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Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by PROFESSOR A. K. WARDER III. BAND 1. HEFT A. Subskriptionspreis M. 8.20. Einzelpreis 9.70. GRUNDRISS DER INDO-ARISCHEN PHILOLOGIE UND ALTERTUMSKUNDE UNTER MITWIRKUNG VON A. BAINES-LONDON, R. G. BHANDARKAR-PUNA, M. BLOOMFIELD-BALTIMORE, J. BURGESS-EDINBURGH, O. FRANKE-KONIGSBERG, R. GARBE- TUBINGEN, \V. GEIGER - ERLANGEN, K. GELDNER- BERLIN, G. A. GRIERSON- CALCUTTA, A. HILLEBRANDT-BRESLAU, H. JACOBI-BONN, J. JOLLY-WURZBURG, H. KERN-LEIDEN, E. KUHN-MUNCHEN, C.R. LANMAN- CAMBRIDGE (MASS.), E. LEUMANN-STRASSBURG, B. LIEBICH-BRESLAU, A. MACDONELL- OXFORD, R. MERINGER-WIEN, R. PISCHEL-HALLE, E. J. RAPSON-LONDON, J. S. SPEYER-GRONINGEN, M. A. STEIN-LAHORE, G.THIBAUT- ALLAHABAD, A. VENIS-BENARES, SIR R. WEST-LONDON, M. WINTERNITZ- OXFORD, TH. ZACHARIAE-HALLE HERAUSGEGEBEN GEORG BttHLER. VEDIC MYTHOLOGY BY A. A. MACDONELL. STRASSBURG VERLAG VON KARL J. TRUBNER 1897. \_Alle Rechte, besonders das der Uebersetzung, vorbehalten.~\ of Research In diesem Werk soil zum ersten Mai der The Encyclopedia Indo-Aryan einen Gesamtiiber- Versuch gemacht werden, contains the first attempt at a complete, syste die einzelnen Gebiete der blick iiber indp- of in matic and concise survey of the vast field arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde zu Indian knapper und systematischer Darstellung languages, religion, history, antiquities, Die Mehrzdil der wird geben. Gegenstande and art, most of which subjects have never eine zusammen- damit iiberhaupt zum ersten Mai before been treated in a connected form. Though hangende abgerundete Behandlung erfahren; Gewinn deshalb darf von dem Werk reicher the Encyclopedia is primarily intended as a fur die Wissenschaft selbst erhofft werden, book of reference for students, it will never trotzdem es in erster Linie fur Lernende be- be useful to all connected with stimmt ist. theless India; Gelehrte aus Deutschland, Etwa dreissig and though it chiefly summarises the results Osterreich, England, Holland, Indian und achieved, it will also contain much that is Amerika haben sich vereinigt, urn diese Auf- gabe zu losen, wobei ein Teil der Mitarbeiter new and leads up to further research. ihre Beitrage deutsch, die ubrigen sie englisch About thirty scholars of various na abfassen werden. from Besteht sclion in der raumlichen Ent- tionalities, Austria, England, Germany, fernung vieler Mitarbeiter eine grossere India, the Netherlands and the United States als bei anderen ahnlichen Unter- Schwierigkeit have promised to unite in order to accomplish nehmungen, so schien es auch geboten, die this task. The contributions will be written Unzutraglichkeit der meisten Sammelwerke, Ab- welche durch den unbereclienbaren either in English or in German. lieferungstermin der einzelnen Beitrage ent- Each part will be published separately steht, dadurch zu vermeiden, dass die einzelnen ihrer Abschnitte gleich nach Ablieferung and with a separate pagination. einzeln gedruckt und ausgegeben werden. The subscription for the complete work Der Subskriptionspreis des ganzen Werkes will be at the rate of about 65 Pfennig (8d), betragt durchschnittlich 65 Pf. pro Druck- bogen von 16 Seiten, der Preis der einzelnen the price of a single part at the rate of 80 Hefte durchschnittlich 80 Pf. Druck- pro sheet of 1 6 Sub Pfennig (10 d), per pages. bogen. Auch fur die Tafeln und Karten a of 20 wird den Subskribenten eine Ermassigung von scribers will also enjoy reduction 20 auf den Uber % Einzelpreis zugesichert. percent for plates and maps. die Einteilung des Werkes giebt der auf For the plan of the work see page 3 of Seite 3 dieses Umschlags befindliche Plan Auskunft. this cover. STRASSBURG, im Oktober 1901. Die Verlagshandlung. The Publisher. Bei Begrundung des Grundrisses war in Aussicht genommen, die einzelnen Hefte spater in drei Bande zusammenzufassen und jedem dieser Bande ein Ge- samtregister fur die darin enthaltenen Hefte beizugeben. Da aber die bis jetzt erschienenen Hefte einen weit grosseren Umfang einnehmen als ursprioglich dafiir angesetzt war und das Bedlirfnis fur Register zu den einzelnen Heften sich als dringend herausgestellt hat, haben sich Herausgeber und Verleger entschlossen, besondere Register fur jedes Heft herzustellen. Dem hier vorliegenden Heft sind Indices beigefligt; fur die berets er schienenen Hefte liegen fertig vor die Indices zu: I. 3b: Zachariae, Die indischen Worterbiicher. I. 6 : Speyer, Vedische und Sanskrit Syntax. II. ib: Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda. II. 3b: Rapson, Indian coins. II. 8: Jolly, Recht und Sitte. III. i a: Macdonell, Vedic Mythology. IIL 4: Garbe, Samkhya und Yoga. Til. 8: Kern, Manual of Indian Buddhism. Die Verlagshandlung. GRUNDRISS DER INDO-ARISCHEN PHILOLOGIE UNO ALTERTUMSKUNDE (ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDO -ARYAN RESEARCH) HERAUSGEGEBEN VON G. BUHLER. III. BAND, 1. HEFT A. VEDIC MYTHOLOGY BY A. A. MACDONELL. STRASSBURG VERLAG VON KARL J. TRUBNER 1897. 15" GRUNDRISS DER INDO-ARISCHEN PHILOLOGIE UNO ALTERTUMSKUNDE (ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDO-ARYAN RESEARCH) HERAUSGEGEBEN VON G. BUHLER. III. BAND, I. HEFT A. VEDIC MYTHOLOGY BY A. A. MACDONELL. I. INTRODUCTION. i. Religion and mythology. Religion in its widest sense includes on the one hand the conception which men entertain of the divine or supernatural powers and, on the other, that sense of the dependence of human welfare on those powers which finds its expression in various forms of wor ship. Mythology is connected with the former side of religion as furnishing the whole body of myths or stories which are told about gods and heroes and which describe their character and origin, their actions and surroundings. Such myths have their source in the attempt of the human mind, in a primitive and unscientific age, to explain the various forces and phenomena of nature with which man is confronted. They represent in fact the conjectural science of a primitive mental condition. For statements which to the highly civilised mind would be merely metaphorical, amount in that early stage to explanations of the phenomena observed. The intellectual difficulties raised by the course of the heavenly bodies, by the incidents of the thunderstorm, by reflexions on the origin and constitution of the outer world, here receive their answers in the form of stories. The basis of these myths is the primitive attitude of mind which regards all nature as an aggregate of animated entities. A myth actually arises when the imagination interprets a natural event as the action of a personified being resembling the human agent. Thus the observation that the moon follows the sun without overtaking it, would have been transformed into a myth by describing the former as a maiden following a man by whom she is rejected. Such an original myth enters on the further stage of poetical embellishment, as soon as it becomes the property of people endowed with creative imagination. Various traits are now added according to the individual fancy of the narrator, as the story passes from mouth to mouth. The natural phenomenon begins to fade out of the picture as its place is taken by a detailed representation of human passions. When the natural basis of the tale is forgotten, new touches totally unconnected with its original significance may be added or even transferred from other myths. When met with at a late stage of its development, a myth may be so far overgrown with secondary accretions unconnected with its original form, that its analysis may be extremely difficult or even impossible. Thus it would be hard indeed to discover the primary naturalistic elements in the characters or actions of the Hellenic gods, if we knew only the highly anthropomorphic deities in the plays of Euripides. B. DELBRUCK, ZVP. 1865, pp. 266 99; KUHN, Uber Entwicklungsstufen der Mythenbildung, Berliner Ak. der Wissenschaften 1873, pp. 123 51; MAX MULLER, Comparative Mythology. Oxford Essays. II; Philosophy of Mythology. Selected Indo-arische Philolo^ie. III. 1 A. 1 III. RELIGION; WELTL. WlSSENSCH. U. KUNST. I A. VEDIC MYTHOLOGY. 2 from a IV , Essays. I; Chips German Workship, 155 201; Physical Religion 276-8 ; SCHWARTZ, Der Urspfung der Mythologie; MANNHARDT, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, Berlin 1871, Preface; MULLENHOFF in preface to MANNHARDT S Mythologische For- schungen, Strassburg 1884; LANG, Mythology. Encyclopaedia Britannica; GRUPPE, Die griechischen Culte und Mythen. Introduction; BLOOMFIELD, JAOS. XV, 1356; F. B. IEVONS, Mythology. CHAMBERS Encyclopaedia; Introduction to the History of Religion, London 1896, pp. 23. 32. 249-69. 2. Characteristics of Vedic mythology. Vedic mythology occupies a very important position in the study of the history of religions. Its oldest source presents to us an earlier stage in the evolution of beliefs based on the than personification and worship of natural phenomena, any other literary monument of the world. To this oldest phase can be traced by uninterrupted development the germs of the religious beliefs of the great majority of the modern Indians, the only branch of the Indo-European race in which its original nature worship has not been entirely supplanted many centuries ago by a foreign monotheistic faith. The earliest stage of Vedic mythology is 1 as was at one time but it is not so primitive supposed , sufficiently primitive to enable us to see clearly enough the process of personification by which natural phenomena developed into gods, a process not apparent in other literatures. The mythology, no less than the language, is still transparent enough in many cases to show the connexion both of the god and his name with a physical basis; nay, in several instances the anthropomorphism is only incipient. Thus usas, the dawn, is also a goddess wearing but a thin veil of personification; and when agni, fire, designates the god, the personality of the deity is thoroughly interpenetrated by the physical element. The foundation on which Vedic mythology rests, is still the belief, surviving from a remote antiquity, that all the objects and phenomena of nature with which man is surrounded, are animate and divine. Everything that impressed the soul with awe or was regarded as capable of exercising a good or evil influence on man, might in the Vedic age still become a direct object not only of adoration but of prayer.
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    Vedic Brahmanism and Its Offshoots Buddhism (Buddha) Followed by Hindūism (Kṛṣṇā) The religion of the Vedic period (also known as Vedism or Vedic Brahmanism or, in a context of Indian antiquity, simply Brahmanism[1]) is a historical predecessor of Hinduism.[2] Its liturgy is reflected in the Mantra portion of the four Vedas, which are compiled in Sanskrit. The religious practices centered on a clergy administering rites that often involved sacrifices. This mode of worship is largely unchanged today within Hinduism; however, only a small fraction of conservative Shrautins continue the tradition of oral recitation of hymns learned solely through the oral tradition. Texts dating to the Vedic period, composed in Vedic Sanskrit, are mainly the four Vedic Samhitas, but the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and some of the older Upanishads (Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Chāndogya, Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana) are also placed in this period. The Vedas record the liturgy connected with the rituals and sacrifices performed by the 16 or 17 shrauta priests and the purohitas. According to traditional views, the hymns of the Rigveda and other Vedic hymns were divinely revealed to the rishis, who were considered to be seers or "hearers" (shruti means "what is heard") of the Veda, rather than "authors". In addition the Vedas are said to be "apaurashaya", a Sanskrit word meaning uncreated by man and which further reveals their eternal non-changing status. The mode of worship was worship of the elements like fire and rivers, worship of heroic gods like Indra, chanting of hymns and performance of sacrifices. The priests performed the solemn rituals for the noblemen (Kshsatriya) and some wealthy Vaishyas.
  • On Pāzand: Philological Comparison with Pahlavi Hamid Moein a Thesis

    On Pāzand: Philological Comparison with Pahlavi Hamid Moein a Thesis

    On Pāzand: Philological comparison with Pahlavi Hamid Moein A Thesis in the Special Individualized Program Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (SIP - Classics, Language, and Literature) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 2012 © Hamid Moein, 2012 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Hamid Moein Entitled: On Pāzand: Philological comparison with Pahlavi. and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Historical Linguistics) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final Examining Committee: ______________________________ Chair Bradley Nelson _______________________________ Examiner Charles Reiss _______________________________ Examiner Madelyn Kissock _______________________________ Supervisor Mark Hale Approved by _______________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director _______ 2013 _______________________________ Dean of Faculty Table of Contents Abstract.........................................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iii List of Pahlavi and Pāzand (Avestan) characters.......................................................................................... iv Introduction to Pāzand