(A) Geschiedenis Van Het Hindoeïsme (Klostermaier) 1

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(A) Geschiedenis Van Het Hindoeïsme (Klostermaier) 1 Dit document vormt een onderdeel van de website https://www.religies-overzichtelijk.nl Hier vindt u tevens de koppelingen naar de andere teksten en de indexen, de toelichtingen en de afkortingen Laatste bewerking: 26-09-2020 (a) Geschiedenis van het Hindoeïsme (Klostermaier) 1 1 Introductie tot het Hindoeïsme ............................................................................ 7 1.1 Definitie van Hindoeïsme ................................................................................ 8 1.2 De betekenis van ‘geschiedenis’ ........................................................................ 9 1.3 Het probleem van de geschiedenis van het Hindoeïsme ......................................... 10 1.4 Het probleem van de constructie van een historisch schema van het Hindoeïsme .......... 11 1.4.1 Het probleem van de constructie ............................................................... 12 1.4.2 Periodisering door Schwartzberg ............................................................... 13 1.4.3 Periodisering door Gonda ........................................................................ 14 1.4.4 Periodisering door Klostermaier ................................................................ 15 1.5 Belangrijkste literaire bronnen van het Hindoeïsme .............................................. 16 1.5.1 Inleiding tot de belangrijkste literaire bronnen van het Hindoeïsme .................... 17 1.5.2 Śruti-literatuur .................................................................................... 18 1.5.3 Smṛti-literatuur .................................................................................... 19 1.5.4 Vedāṅga’s, Sūtra’s, en Upa Veda’s ............................................................. 20 1.5.5 Sectarische geschriften........................................................................... 21 1.5.6 Datering van de Hindoe-literatuur ............................................................. 22 1.5.7 Niet-Sanskritische religieuze literatuur ....................................................... 23 2 De controverse over het begin van het Hindoeïsme .................................................. 24 2.1 Inleiding tot de controverse over het begin van het Hindoeïsme ............................... 25 2.2 De theorie van de Arische invasie .................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Oorzaken van het ontstaan van de Arische-invasie-theorie ................................ 27 2.2.2 De Jafeth-theorie van Abbé Dubois (1770 – 1848) ........................................... 28 2.2.3 De Arische-invasie-theorie van Max Müller (1823 – 1903) .................................. 29 2.2.4 Vroege kritiek op de Arische-invasie-theorie van Max Müller ............................. 30 2.3 De verwerping van de Arische-invasie-theorie ..................................................... 31 2.3.1 Het koloniale karakter van de Arische-invasie-theorie ..................................... 32 2.3.2 Conclusies t.a.v. de Arische-invasie-theorie ................................................. 33 2.4 De theorie van de Nieuwe Chronologie .............................................................. 34 2.5 Het probleem van de filologische benadering van de oude Indiase literatuur ............... 35 2.6 De ‘astronomische’ theorie van Subhash Kak ...................................................... 36 2.7 De theorie van India als de bakermat van de beschaving ........................................ 37 2.8 Conclusies t.a.v. de theorie van de Nieuwe Chronologie ........................................ 38 3 Een korte geschiedenis van de Vedische religie ....................................................... 39 3.1 De Ṛg Veda en zijn interpretatoren .................................................................. 40 3.1.1 Algemene kenmerken van de Ṛg Veda ......................................................... 41 3.1.2 Yāska (5e eeuw v. Chr.) .......................................................................... 42 3.1.3 Sāyaṇa (ca 1500 na Chr.)......................................................................... 43 3.1.4 Westerse indologie in de 19e eeuw ............................................................. 44 3.1.5 Indiase indologie ................................................................................... 45 3.1.5.1 Dayānanda Sarasvatī ........................................................................... 46 3.1.5.2 Aurobindo Ghose ............................................................................... 47 3.1.6 Moderne indologie ................................................................................. 48 3.1.6.1 Gonda ............................................................................................. 49 3.1.6.2 Dandekar ......................................................................................... 50 3.2 De Vedische Indra-godsdienst ......................................................................... 51 3.2.1 Inleiding tot de Vedische Indra-godsdienst ................................................... 52 3.2.2 Algemene opmerkingen over de interpretatie van de mythe van Indra’s slachting van Vṛtra (de I-V-mythe) ........................................................................................... 53 3.2.2.1 Yāska (in de Nirukta) over de I-V-mythe ................................................... 54 3.2.2.2 Sāyaṇa over de I-V-mythe .................................................................... 55 3.2.2.3 Dandekar over de I-V-mythe.................................................................. 56 3.2.2.4 Klostermaier over de I-V-mythe ............................................................. 57 3.2.3 Vroege interpretaties van de I-V-mythe ....................................................... 58 3.2.3.1 Vedāṅga’s over de I-V-mythe ................................................................ 59 3.2.3.2 Brāhmaṇa’s over de I-V-mythe ............................................................... 60 3.2.3.3 Upaniṣads over de I-V-mythe ................................................................. 61 3.2.3.4 Itihasa en Purāṇa over de I-V-mythe ........................................................ 62 3.2.4 De I-V-mythe in de Rāmāyaṇa ................................................................... 63 3.2.5 De I-V-mythe in de Mahābhārata ............................................................... 64 3.2.5.1 De eerste versie van de I-V-mythe in de Mahābhārata .................................. 65 3.2.5.2 De tweede versie van de I-V-mythe in de Mahābhārata ................................. 66 3.2.5.3 De derde versie van de I-V-mythe in de Mahābhārata ................................... 67 3.2.5.4 De vierde versie van de I-V-mythe in de Mahābhārata .................................. 68 3.2.5.5 De vijfde versie van de I-V-mythe in de Mahābhārata ................................... 69 3.2.6 De I-V-mythe in de Purāṇa’s .................................................................... 70 3.2.6.1 Inleiding tot de I-V-mythe in de Purāṇa’s .................................................. 71 3.2.6.2 De I-V-mythe in de Bhāgavata Purāṇa (een Vaiṣṇava Purāṇa) ......................... 72 3.2.6.3 De I-V-mythe in de Skanda Purāṇa (een Śaiva Purāṇa) .................................. 73 3.2.6.4 De I-V-mythe in de Devī Bhāgavata Purāṇa (een Upa Purāṇa) ......................... 74 3.2.6.5 Conclusie t.a.v. de I-V-mythe in de Purāṇa’s ............................................. 75 3.2.7 Verering en iconografie van Indra .............................................................. 76 3.3 Pūrva Mīmāṃsā: orthodoxe Vedische exegese ..................................................... 77 3.3.1 Belangrijkste orthodoxe filosofen en werken ................................................ 78 3.3.2 Doel en middelen van de Pūrva Mīmāṃsā .................................................... 79 3.3.3 Voorwaarden voor het verrichten van het offer volgens Pūrva Mīmāṃsā ............... 80 3.3.4 Doel van het offer volgens Pūrva Mīmāṃsā ................................................... 81 3.4 De continuïteit van de Vedische religie ............................................................. 82 3.4.1 Cultusveranderingen .............................................................................. 83 3.4.2 Voortzetting van het Vedische gedachtengoed .............................................. 84 4 Een korte geschiedenis van het Vaiṣṇavisme ........................................................... 85 4.1 De ontwikkeling van het Vaiṣṇavisme................................................................ 86 4.1.1 De oorsprong van Viṣṇu .......................................................................... 87 4.1.2 Viṣṇu in de oudste teksten ...................................................................... 88 4.1.3 Viṣṇu en Kṛṣṇa-Vāsudeva in de Mahābhārata-periode ...................................... 89 4.1.3.1 Ontwikkeling van de god Viṣṇu in de Mahābhārata-periode ............................ 90 4.1.3.2 Verbreiding en ontwikkeling van het Vasudevisme ....................................... 91 4.1.3.3 Het Bhagavatisme in relatie tot andere secten ........................................... 92 4.1.3.4 Overige kenmerken van het Vaiṣṇavisme .................................................. 93 4.2 De ontwikkeling van de mythologie van Viṣṇu ..................................................... 94 4.2.1 De mythologie van Viṣṇu in de Vedische literatuur ........................................
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