische ritueel (Keith) 1 1 Het ritueel in de Ṛg Veda .................................................................................... 5 1.1 Inleiding tot het ritueel in de Ṛg Veda ................................................................ 6 1.2 De priesters ................................................................................................. 7 1.3 De relatie teksten – priesters ............................................................................ 8 1.4 De ceremoniemeester .................................................................................... 9 1.5 Priester als beroep ...................................................................................... 10 1.6 Het karakter van de offerplechtigheid .............................................................. 11 1.7 De relatie hymnen – offers ............................................................................. 12 2 Aspecten van het Vedische offer .......................................................................... 13 2.1 Het offer als gave ....................................................................................... 14 2.2 Het offer als magie ...................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Verandering van het offer in de richting van magie ........................................... 16 2.2.2 De theorie van de periodieke moord op de korengeest ....................................... 17 2.3 Het uitwissen van zonden door offers en magie ................................................... 18 2.3.1 Algemene kenmerken van het zondoffer ......................................................... 19 2.3.2 Het magische element ter verdrijving van zonden in de offers .............................. 20 2.3.3 Beschouwing van het kwade ........................................................................ 21 2.3.4 Openbare boetedoeningen .......................................................................... 22 2.4 Communie en sacrament van het offer (1) ......................................................... 23 2.5 Communie en sacrament van het offer (2) ......................................................... 24 2.6 Communie en sacrament van het offer (3) ......................................................... 25 2.7 Het offermateriaal ...................................................................................... 26 2.7.1 Algemene kenmerken van het offermateriaal ................................................... 27 2.7.2 Het verband tussen offers en de goden .......................................................... 28 2.7.3 Dierenoffers ........................................................................................... 29 2.7.3.1 Enkele bekende of veel voorkomende dierenoffers ...................................... 30 2.7.3.2 Assimilatie van het offer aan een aspect van de god .................................... 31 2.7.3.3 Wijze van offeren: wurging en verdeling .................................................. 32 2.7.3.4 Het dierenoffer als gave aan de goden ..................................................... 33 2.7.4 Mensenoffers .......................................................................................... 34 2.7.5 Het soma-offer ........................................................................................ 35 2.7.6 Onbruikbaar materiaal in pro forma-offers ...................................................... 36 2.8 Vuur en offer ............................................................................................. 37 2.8.1 Functies van het vuuroffer .......................................................................... 38 2.8.2 Historische ontwikkeling van het vuuroffer ...................................................... 39 2.8.3 De drie vuren .......................................................................................... 40 2.8.4 De ontbranding van het offervuur ................................................................. 41 2.9 De verrichters van het offer ........................................................................... 42 2.9.1 Algemene opmerkingen over de verrichters van het offer .................................... 43 2.9.2 De Vedische priesterschappen in IE verband .................................................... 44 2.9.3 De purohita ............................................................................................ 45 2.9.4 Lijsten van gewone priesters in de Ṛg Veda ..................................................... 46 2.9.5 De zeven priesters .................................................................................... 47 2.9.5.1 Hotṛ, adhvaryu, agnīdh, upavaktṛ ........................................................... 48 2.9.5.2 Potṛ, neṣṭṛ, brāhmaṇa en sāman-zangers .................................................. 49 2.9.6 Offeraars en de keuze van de offerpriesters .................................................... 50 3 Aanvullende riten bij het offer ............................................................................ 51 3.1 De dīkṣā ................................................................................................... 52 3.1.1 Beschrijving van de dīkṣā ........................................................................... 53 3.1.2 Verklaring van de dīkṣā ............................................................................. 54 3.1.2.1 Het element van extase ....................................................................... 55 3.1.2.2 De dīkṣā als rite van wedergeboorte ....................................................... 56 3.1.2.3 De zelfverbrandingstheorie van Hillebrandt ............................................... 57 3.2 De Avabhṛtha en andere wasrituelen ................................................................ 58 3.3 Taboes ..................................................................................................... 59 3.3.1 Baden ................................................................................................... 60 3.3.2 Haarknippen ........................................................................................... 61 3.3.3 Andere geboden en verboden en verklaringen hiervan ........................................ 62 3.3.4 Bijzondere taboes .................................................................................... 63 3.3.5 Gedragsbepalende regels bij het verkrijgen van het object .................................. 64 3.4 De vormen van gebed ................................................................................... 65 4 De offers van het śrauta-ritueel ........................................................................... 66 4.1 Algemene kenmerken van het śrauta-ritueel....................................................... 67 4.1.1 De indeling der śrauta-riten ........................................................................ 68 4.1.2 De onderverdeling van de sāman en groepen verzen .......................................... 69 4.1.3 Volgorde van de sāmans ............................................................................. 70 4.1.3.1 Algemeen model van de volgorde van de sāmans ........................................ 71 4.1.3.2 De dagelijkse litanieën ........................................................................ 72 4.2 Het instellen en herinstellen van de vuren ......................................................... 74 4.3 Het offer aan de vuurgod of Agnihotra .............................................................. 75 4.4 De offers van nieuwemaan en vollemaan (Darśapūrṇamāsa) .................................... 76 4.4.1 Kenmerken van de maansoffers .................................................................... 77 4.4.2 Verloop van de maansoffers ........................................................................ 78 4.4.3 Gecombineerde nieuwe- en vollemaansoffers .................................................. 80 4.5 De viermaandelijkse offers of seizoensoffers (Caturmāsya’s) ................................... 81 4.6 Eerste-oogstoffer (Āgrayaṇa iṣṭi) en andere iṣṭi’s ................................................. 83 4.7 Het dierenoffer (Paśubandha) ......................................................................... 84 4.8 Het soma-offer ........................................................................................... 85 4.8.1 Enige algemene kenmerken van het soma-offer ................................................ 86 4.8.2 Verloop van het soma-offer ........................................................................ 87 4.8.3 De goden en het soma-offer ........................................................................ 89 4.8.4 Het doel van het soma-offer ....................................................................... 90 4.9 Het Pravargya- of Hete-melkoffer .................................................................... 91 4.10 Het Aikādaśina-dierenoffer ............................................................................ 92 4.11 Andere vormen van Jyotiṣṭoma ....................................................................... 93 4.12 Andere eendaagse soma-offers ....................................................................... 94 4.13 De Vājapeya of Krachtdronk ..........................................................................
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