DISTRICT ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
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PREAMBLE
This District Environment Plan is an outcome of the order passed by the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal in O.A. No-360/2018, dated 26/09/2019, regarding constitution of District Committee (as part of District Planning Committee under Article 243 ZD) under Articles 243 G, 243 W, 243 ZD read with Schedules 11 and 12 and Rule 15 of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. In the above said order, it is stated that among others ‘Chief Secretaries may personally monitor compliance of environmental norms (Including BMW Rules) with the District Magistrate once every month. The District Magistrates may conduct such monitoring twice every month. We find in necessary to add that in view of Constitutional Provisions under Articles 243 G, 243 W, 243 ZD read with Schedules 11 and 12 and Rule 15 of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 it is necessary to have a District Environment Plan to be operated by a District committee (as a part of District Planning Committee under Article 243 ZD) with representatives from Panchayats, Local Bodies, Regional Officers, State PCB and a suitable officer representing the administration, which may in turn be chaired and monitored by the District Magistrate. Such District Environment Plans and Constitution of District Committee may be placed on the website of Districts concerned.” This order was re-stressed by Hon’ble NGT in O.A. No. 360/2018, order dated 26.09.2019, where Hon’ble Tribunal said, “Compliance of this direction may also be seen by the Chief Secretaries of the States/UTs. This may not only comply with mandate of law but provide an institutional mechanism for effective monitoring of environment norms” In this regard, Department of Forest, Environment and Climate Change re-constituted the District Environment Committee as advised vide letter number 4869, dated 26.12.2019; under the chairmanship of the District Magistrate. The District Environment Committee held several meetings to get an overall view of current scenario of environmental condition of Dhanbad district and evolved out with the District Environment Plan. The District Environment Plan has integrated a concept of Circular Economy and has linked the waste with the concept of circular economy. District Environment Committee constituted of the following members: 1.Deputy Commissioner, Dhanbad Chairman 2. Superintendent of Police, Dhanbad Member 3. Divisional Forest Officer, Dhanbad Secretary 4.Deputy Development Commissioner (DDC), Dhanbad Member 5. Civil Surgeon, Dhanbad Member 6. Executive Engineer, PHE, Dhanbad Member 7. District Mining Officer, Dhanbad Member 8. District Transport Officer, Dhanbad Member 9. Chief Inspector of Factories (or Representative) Member 10. Regional Officer, Pollution Control Board, Jharkhand, Dumka Member 11. Chairperson, Dhanbad Zilla Parishad Member
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12. General Manager, District Industry Center, Dhanbad Member 13. Executive Engineer, Water Resource dept., Dhanbad Member 14. Shri Vishwajit Pal, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Nominated Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad Member 15. Shri Shailendra Kumar Sinha, Head of Department, Zoology and Nominated Environmental Science, Binod Bihari Koylanchal University, Dhanbad Member
Data has been extracted according to the standard format prescribed by CPCB from different agencies and departments and includes the following thematic areas: 1. Waste Management Plan
Solid Waste Management
Plastic Waste Management
Construction and Debris (C&D) Waste Management
Biomedical Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Management
E-Waste Management 2. Water Quality Management Plan 3. Domestic Sewage Management Plan 4. Industrial Wastewater Management Plan 5. Air Quality Management Plan 6. Mining Activity Management plan 7. Noise Pollution Management Plan
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INDEX
Sl no Details Page Number
From To 4 4 1 Foreword 5 5 2 Acknowledgement 6 7 3 Executive summary 8 9 4 About Dhanbad
5 Waste management plan 10 12 6 Municipal Solid waste management 13 15 7 Plastic waste management 16 18 8 C & D waste management plan 18 21 9 Bio medical waste management plan 21 22 10 Hazardous waste management plan 22 24 11 E Waste management plan 24 28 12 Water quality management plan 29 30 13 Domestic sewage management plan 31 32 14 Industrial waste water management plan 33 34 15 Air quality management plan 35 38 16 Mining activity management plan 39 40 17 Noise pollution management plan 41 42 18 Green Audit 43 57 19 Circular economy 58 58 References 59 59 List of machines
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FOREWORD
As per the order passed on 26.09.2019 in O.A. No. 360/218 by the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, regarding the essence of having a District Environment Plan (DEP) and its operation by the District Environment Committee, a District Environment Plan has been formulated for Dhanbad. The plan covers 7 thematic areas including 64 action areas, as prescribed under the format of SPCB. This dynamic document will help in understanding the seven types of waste management, the current scenario of these waste in Dhanbad, followed by specific action plan suggested for its management. Considering the district to be one of the most happening districts of the State, local measures to global measures has been proposed in the plan. The emerging concept of moving from linear economy model to circular economy model through wastes has also been proposed in this plan. Circular economy model address the shortcomings of the linear economy model; which focused on use and throw. The basic idea is to utilize waste as an input for other activities. This will give boost to the concept of optimum utilization of resources with minimum waste and maximum productivity. These cumulative measures will help in mitigating negative impacts on the environment and improve the socio-economic condition of the district. Proposed plan has been prepared in consultation with the different stakeholders. The entire main line department, prominent institutions like IIT and major corporate like TATAs, CCL, BCCL and others with their representation has been discussing the plan in meetings conducted for the purpose. The goals are to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability outdated products and waste. It is known that the demand for different product rises as the people seek comforts with increase in purchasing power. The most important issue is the sustainability or sustainable development and it is the key challenge for the district administration today. Quite a number of methods have been suggested to ensure sustainability. Co-operation of the public, private and people is essential for the proper execution of this plan, which will further help in achieving a cleaner and greener Dhanbad.
Sri Umashankar Singh District Collector, Dhanbad-cum- Chairman, District Environment Commttee, Dhanbad.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
District Environment Plan of Dhanbad district has been prepared in compliance of the order dated 26.09.2019 of the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi in O.A. No. 360/2018. District Level Environment Committee was reconstituted by the notification of Government of Jharkhand, Forest Environment & Climate Change Department which was issued vide memo no.- 3/Parya.Pradu- 37/2006- 4869 dated 26.12.2019. District Environment Committee consisting of 12 district level officers of different departments as members and two technical experts as nominated members with Deputy Commissioner as Chairman of the Committee and Divisional Forest Officer as Member Secretary was assigned the work to prepare the District Environment Plan by the said notification. I would like to thank Shri A.P. Singh, Principal Secretary, Department of Forest Environment and Climate Change, Government of Jharkhand for giving inputs during departmental reviews. I thank Shri P. K. Verma, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (HoFF), Jharkhand for his support in the preparation of this document. I would like to thank Shri A. K. Rastogi, the then Chairman,JSPCB, Ranchi for his guidance and also for providing Model District Environment Plan prepared by CPCB as per Hon’ble NGT order dated 26.09.2018 in OA 360/2018 and various notifications and orders of the Government related to pollution control. The District Environment Plan of Dhanbad is an outcome of cumulative inputs provided by the District Environment Committee, chaired by the Deputy Commissioner of Dhanbad. We are thankful to the Deputy Commissioner who has always found time in his busy schedule and provided valuable suggestions for the preparation of the District Environment Plan. A special thanks to all the members of District Environment Committee; Superintendent of Police, Deputy Development Commissioner, Civil Surgeon, Municipal Commissioner, Dhanbad, District Transport Officer, District Mining Officer, Executive Engineers, Regional Officer, JSPCB, Dhanbad who have provided necessary data and inputs for the preparation of this integrated District Environment Plan. Profound thanks to the Professors of Indian School Of Mining, Dhanbad; for providing their inputs in concretizing the District Environment Plan.
Sri Bimal Lakra Divisional Forest Officer, Dhanbad-cum- Member Secretary, District Environment Committee, Dhanbad.
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Executive Summary
The current scenario for the process of development is the dual pressure for the concerned authorities to meet the economic and social issues but by safeguarding the environment and maintaining the quality of life. It is often observed that while taking up developmental activities, the capacity of the environment to cope up with the pollution or consequences as a result of these developmental procedures are rarely considered. Also, lack of proper land use control is resulting in poor land use compatibility. The developmental activities being haphazardly implemented and no control over the use of land is creating nothing more than havoc and congestion thus leading to poor living conditions. Problems related to environment, unregulated usage of resources and dense population is making things complicated and creating a burden on the environment. Hence there is a need to compose a district level plan in all districts to tackle issues related to environment management at the micro-level. Consequently, environment management techniques are used to solve the issues related to environment such as providing sewage treatment facilities, control of pollution at its source, using alternatives instead of the conventional practices that create more pollution, etc. However environmental risks are not completely controlled by these solutions. The environmental aspects are to be introduced in the planning stages of the developmental activities that are to be undertaken with proper coordination and balance. Currently none of the developmental activities are inclined towards planning of the environmental aspects rather development is more focused. All developmental activities require one common resource i.e., land and depending on the activity, specific land use is decided. The activities that have direct impact on the environment such as trade and commerce industry, housing construction, quarrying & mining, etc, the land use for these activities require proper planning and integration. The need of the hour is sustainable development. By sustainable development we mean to meet the requirements of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet its needs. Hence sustainability defines the models necessary to ensure the survival of the human race and planet Earth. This includes ways to slow or reverse pollution, conserve natural resources and protect our environment. The DEMP consists of the detailed information on the source of environmental pollution, the measures taken to reduce the stress on the environment and the measures that can be helpful in future for the planning of the conservation and restoration of environment from the impacts that the developmental activities have had on it. The District Environment Management Plan deals with environmental conservation planning, pollution mitigation measures, management of wastes, conservation of natural resources including wetlands, groundwater and necessary measures for ecological balance with the principles of sustainable development. The principle of 7Rs of the sustainability shall be incorporated in the environment management plan. The 7Rs of sustainability are Reduce, Re-use, Refuse, Refurbish, Recycle, Recover & Refill. The main purpose of preparing the District Environment Management Plan is to deal with environmental consequences by restoring the ecological balance of the district through smart planning for waste minimization, control of pollution through different sources and an intense plantation drive implementation in the district especially places with condensed population. Mostly the places of human inhabitancies is characterised by bulk amount of waste produce. Human interactions with the environment have resulted in waste production. Waste production and its management was not a major issue until people began living together in communities. As population and purchasing power of people increases, more goods are produced to meet increasing demand, thereby leading to the production of more waste. Proper planning and control is required in order to prevent the negative impact of waste on the environment. Waste management is a process by which wastes are gathered, transported and processed before
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The Objectives of District Environment and Management Plan (DEMP) are given below: To ensure conservation of environment and natural resources at district level.
Restore ecological balance.
To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and district level targets.
To ensure sustainability at district level following the principles of resource efficiency.
To ensure decentralized micro-level planning, execution and monitoring regarding environment conservation.
To incorporate all facets of environmental conservation in micro-level planning.
To ensure participation of all stakeholders in planned environment conservation actions.
Assess, Mitigate and monitor adverse impacts of various pollution sources at district level.
Capacity building of stakeholder, department, agencies, organizations and individuals at district level to understand and implement micro level environmental conservation actions.
To activate inter-departmental coordination for implementation of action plans.
To develop local knowledge centres and expertise for developing environmental conservation strategies at district level.
To develop and implement micro monitoring system at district level. The EMP has been
Prepared in accordance with the rules and requirements of the MoEF& CC and CPCB/ SPCB
To ensure that the component of facilities is operated in accordance with the design
A process that confirms proper operation through supervision and monitoring
A system that addresses public complaints during operation of the facilities and
A plan that ensures remedial measures is implemented immediately. The key benefits of the EMP are that it offers means of managing its environmental performance thereby allowing it to contribute to improved environmental quality. The other benefit includes cost control and improved relations with the stakeholders.
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About Dhanbad
Introduction Dhanbad district lies in the mid eastern part of Jharkhand state. Giridih bound it in the north, Bokaro in the west, Purulia district in the south and Jamtara district in the east. It is connected through NH-2 and NH-32 from state capital and different district headquarters of the state. The district has total area of 2074 sq. km. and is located between 230 26’- 240 01’ North latitude to 860 10’- 860 48’ East longitude. Area is included in toposheet no 73I/1, 73I/2, 73I/5, 73I/6, 73I/7 73I/9, 73I/10, 73I/13 and 73I/14 of survey of India (1:50000 scale). The Dhanbad district consist of 8 blocks of Dhanbad district namely Baghmara, Baliapur, Dhanbad, Govindpur, Jharia, Nirsa, Topchanchi & Tundi. The district comprises of 9 blocks,157 number of panchayats and 1052 no. of villages. The total population of the Dhanbad district as per the 2011 census is 26,82,662. The density of population is 1300 person per sq. Km. The decadal growth of population is 11.91% (2001-11).
Drainage The drainage system of the district is the part of Damodar sub-basin. All the rivers that originate or flow through the district have an easterly or south easterly course. The Damodar is the most important river with an easterly course for about 125 km. streams as Jamunia, Katri, and Pusai are originating from northern hills of Parasnath and Tundi areas. These are flowing from N – S to NNW – SSE and meeting Damodar river. The Barakar river is the most important tributary of the Damodar and their confluence marks the eastern border of the district. It recieves from the west its only tributary, the Khudia, which takes its rise in the extreme west of the district between the parasnath and Tundi ranges.
Land use, irrigation and cropping pattern Forest cover is spread over 189 sq. km. Area in the district. Land put to non-agricultural use covers 431 sq. km., Barren and uncultivable waste covers 325 sq. km., cultivable wasteland covers 113 sq. km.and current fallow is 392 sq. km. Net area sown is 346 sq. km.Among all the blocks of the district, Forest cover is highest in Tundi block. Barren and uncultivable waste is highest in Nirsa followed by Baghmara block. Land put to non- agricultural use is maximum in Nirsa block. Cultivable waste is maximum in Nirsa block. Net area sown is maximum in Govindpur and Tundi blocks. From the cropping area data, it can be inferred that the unirrigated kharif crops continue to cover 95% of the total cropped area. Rabi irrigated crops cover only 3% of the total cropped area. Summer irrigated crops are only 1%. Rabi crops and summer crops are not popular in the district due to lack of irrigation facilities Total area irrigated in Dhanbad is 270 sq. km. streams sources irrigate about 70 sq. km. area. Irrigation by ponds is covered in 65 sq. km. area. Dug wells cover about 50 sq km. areas. Lift irrigation is done in 31sq. km. area while other sources cover 24 sq. km. area.
Climate: Dhanbad district experience sub-tropical climate, which is characterized by hot summer from March to May and well distributed rainfall during southwest monsoon from June to September. Winter season in the area is marked by dry and cold weather with intermittent showers during the month of December to February. Dhanbad area is climatically different from neighbouring regions. The important climatic elements such as temperature, precipitation, pressure, and wind velocity show great variation. Three broad climatic seasons are found - (1) the winter season lasting from November to February. The months of December and January are the coldest. (2) The summer season begins from March and lasts till May. During April the wind blows from the west. It remains relatively hot and temperature rises around 400C. (3) The Rainy season-This season normally begins from the middle of June, when the monsoon winds bring moisture-laden clouds from the Bay of Bengal.
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Rainfall Dhanbad areas receive more rainfall due to coal dust, which attracts clouds and brings rainfall to the area. Rainfall is the principal method of ground water recharge to ground water. Southwest monsoon brings rainfall to this area during the months of June to October mainly. Normal data of the Dhanbad I.M.D. observatory indicates 1306 mm of rainfall.
Temperature Long-term data of temperature shows that temperature decreases progressively after October. The winter season starts from November and lasts till February. January is the coldest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 30O C and the mean daily minimum temp. at 14.9O C.
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1. Waste Management Plan
1.1 Solid Waste Management
Solid waste is the useless, unwanted and discarded material resulting from day to day activities in the community. Solid waste management may be defined as the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste. The activities associated with the management of municipal solid waste from the point of generation to final disposal can be grouped into the six functional elements. Waste generation Storage Collection Transportation Segregation & Processing Disposal There are many verities of municipal solid waste such as food waste, rubbish, commercial waste, institutional waste, street sweeping waste, industrial waste, construction waste and sanitation waste. It contains recyclable (paper, plastic, glass and metal etc.), toxic substances (paints, pesticides, used batteries, medicines etc.) Compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable peels, food waste), soiled waste (sanitary napkins, etc.) The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016; has provided a list of points as duties of waste generators. One among many of these duties, is the segregation and storage of waste generated by the generator, in three separate streams namely bio-degradable, non-biodegradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins and handover segregated wastes to authorised waste pickers or waste collectors as per the directions or notifications by the local authorities from time to time.
Figure 1: Flowchart depicting the collection of solid waste Current Scenario As per the data collected from the Municipal Corporation, Dhanbad for the preparation of District Environment Plan of Dhanbad, Action Plan
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(i) Solid Waste Management Plan (for each ULB)
No. Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Name of Urban Local Body Dhanbad Municipal (ULB) Corporation, Dhanbad No of ULBs in the District 1 Population 11,96,200 SW1a Report on inventory of total Total solid waste Generation 540 MT/Day solid waste Generation SW1b Qty. of Dry Waste segregated 232 MT/Day SW1c Qty. of Wet Waste segregated 308 MT/Day SW1d Qty. of C&D Waste segregated 90 MT/Day SW1e Qty. of Street Sweeping Not estimated SW1f Qty. of Drain Silt Not estimated SW1g Qty. of Domestic Hazardous 8 MT/Day Waste (DHW) collected SW1h Qty. of Other Waste (Horticulture, 10 MT/Day sanitary waste, etc.) SW1i No. of Old dump sites 1233 SW1j Qty. stored in dump sites Not estimated SW1k No. of Sanitary landfills 01 (But not started yet) SW1l No. of wards 55 SW2a Compliance by Bulk Waste No. of BW Generators 27 Generators SW2b No. of on-site facilities for Wet 9 Waste SW3a Compliance in segregated waste Total generation 540 MT/Day Collection SW Collection (MT per day)
SW3b Wet Waste 308 MT/Day SW3c Dry Waste 232 MT/Day SW3d C&D Waste 90 MT/Day SW4a Waste Management Operations Door to Door Collection 70% SW4b Mechanical Road Sweeping 30% SW4c Manual Sweeping 70% SW4d Segregated Waste Transport 30% SW4e Digesters (Bio-methanation) Not initiated SW4f Composting operation 57% SW4g MRF Operation Initiated SW4h Use of Sanitary Landfill Not initiated SW4i Reclamation of old dumpsites Initiated
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SW4j Linkage with Waste to Energy Not initiated Boilers / Cement Plants SW4k Linkage with Recyclers Initiated SW4l Authorization of waste pickers Initiated SW4m Linkage with TSDF / CBMWTF Not initiated SW4n Involvement of NGOs Initiated SW4o Linkage with Producers / Brand Initiated Owners SW4p Authorization of Waste Pickers Initiated SW4q Issuance of ID Cards Initiated SW5a Adequacy of Infrastructure Waste Collection Trolleys 100 SW5b Mini Collection Trucks 96 SW5c Segregated Transport 30% area covered SW5d Bulk Waste Trucks 11 SW5e Waste Transfer points 7 SW5f Bio-methanation units NA SW5h Composting units 20 SW5i Material Recovery Facilities SW5k Waste to Energy (if applicable) Required SW5l Waste to RDF Required SW5m Sanitary Landfills 01 (Not yet started Land NOC pending) SW5n Capacity of sanitary landfills NA SW5o Waste Deposit Centers (DHW) 1 SW5p Other facilities None SW6a Notification and Notification of By-laws in progress Implementation of By-Laws SW6b Implementation of by-laws in progress SW7a Adequacy of Financial Status of CAPEX Required Not required ULB SW7b OPEX Not required SW7c Adequacy of OPEX No
There are many varieties of municipal solid waste such as food waste, rubbish, commercial waste, institutional waste, street sweeping waste, industrial waste, construction waste and sanitation waste. These wastes can be classified under solid bio-degradable waste and non-biodegradable waste. Bio- degradable wastes such as compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable peels, food waste) can be defined as those household wastes that can be organically broken down into simpler substances by microorganisms without adding to pollution in the environment while non-biodegradable wastes are those wastes that cannot decompose naturally. Non-biodegradable wastes contain recyclable (paper, plastic, glass and metal etc.), toxic substances (paints, pesticides, used batteries, medicines etc.) and non- recyclable wastes that can in many ways pose huge threats to the environment by adding up to pollutants.
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Biodegradable Waste: Much of the societal wastes comes from the household units, majorly half of the wastes produced from the household contains biodegradable products which can be treated either by composting or by anaerobic digestion. Non-treatment of these wastes can give rise to microbial flora on accumulation at one place leading to many communicable diseases in human beings, animals, plants. Moreover, a source for bad odour in the environment. Composting is the easiest and simplest way to manage solid bio-degradable waste into something fruitful. Community participation can be used as a major driving force for the creation & management of compost pits at locality levels. The compost can be then used by the locals to use at their households for growing plants. Non-biodegradable waste: The wastes produced as a result of economic development that are inorganic in nature are termed as non-biodegradable wastes. These are further classified into recyclable and non- recyclable wastes. Wastes such as plastics, glass, papers, cardboard, rubber, metal, paints, batteries, cans, medicinal wastes, sanitary wastes etc. fall into this category. Of about 50% of these wastes can be recycled and re-used and thus help in reducing the burden of dump yard landfills. The landfills are a cause of leaching chemicals and toxic substances into the water table and thus posing huge threats to the biotic species. Most of the non-biodegradable wastes are plastics, which needs to be treated in all possible ways so as to reduce its ill-effects to the environment.
1.2 Plastic Waste Management
India has witnessed a substantial growth in the production of plastics and an increased consumption of plastic. Solid waste from construction industry is one of the main waste streams in many countries. Most of the construction wastes produced in the country included both inert and non-inert materials. Plastic as a synthetic polymer substitute natural material in almost every aspect of our life and become an essential part of our society. Because of its durability, plastic accumulates and remain persistent in the environment at the rate of 25 metric tonnes per year. Management of plastics in municipal solid waste management is most critical because of continuous increase in plastic proportion in Municipal Solid Waste, its non biodegradability and direct harmful effect to society. Packaging represents the largest single sector of plastic use in India. According to the National Plastic Waste Management Task Force, packaging constitutes 52% of the total India’s plastic consumption. Annually 1.3 MT of plastic waste is generated in India, which is 36% of the total India’s plastic consumption. Nearly 42% of the total generated waste plastic is recycled in India.
Current Scenario The data collected from the Dhanbad Municipal corporation states that the quantity of plastic waste generated in district has not been estimated yet. But collection of plastic waste through authorized plastic waste pickers, with 100% door to door collection mechanism and 30% of segregated waste collection. Table 06: Inventory of plastic waste as reported by Dhanbad Nagar Parishad Plastic Waste Management (for each ULB) No. Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Name of ULB Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, Dhanbad Population 11,96,200
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PW1a Inventory of plastic waste Estimated Quantity of plastic 25 MT/day generation waste generated in District PW2a Implementation of Collection Door to Door collection 70%
PW2b Segregated Waste collection 30% PW2c Plastic waste collection at Material Initiated Recovery Facility PW2d Authorization of PW pickers [Nos] / [not initiated] PW2e PW collection Centers [Nos] / [not established] PW3a Establishment of linkage with Established linkage with PROs of [Nos] / [not Stakeholders Producers established]
PW3b Established linkage with NGOs [Nos] / [not established] PW4a Availability of facilities for No. of PW recyclers [Nos] Recycling or utilization of PW PW4b No Manufacturers [Nos] PW4c No of paralysis oil plants [Nos] PW4d Plastic pyrolysis [Quantity in MT sent per Month] PW4e Use in road making [Quantity MT used per Month] PW4f Co-processing in Cement Kiln [Quantity in MT sent per Month] W5a Implementation of PW Sealing of units producing plastic All sealed Management Rules, 2016 bags PW5b Prohibiting sale of carry bags Prohibited PW5c Ban on Carry bags and other single Implemented use plastics as notified by State Government PW6a Implementation of Extended No of Producers associated with [Nos] / [None] Producers Responsibility (EPR) ULBs through Producers/Brand- owners PW6b Financial support by Producers / [Nos] / [None] Brand owners to ULBs PW6c Amount of PRO Support [Rs…] PW6d Infrastructure support by [Nos of Producers] / Producers / Brand owners to ULBs [None] PW6e No of collection centers [Nos] / [None] established by Producers / Brand owners to ULBs
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Action Plan Plastics form a huge waste. Waste plastic costs around 8 Rs. Per kg. If the women are mobilized in collecting plastics in and around their community and that will be purchased at around Rs. 25 per kg and sell the contractor (buyer of the plastics for manufacturing products or constructing roads out of it) at around Rs. 30 per kg. Thus, plastics which was a waste now becomes a value for the people around. Additionally, this plastic is contributing less harm to the environment as these will be used in constructing roads in their village by the PWD. It is an integrated approach to enhance the lives, livelihood of the people through the wastes which if not used properly is a threat to the environment. a. Source reduction through less packaging and use of alternative source of packaging: Re-use of product since reuse itself is a waste reduction strategy. Usage of products that has more durability, will reduce the possibility of throwing away thing quickly and reduce the quantity of waste generation. Since plastics are easily available, low in cost, they are prone to be easily disposed. Practically, plastics are used to use and throw away. Municipal solid waste in India contain 1-4 per cent by weight of plastic waste. India’s rate of recycling of plastic waste is the highest (60%) in the world as compared to other countries. As a source of hazard to environment, plastic accounts for 16% of chlorine in the environment and have 54 carcinogens, polythene bags for disposal if burnt irresponsibly releases highly toxic gases like phosgene, carbon monoxide, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, besides deadly dioxin. b. Re-using plastic wastes for making decorative items and selling them: Plastic materials such as bottles, plastic bags, packing wraps, bottle caps and other such single use plastic items can be creatively used by the women members for making decorative items. Such initiatives through NGOs, societies, women social groups must be encouraged as they can utilize the wastes that can be recycled to be used for income generating activities. Moreover, the display of these items can be done through Mela and fairs organised once or twice in a year which attracts large number of customers. The alternative way to encourage such groups is to increase the demand for the products (recycled usable decorative items) through marketing it online. This will increase the demand for the wastes that has to be re-cycled and also reduce the quantity of plastic waste that is dumped. c. Usage of plastic waste in making roads: As many as 7 states in India have already witnessed roads built out of plastic wastes which is far more durable and utilises less amount of bitumen. Out of the 7 states in India, Jharkhand alone has seen the roads built of plastic in 5 places. Jamshedpur has a stretch of 12-15kms of the road, which is being utilised, Ranchi has a stretch of 500m each in Morabadi and Dhurwa, Chas and Dhanbad has 3kms each and 500 m stretch in Giridih. The roads are built in Jamshedpur by Jamshedpur Utility & Service Company (JUSCO) who can be contacted for the collection of the segregated plastic waste materials for use in making the roads. Since large amount of plastic is required to build a small stretch of road so, this will not only reduce the amount of plastic waste to half that has to be dumped by the district but also the waste will be utilised for a good purpose. The entire process quite simple; the plastic is sterilised and then shredded into tiny materials using a machine shredder, these materials are then mixed with the hot mixing aggregate heated to a temperature of 165˚ C and then mixed with the bitumen heated to a temperature of 160˚ C for good binding. The material made now looks oily and can be used for road construction. The road laying temperature is between 110 to 120 degrees upon which the rollers can be used.
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1.3 C&D Waste Management
India is one of the fastest developing countries. Infrastructure is the one of the pillars of the development model. An investigation revealed that total waste from India's construction industry could reach 12-14 metric ton per year. It is important to know about construction and demolition waste and how it can be properly disposed. They may have more rigorous requirements. C&D waste is defined as waste that results from land clearing; the demolition of buildings, roads, or other structures; or construction projects. C&D waste includes: 1. Fill materials 2. Glass, plastic 3. Carpeting 4. Electrical wiring 5. Pipe and metals, plumbing fixtures 6. Roofing shingles and other roof coverings 7. Land clearing debris other than yard waste 8. Wood (including painted and treated wood 9. Drywall, plaster, and non-asbestos insulation 10. Wall coverings (including wallpapers, panelling, and tile). Reconditioning methods of C&D waste materials After all the possibilities to inhibit waste, salvage and reuse materials have been incorporated, the next step is to recycle as much of the remaining as possible. Recycling construction waste materials saves money by saving disposal costs. It lessens disposal waste going for landfill, enables a cleaner and safer construction site. There are four types of services where CDL waste is treated: 1. Landfills – The minimum required method of waste disposal is at a landfill, where waste is concealed. 2. Transfer stations – A transmission station is a place where waste is stirred from collection vehicles to larger trucks for transport to a landfill, source-separated recycling station or material recovery station. 3. Material Recovery Station (MRS) — “Material Recovery Station” is the general term used to describe a waste-sorting station where a variety of co-mingled CDL materials are sorted for recycling. At a MRS, a combination of mechanical and hand-separation procedures are used to sort co-mingled recyclables. 4. Source-separated Recycling Station (SRS) – These recycling amenities take a wide variety of materials that have been separated at the station for recycling (i.e., wood, metal). They are the low-cost disposal option. Depending on the type and quantity, some may purchase the material.
Figure 02: Flowchart depicting the segregation of construction and demolition waste
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The C&D Waste recycle will recycle, reuse the salvaged building materials, therefore, resulting in reduction in the cost of waste disposal costs and material expenses. Additionally, this will help reducing the building’s environmental impact; as it will reduce the reduction of natural resources, uses less energy compared to many fresh material products during the manufacturing process and reduce the emission of the greenhouse gases by using a lesser amount of energy for manufacturing.
Current Scenario As per the data collected from the Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, the quantity of construction and demolition waste has not been estimated yet. Dhanbad Nagar Panchayat states that C&D wate of 0.5 MT/day. The establishment of deposition centres has been initiated for the construction and demolition waste and the by-laws for construction and demolition waste has been implemented. However, no such recycling plant for C&D has been established. C&D Waste Management:
No. Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Name of ULB Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, Dhanbad
Population 11,96,200
CD1a Inventory of C&D waste Estimated Quantity 81646 Kg/Day generation CD2a Implement scheme for Issuance of Permissions by ULBs [Initiated] / [Not permitting bulk waste initiated] generators
CD3a Establishment of C&D Waste Establishment of Deposition Yes Deposition centers Points
CD3b C&D Deposition point identified Yes CD4a Implementation of By-Laws for Implementation of By-laws Notified CD Waste Management CD4b Collection of Deposition / disposal Initiated Charges
CD5a Establishment of C&D Waste Establishment C&D Waste No facility exists recycling plant or linkage with Recycling Plant such facility CD5b Capacity of C&D Waste Recycling Not available Plant
Action Plan 1. With the increase in number of populations in urban and peri-urban areas, increase in number of houses has commenced. And increase number of houses have given rise to increase in number of construction waste materials. With the changing pattern and trends in the urban area, people are
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more inclined towards new and modern infrastructure which further leads to demolition waste of the old house and construction waste of the new house. The initial action is segregation of the waste based on its capacity to be reused. 2. Those materials that can be reused shall be sold to vendors to whom the waste (generated out of the construction and demolition activities) and can be reused in some or the other purpose and reselling of these materials can be done for other purpose. For example, scrap of TATA steel is purchased by vendors who melt these scrap iron and use it in manufacturing new steel materials. 3. These challenges are never-ending and in order to mitigate the impact of the waste generated through construction and demolition activities, dumping of these wastes in an appropriate way has to be done. 4. These wastes can be dumped into the landfill sites of the mining pits and covered with thick layer of soil on the top. Later, plantation related activities can be taken up on the land, thus reducing the area of barren land and increasing the green cover in the district. Using species that grows faster and are non-palatable in nature will boost this activity. This activity will also increase the soil regenerative capacity.
1.4 Biomedical Waste Management
The bio-medical wastes generated needs to be disposed off in secured landfills that does not allow contamination through drinking water, surface or ground water. For that to be made sure first the wastes need to be sterilized and then disposed off in secured landfills. Many health centres with the help of locals incinerate the wastes. Incineration of waste has been widely practised, but inadequate incineration or the incineration of unsuitable materials results in the release of pollutants into the air and in the generation of ash residue. Alternatives to incineration such as autoclaving, microwaving, steam treatment integrated with internal mixing, which minimize the formation and release of chemicals or hazardous emissions should be given consideration to settings where there are sufficient resources to operate and maintain such systems and dispose of the treated waste.
Figure 03: Flowchart depicting the categories of biomedical waste Disposal and management of waste are world-wide problems. Poor outdated and illegal practices of urban and hazardous waste disposal affect local communities virtually in all countries. The Government of India has promulgated the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules [HW (M&H)] in 1989 through the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) under the aegis of Environment (Protection)
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Act [E(P) Act], 1986. Under the HW (M&H) Rules, the hazardous wastes are divided into 18 categories. The details (HPC, 2001) are given in Table-2. Moreover, the role and responsibilities of the waste generator, state/central pollution controls boards and state Government is clearly defined. In order to encourage the effective implementation of these rules, the MOEF has further brought out the Guidelines for HW (M & H) Rules in 1991 (Maudgal, 1995; Ramakrishna and Babu, 1999b) giving the technical details of the principles of HWM covered under the HW (M&H) Rules, 1989.
Current Scenario As per the data collected from Dhanbad Nagar Parishad, regarding bio-medical waste, the list of the inventory of biomedical waste generation are as follows: Table 08: Inventory of biomedical waste as reported by Dhanbad Nagar Parishad Biomedical Waste Management (for each ULB)
No. Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Name of ULB Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, Dhanbad
Population 11,96,200 BMW1a Inventory of Biomedical Waste Total no. of Bedded Hospitals 125 Generation BMW1b Total no. of non-bedded HCF 56
BMW1c Total no. Clinics 63 BMW1d No of Veterinary Hospitals 12
BMW1e Path labs 52 BMW1f Dental Clinics 35
BMW1g Blood Banks 4 BMW1h Animal Houses 12
BMW1i Bio-research Labs 3
BMW1j Others 67
BMW2a Authorization of HCFs by Bedded HCFs [Nos Authorized] SPCBs / PCCs BMW2b Non-bedded HCFs [Nos Authorized] BMW3a Biomedical Waste Treatment No of CBMWTFs None and Disposal Facilities BMW3b (CBMWTFs) Linkage with CBMWTFs No linkage
BMW3c Capacity of CBMWTFs Not adequate BMW3d Requirements of CBMWTFs Require
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BMW3e Captive Disposal Facilities of None HCFs
BMW4a Compliance by CBMWTFs Compliance to standards NA BMW4b Barcode tracking by HCFs / None CBMWTFs BMW4c Daily BMW lifting by CBMWTFs [Kg / day]
BMW5a Status of Compliance by Pre-segregation None Healthcare Facilities BMW5b Linkage with CBMWTFs None
Action Plan: Techniques of biomedical waste management include incineration, autoclaving, microwave irradiation, solar disinfection and chemical methods. Thermal processes-These processes utilise heat to disinfect and they operate depending on the temperature. Incineration: This is a process of burning certain medical wastes such as wastes generated from veterinary facilities, medical research centres, pathological, trace chemotherapy and non- hazardous pharmaceutical wastes as it is considered the safest and most effective means of treatment and prevents harm to the environment. These wastes include both infectious and non- infectious and general housekeeping wastes. The only thing to be kept in mind is that the incinerated waste should be completely burned or else inadequately incinerated wastes can release pollutants that might be harmful. Researches have shown that population living near the old incinerators have a risk of getting cancer by 3.5%. Easiest way to get rid of bio-medical wastes is to incinerate them.
Solar Disinfection: This method uses the thermal effect of solar rays for disinfecting the biomedical waste. It can be used as a low cost technique for the countries which cannot afford costly treatment methods. It cannot be used for the treatment of cytotoxic, hazardous or radioactive waste.
Autoclaving: This is a thermal process in which waste comes in direct contact with steam in a controlled manner for disinfecting the waste for a sufficient duration. For easy treatment and for safety during operation, the horizontal system is preferred, specially designed for treatment purpose. According to a research, for effective inactivation of microorganisms and bacterial spores, for a small amount of waste, a 121C temperature is required for 60 minutes. But autoclaves allow treatment for only limited quantities of the waste and release harmful gases.
Irradiation processes-In these processes, wastes are exposed to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation in an enclosed chamber. These systems require post shredding to render the waste unrecognizable.
Microwave Irradiation: In microwave irradiation method, the inactivation of microbial infection is done by using the heating effect of electromagnet rays. The frequency of these rays
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lies between 300 and 300,000 MHz. Most of the microorganisms gets destroyed a frequency of about 2450 MHz. Chemical processes- In this process chemicals act as disinfectants. Chemicals such as Sodium hypochlorite, dissolved chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, dry inorganic chemical and ozone are examples of such chemicals. Most chemical processes are water-intensive and require neutralising agents. Mechanical processes- Mechanical process involves the breaking down or the distortion of the physical form of the wastes in order to further treat the residues by either disposing them off to the secured landfills and burying them 3-4 metres below ground level and later covering them with soil. The pit where the wastes are buried should be covered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, before filling the rest of the pit with soil. Multipurpose plants can then be planted over it for the local people to use, such plants include those that have medicinal use. It is a must see that the secured landfills are not accessible to grazing animals. Few measures are listed below:
Biomedical Waste marked vehicles must be increased.
Alternatives transport must be used to collect the waste in case the driver is not present or bad condition of vehicles.
Biomedical Waste vehicles should be covered properly to prevent the waste from leaking.
Biomedical Waste should not be mixed with other municipal waste.
Red/Yellow/Blue/Black Colour code for Biomedical Waste must be followed.
Regular training programme should be organised for the staff.
Biomedical Waste Management Board must be established in each district.
1.5 Hazardous Waste Management
The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 states that the occupier is responsible for the management of hazardous and other wastes, like prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery and safe-disposal. The occupier shall be responsible for safe and environmentally sound management of hazardous and other wastes. Few steps that the occupier shall take up for managing hazardous and other wastes are: (a) contain contaminants and prevent accidents and limit their consequences on human beings and the environment; and (b) provide persons working in the site with appropriate training, equipment and the information necessary to ensure their safety.
Current Scenario As per the data collected, two hazardous waste generating industry is available in the district. The district follows the limit laid for only 2 Hazardous Waste industries as authorized by State Pollution Control Board. Dhanbad Nagar Parishad reported 2 hazardous waste generating industry and Dhanbad Nagar Panchayat reported no hazardous industry in their jurisdiction. Table 10: Inventory of hazardous waste as reported by the Dhanbad Nagar Parishad.
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Hazardous Waste Management
No. Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome HW1a Inventory of Hazardous Waste No of HW Generating Industry 1
HW1b Quantity of HW 1.9 KL HW1c Quantity of Incinerable HW 0 HW1d Quantity of land-fillable HW 0
HW1e Quantity of Recyclable / utilizable 0 HW
HW2a Contaminated Sites and illegal No of HW dumpsites None industrial hazardous waste dumpsites HW2b Probable Contaminated Sites Nos
HW3a Authorization by SPCBs/PCCs No of industries authorized HW3b Display Board of HW Generation in front of Gate HW3a Availability of Common Common TSDF No Hazardous Waste TSDF HW3b Industries linkage with TSDF 0
HW4a Linkage of ULBs in District ULBs linked to Common TSDFs No with Common TSDF for Domestic Hazardous Waste
Action Plan Hazardous waste can be in multiple forms. One out of many forms are paint cans, deodorant bottles, detergent water etc. Household waste also contribute to hazardous waste. Using these paint cans and deodorant bottles by recycling it can reduce the environmental impact of hazardous waste, adding to optimal utilisation of resources and also create an employment opportunity for the vendor who will be involved in purchasing these reusable materials. Hazardous waste that cannot be reused shall be dumped in landfill sites, provided the area should be away from habitation and shouldn’t impact the biotic species in and around the landfill site. It should be dumped 3 to 4 meters below ground. Dumping these will reduce the mortality count of biotic species in the district, thus conserving the ecosystem.
1.6 E-Waste Waste Management
E-waste comprises of waste generated from used electronic devices and household appliances which are not fit for their original future use and are intended for recovery, recycling or disposal. Such wastes encompass wide range of electrical and electronic devices such as computers, handheld cellular phones, personal stereos, including large household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners etc. E-waste contain over 1000 different substances many of which are toxic and potentially hazardous to environment
22 | P a g e and human health. The last decade has seen a tremendous growth in the manufacturing and consumption of electronic and electrical equipment all over the world. Electronic equipments contain many hazardous metallic contaminants such as lead, cadmium, and beryllium and brominated flame-retardants The fraction including iron, copper, aluminium, gold, and other metals in e-waste is over 60%, while plastics account for about 30% and the hazardous pollutants comprise only about 2.70%. Of many toxic heavy metals, lead is the most widely used in electronic devices for various purposes, resulting in a variety of health hazards due to environmental contamination. Lead enters biological systems via food, water, air, and soil. Children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning – more so than adults because they absorb more lead from their environment and their nervous system and blood get affected.
Current Scenario: As per the data collected from Dhanbad Municipal Corporation and Dhanbad Nagar Panchayat, no steps related to E-waste management has been taken up. Steps related to generating awareness about e-waste in the district, is yet to be done. Table 11: Tabulation of status of facilitating authorized collection of E-Waste in Dhanbad E-Waste Waste Management No. Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome EW1a Status of facilitating authorized Does the citizen are able to deposit No collection of E-Waste or provide E-Waste through Toll- free Numbers in the District EW1c Collection centers established by None ULB in District EW1d Collection centers established by None Producers or their PROs in the District EW1e Does the district has linkage with No authorized E-Waste recyclers / Dismantler EW1f No authorized E-Waste recyclers / None Dismantler EW2a Status of Collection of E-Waste Authorizing E-Waste collectors None EW2b Involvement of NGOs No EW2c Does Producers have approached No NGOs/ Informal Sector for setting up Collection Centers? EW2d Does ULBs have linkage with No authorized Recyclers / Dismantlers EW3a Control E-Waste related Does informal trading, No pollution dismantling, and recycling of e- waste exists in District EW3b Does the administration closed [Yes] / [No] / [Nos] illegal E-Waste recycling in the District
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EW3c No of actions taken to close illegal [Nos] trading or processing of E-Waste
EW5a Creation of Awareness on E- Does PROs / Producers conduct Yes Waste handling and disposal any District level Awareness Campaigns
EW5c Does District Administration [Yes] / [No] / [Nos] conduct any District level Awareness Campaigns
Action Plan The first action in e-waste management is collection and its sorting by skilled and trained labours, as this e-waste has detrimental impacts on health due to the composition of lead, cadmium and beryllium in it. Once sorting is done, those materials or the parts which can be reused for further purpose shall be sold to the vendors who can resell it to those who can use these in manufacturing of the new products out of the waste. Thus, creating wealth from waste and creating optimum utilisation of the E-waste materials.
The rest of the E-waste materials which are not in a condition of being reused shall be dumped properly as these contain radio-active elements which are harmful for the living beings. The site for dumping these can be the mining pits created during excavation of stones or coals during quarrying.
Relevant authority from Municipal Corporation can contact the vendor, named Deshwal Waste Management Private Limited, Deshwal Waste Management Private Limited has obtained authorizations from the appropriate governmental agency for their processing facilities. Deshwal Waste Management Pvt. Ltd who is our Authorized Recycler collects it and transports it to the collection centre. No fee is charged from the consumer for giving the goods for recycling and there is no monetary benefit included in the Recycling Program.
2. Water Quality Management Plan
Water management plan will provide information about current water uses and charts a course for water efficiency improvements, conservation activities, and water-reduction goals. The plan establishes the priorities and helps to allocate funding for water-efficiency projects that provides the biggest impact.
The proposed plan is in line with the: Policy statement that ties water management plan to the long-term need of the district Will also help in planning of resource allocation to meet the water management plan.
Understanding the current water uses and costs is essential to a comprehensive plan. This step involves collecting water and cost data and determining a baseline that will be used to calculate cost savings and determine overall water reduction potential associated with water-efficiency opportunities.
At the facility level, this task includes the following sub steps: Determine the marginal per-unit cost of water and sewer service
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Verify the appropriate rate structure is applied Identify services the utility might provide to help manage water efficiently.
Utility information should include the following for potable and non potable water: Contact information for all water and wastewater utilities Current rate schedules and alternative schedules that are appropriate for a particular use or facility type to ensure the best rate Copies of water and sewer bills for the past two years to identify inaccuracies and ensure the appropriate rate structure is applied Information about rebates or technical assistance from the utilities to help with facility water planning and implementing water-efficiency programs. Energy utilities often offer assistance with water-efficiency programs Contact information for the federal agency or office that pays the water and sewer bills Production information if the facility produces its water or treats its own wastewater, or both.
After collecting water use data, take the following sub steps: Determine a baseline annual water use for a specific year or an average water use over several years. If monthly data are available, plot the monthly use over time. Is water use increasing, decreasing, or steady? Try to determine what caused the major trends. Is there a seasonal pattern to water use? This is often the case when irrigation water is used, or cooling water demand increases in the summer months. Analyzing the data in this way will help the District Administration understand current water use trends.
At the agency level, this step involves collecting detailed water use and cost data and real property inventory from all sites. When collecting this information, consider that you need to separately gather data about potable water use and industrial, landscaping, and agricultural water use (primarily nonportable water) that is associated with reduction targets.
Use FEMP’s Water Evaluation Data Tool to collect the necessary data on water end-uses. This tool provides a method for collecting comprehensive water data during a building and campus walk-through survey to conduct a comprehensive water evaluation.
An important step in creating a water management plan is to establish a water balance for the facility or agency. A water balance compares the total water supply baseline to water that is used by equipment and applications.
Develop the Water Balance You can now create a water balance with the quantified water uses by major equipment type. Compare the sum of the end-use water consumption to the total supply. The difference between these two values represents the “losses” in the system. These losses may be a result of:
Water leaks in the distribution system or equipment Inaccuracies in the engineering estimates used to determine equipment water use
Accounting errors such as poorly calibrated meters or unit conversion problems. If the losses are more than 10% of the total water supply, further investigation is probably warranted to determine the cause of
25 | P a g e the imbalance. This may include a comprehensive leak detection program. This process will uncover the high-water-use activities, which will help you prioritize water-saving opportunities.
Based on the outcome of the water balance, the next step is to find ways to increase water efficiency and reduce water use. Use the FEMP BMPs for water efficiency as a starting point to identify operations and maintenance, retrofit, and replacement options for:
Distribution System Audits, Leak Detection, and Repair Water-Efficient Landscaping Water-Efficient Irrigation Toilets and Urinals Faucets and Showerheads Boiler and Steam Systems Single-Pass Cooling Equipment Cooling Tower Management Commercial Kitchen Equipment Laboratory and Medical Equipment Other Water-Intensive Processes Alternative Water Sources
After you identify the water efficiency opportunities, perform an economic analysis to determine if the projects are life cycle cost-effective. In this analysis, use the marginal water and sewer rates identified in previous step. Be sure to also include other related costs, such as energy and operations and maintenance changes, which resulted from the measure. For example, faucet and showerhead retrofits save energy by reducing hot water use.
Use the Building Life Cycle Cost Programs software to determine the economics of energy and water projects. Also, determine the annual escalation rate of the marginal cost of water to escalate water costs in the future. Learn more about water rate escalations across the United States.
Ensure water supply, wastewater, storm water issues, and water efficiency BMPs are taken into account at the earliest stages of planning and design for renovation and new construction. Consider developing equipment specifications that target water-efficient products, so they are automatically purchased for retrofits, renovations, and new construction. As an example, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Centre implemented a product specification for water-efficient plumbing products.
After identifying water efficiency projects, you want to pursue, build an implementation plan. You may want to use this plan to:
Assign teams to be responsible for implementation Prioritize projects based on targeted end uses Project a date for installing efficiency measures Project annual water use based on implemented efficiency projects Identify potential funding sources.
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Current Scenario: 100% industries have been given directions for discharge of untreated industrial wastewater. District level campaign on protection of water quality under “Jal Shakti Abhiyan” has taken place. Table 21: Data received from the Executive Engineer-PHED, Dhanbad Water Quality Management Plan
No. Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome WQ1a Inventory of water resources in Rivers Damodar River District WQ1b Length of River 40 Km
WQ1c Nalas/Drains meeting Rivers 3 WQ1d Lakes / Ponds 0.8093 Hectares
WQ1e Total Quantity of sewage and 88 MLD industrial discharge in District
WQ2a Control of Groundwater Water Estimated number of bore-wells 55000 Quality WQ2b No of permissions given for 200 approx extraction of groundwater
WQ2c Number of groundwater polluted [Nos] areas
WQ2d Groundwater Availability [adequate] / [not adequate] WQ3a Availability of Water Quality Creation of monitoring cell Yes Data WQ3b Access to Surface water and Not available groundwater quality data at DM office WQ4a Control of River side Activities River Side open defecation Fully Controlled
WQ4b Dumping of SW on river banks Partly controlled
WQ4c Control measures for idol Measures taken immersion WQ5a Control of Water Pollution in Percentage of untreated sewage 87 MLD Rivers WQ5b Monitoring of Action Plans for Monitored Rejuvenation of Rivers WQ5c No of directions given to NA industries for Discharge of Untreated industrial wastewater in
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last 12 months
WQ6a Awareness Activities District level campaigns on Awarness compaign protection of water quality conducted under "Jal Shakti Abhiyan" WQ6b Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan WQ6a Creation of District Oil Spill Crisis NA Management Group WQ6b Preparation District Oil Spill NA Disaster Contingency Plan
WQ7a Protection of Flood plains Encroachment of flood plains is Yes regulated.
WQ8a Rainwater Harvesting Action plan for Rain water Implemented harvesting
Action Plan: Measures related to control of river side activities have been taken up by the District Administration. 2 district level campaigns on protection of water quality had been taken up. More such campaigns will be taken up in the near future for generating awareness. Following guidelines have been described in the updated rules of Idol Immersion, provided by CPCB for immersion of idol in the water bodies:
As far as possible idol immersion in Rivers/Ponds/Lakes shall be encouraged only at specific designated artificial confined tanks/ponds with liner made with well graded/highly impervious clay or eco synthetic liner, on the banks shall be promoted.
A temporary artificial tank or pond with liner made with well graded/highly impervious clay or eco synthetic liner (HDPE), and having earthen bunds on the bank of the river/lake/pond shall be created for Idol Immersion by the concerned ULBs. Temporary artificial tank or pond. In case of immersion of idols in rivers, lakes or ponds is inevitable, a designated location (having proper approach, access, corner portion of a river/pond/lake, having shallow depth of water in river or lakes or ponds) should be identified and safety provision preferably steel or wooden barricades shall be made by concerned ULBs.
All the flowers leave, and artificial ornaments of idols should be removed prior to immersion of idols and only such idols may be immersed in a designated place provided with safety provisions.
Lime or alum or any other equivalent coagulant should be added in designated temporary lined pond/tank as pre-treatment option for ensuring settling of solids. After completion of immersion, only supernatant water may be allowed to flow into river/pond/lake, as the case may be, after checking for colour and turbidity as per BIS specification for Drinking Water IS 10500:2012.
Post immersion, with remains of idols and activities such as desludging of the designated area should be undertaken and ensured its disposal as per Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 as amended thereafter, within 24 hours by the concerned ULBs, as per these guidelines.
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3. Domestic Sewage Management Plan
Discharge of untreated sewage water in the water body is a common practice in many countries. This is the common cause for pollution of surface and groundwater because there is large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. In general, the wastewater discharged from domestic premises like residence, institutions and commercial establishments is termed as sewage or wastewater in India. Normally domestic and municipal wastewater are composed of 99.9% water and remaining 0.1% suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids like human waste, paper, vegetable matter etc. The treatment of sewage water requires physical, chemical and biological methods. Studies suggest the utility of anaerobic processes as the core technology for sustainable domestic wastewater treatment. Anaerobic digesters have been responsible for the removal of large fraction of organic matter in conventional aerobic sewage treatment plants since the early years of domestic sewage treatment (DST).
Current Scenario Table: Inventory of sewage management as reported by Dhanbad Nagar Parishad Domestic Sewage Management Plan
No. Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome SM1 SM1a Inventory of Sewage Total Quantity of Sewage 88 MLD Management generated in District from Class II cities and above
SM1b No of Class-II towns and above 0 SM1c No of Class-I towns and above 0
SM1d No of Towns needing STPs 7 SM1e No of Towns STPs installed 0
SM1f Quantity of treated sewage flowing 0.75 MLD into Rivers (directly or indirectly)
SM1g Quantity of untreated or partially 87.25 MLD treated sewage (directly or indirectly) SM1h Quantity of sewage flowing into 0 lakes
SM1i No of industrial townships 1
SM2a Adequacy of Available % sewage treated in STPs 0.50% Infrastructure for Sewage Treatment SM2b Total available Treatment 0.75 MLD
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Capacity SM2c Additional treatment capacity 87.25 MLD required
SM3a Adequacy of Sewerage No of ULBs having partial No Network underground sewerage network
SM3b No of towns not having sewerage All towns network– poundage facilities
SM3c % population covered under NA sewerage network
Action Plan Sewage Treatment Plant Sewage or domestic/municipal wastewater is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people which contains impurities solids, liquid or gases or their combinations in such a concentration that is harmful if disposed of into the environment. Sewage, before being disposed of either in river or land has generally to be treated to make it safe. Treatment methods: 1.Physical Sewage Treatment Physical methods are used for cleaning the sewage. In this process screening, sedimentation and skimming are used to remove the solids. No chemicals are involved in this process. Sedimentation is a process in which settling down the suspended insoluble particles due to gravity. Once the insoluble material settles down at the bottom, you can separate the pure water. Another effective physical water treatment technique includes aeration. This process consists of circulating air through the water to provide oxygen to it. Filtration, the third method, is used for filtering out all the contaminants. You can use special kind of filters to pass the wastewater and separate the contaminants and insoluble particles present in it. The sand filter is the most commonly used filter. Biological sewage treatment This uses various biological processes to break down the organic matter present in wastewater, such as soap, human waste, oils and food. It can be divided into three categories: Aerobic processes: Bacteria decomposes the organic matter and converts it into carbon dioxide that can be used by plants. Oxygen is used in this process. Anaerobic processes: Here, fermentation is used for fermenting the waste at a specific temperature. Oxygen is not used in anaerobic process. Composting: A type of aerobic process where wastewater is treated by mixing it with sawdust or other carbon sources. Secondary treatment removes most of the solids present in wastewater, however, some dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous may remain. Chemical Water Treatment Chlorine, an oxidizing chemical, is commonly used to kill bacteria which decomposes water by adding contaminants to it. Another oxidizing agent used for purifying the wastewater is ozone. Neutralization is a technique where an acid or base is added to bring the water to its natural pH of 7.
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4. Industrial Wastewater Management Plan
Wastes produced as a result of the processing of raw materials for the production of new products. These could be in factories, mines or mills. Since wastewater discharged by industrial and commercial activities is often contaminated by a variety of toxic or otherwise harmful substances, their uncontrolled discharge can damage the sewer fabric and interfere with the operation of the wastewater treatment facilities. Moreover, persistent untreated pollutants passing through these systems may impair the potential reuse of treated effluents and sludge. It is evident, therefore, that early action is required for determining the extent of the problem and for planning and implementing efficient measures for the control of industrial waste discharge. Currently, a small fraction of India’s wastewater is currently treated, leading to high burden of water borne diseases. Setting up of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is important to treat the water and recharge the groundwater.
Current Scenario Table: Inventory of industrial wastewater as reported by DIC, Dhanbad
No. Action Areas Details of Data requirement Measurable Outcome IWW1 Inventory of IWW1a industrial No of industries discharging Wastewater 133 wastewater Total Quantity of Industrial wastewater IWW1b Generation in Generated 5 District Quantity of Treated IWW discharged IWW1c into Nalas/Rivers 5 Quantity of un-Treated or partially IWW1d Treated IWW discharged into lakes Beverages, Food processing, Coal related industries, Refectories IWWe Prominent Type of industries product No common effluent IWW1f Common Effluent Treatment Facilities treatment plant Status of 5 industries have setup their compliance by own ETP/ STP for treating IWW2a industries in treating No of industries meeting standards water Wastewater
128 industries are discharging water in No of industries not meeting discharge pond/lake inside the IWW2b standards premises to reuse it again
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No of complaints receiver or number of recurring complaints against industrial IWW2c pollution in last 3 months Status of Action Taken for not meeting discharge No industries closed for exceeding IWW4a standards standards in last 3 years No of industries where Environmental IWW4b Compensation was imposed by SPCBs
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5. Air Quality Management Plan
Air pollution is a serious problem worldwide. The AQMP describes the present state, and what could be done to ensure clean air in a city or region. It provides goals and objective for a region and prescribes short- and long-term policies and controls to improve air quality. AQMP sets a course of action that will attain air quality goals in a specified geographical area. It requires actions by government, business. AQMP is often based on results from a number of assessments, combined in an Air Quality Management System (AQMS). An AQMP describes the current state of air quality in an area, how it has been changing over recent years, and what could be done to ensure clean air. It involves the following six steps: Goal setting Baseline air quality assessment AQMS Intervention strategies Action plans implementation Evaluation and follow up In addition, air-pollution control devices can greatly influence emissions from waste-incineration facilities. For example, airborne particles can be controlled with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, or wet scrubbers. Hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide, dioxins, and heavy metals can be controlled with wet scrubbers, spray-dryer absorbers, or dry-sorbent injection and fabric filters. Oxides of nitrogen can be controlled, in part, by combustion-process modification and ammonia or urea injection through selective catalytic or noncatalytic reduction.
Current Scenario No manual air quality monitoring station is available in the district. No dashboard to access the air quality data from SPCB is available in the district. No such mobile application/online based air pollution complaint redressing system has been set up. Table: Inventory of air pollution of Dhanbad
Air Quality Management Plan No. Action Areas Details of data Requirement Measurable outcome Availability of air Quality monitoring Manul air quality monitoring station AQ1a network in district ofSPCBs/CPCB 5 Automatic monitoring station operated by AQ1b SPCB/CPCB 1 Inventory of air Large Industry (Coal pollution sources Identification of prominent air polluting Mine & its AQ2a sources Transportation)
AQ2b No of non - attainment cities 1 AQ2c Action plans for non-attainment cities Prepared
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Availability of air Available from Quality monitoring data Access to air quality data from SPCBs& Automatic Monitoring AQ3a at DMs office CPCB through Dashboard Station Control of Industrial AQ4a Air Pollution No of Industries meeting Standards 94 No of Industries not meeting discharge AQ4b Standards 39 Control of Non- industrial Air pollution Control open burning of stubble-during AQ5a sources winter N/A Control open burning of waste-nos of actions AQ5b taken N/A
AQ5c Control of forest fires N/A
AQ5d Vehicle pollution check centers N/A AQ5e Dust Suppression Vehicles N/A Development of Air pollution complaint Mobile App/ Online based air pollution AQ6a redressal system complaint redressing system of SPCBs. Yes
Action Plan Activities especially related to handling of loose material are likely to generate fugitive dust that will affect the air quality of the surrounding area. To minimize such impacts following measures has been proposed:
All the loose material either stacked or transported will be provided with suitable covering such as tarpaulin, etc.
Water sprinkling shall be done at the locations where dust generation is anticipated.
To minimize the occupational health hazard, proper personal protective gears i.e. mask shall be provided to the workers who are engaged in dust generation activity
Regular sweeping and proper disposal of the waste generated in construction sites or any other related sites.
Proper disposal of construction and demolition waste generated from infrastructure, in secured landfill sites.
No excavation of soil shall be carried out without dust mitigation measures.
It is proposed to minimize air pollution by providing plantation as buffer on the periphery of various site and on the open spaces. Nereium species are non-palatable plants and shall be planted to arrest the dust and control air pollution.
An air quality pollution meter for indoor outdoor use shall be procured for measuring the air quality.
Construction activities shall be taken during nights, especially in the winter season.
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6. Mining Activity Management Plan
With the development agenda widened to include Pollution, Poverty and climate change demand for different raw materials and its use has increased many folds. This has put pressure on the natural environment to absorb the harmful chemicals, rays and other disturbances. It is necessary to strike a balance between the demand for minerals from mining activities and impacts that it generates. To offset the negative impacts, we have to make efforts towards the restoration of the local environment with adequate cost-effective measures and building linkages with the existing facilities. The Covid pandemic has slowed down economies across the world. Several industrial sectors have suffered owing to the lockdown. Industries and commercial establishments across India have been shut down, apart from essential commodities. Mining operations, however, are getting a boost through reforms that have been put in place to “open a new era in Indian coal and mining sector specially to promote Ease of Doing Business” (Ministry of Coal Press Release, 12 March). In line with the objective of promoting industrial development at all costs, the Draft EIA Notification also aims to dilute norms related to Environmental Impact Assessments and Environmental Clearances. Coal and non-coal mineral prospecting is one of the many types of activities that have been exempted from requiring a prior environmental clearance.
Global standards of good practice have also been evolved to ensure that mining be conducted in a sustainable manner with environmental and human rights standards embedded in the regulatory fabric of this sector. India is a member of the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (IGF), a global policy forum on mining and sustainable development. The IGF has produced a Guidance Document for Governments on Environmental and Social Impact Assessments related to the mining sector.
The Guidance Document stresses the importance of effective environmental and social impact assessment and management plans to “minimize the negative impacts [of the mining industry] and to optimize the positive contributions of the mining sector.” Furthermore, India’s commitments under international environmental agreements, such as the Stockholm and Rio Declarations, Convention on Biological Diversity and UNFCCC, also require it to adopt a sustainable development framework, which requires that environmental, social and economic interests be balanced. Effective EIAs and Environmental Management Plans are a key aspect of this.
Principal applicable environmental laws: The principal environmental laws applicable to the mining industry include:
The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (EPA); The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974; and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981
Further, the MMDR Act empowers the federal government to frame rules for conservation and sustainable development of minerals and for the protection of environment by preventing or controlling pollution which may be caused by prospecting or mining operations. The MCDR regulates environmental aspects of mining and provides for sustainable mining. The principal regulatory bodies are Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEF) and the Central and State Pollution Control Board. Specifically, in relation to mining, the Indian Bureau of Mines and the state government also regulate mining.
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Mining activities at Dhanbad The district has total 16 operative and 32 non-operative stone mines, which generate on an average royalty of around 1 crore rupees, along with a Dead Rent of around 7 Lakhs rupees every year, Mineral based industries in the district incur an investment of approximately -185 Lakh rupees. Once open cast mining is over, most of the places are left as it is and these sites become places of criminal activities and dumping sites for different kinds of waste which makes pollution and stinks. It generates breeding grounds for flies and mosquitoes, which later becomes vector for different diseases. These unkempt and deep left out mining pits can be used as a dumping ground for construction and demolition waste and will be reclaimed by adding soil on the upper layers and planting trees. If planted with fruit plants these can be additional source of revenue from fruits which will be from the plants after a time period of 4 to 5 years.
Current Scenario Table: Inventory of mining activities in Dhanbad
Action Measurable No. Areas Details of data requirement Outcome MI1 a Inventory of Mining in MI1 District Coal, Stone and a Type of mining activities Sand 287; Stone licenses: 140, MI1 stone lease: 57, b No of mining licenses given in the District coal lease: 90 MI1 c Area covered under mining 330.32 sq km MI1 d Total Area of district 2075 sq km MI1 Sand lease- 2, sand e Sand mining stock- 17 MI1 f Area of sand Mining 0.325 sq km Compliance to M12 Environmen No of Mining Areas meeting Environmental Clearance a tal Condition MI2 Conditions No of Mining Areas Meeting Consent Condition of b SPCBs/PCCs Mining No of pollution related complaints against Mining Operation related in last 1 year environmen MI3 tal a Complaints Action against non- MI4 complying No of Mining operation suspended for violations to a Mining environmental norms 0 MI4 activity b No of directions issued by SPCBs
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Action Plan The awareness of environment and legally binding notifications from different Government agencies has led to the development of Environmental Management Plan including minor development projects, wherein anticipated impact are assessed and the management plan to mitigate these impacts has been stipulated in advance. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a plan developed to ensure that the project is implemented in an environmentally sustainable manner. EMP also ensures that the project implementation is carried out taking appropriate Mitigative actions to reduce adverse environmental impacts. Environmental management plan includes protection/mitigation/enhancement measures as well as suggesting post project monitoring programme. The management action plan aims at controlling pollution at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures before they are discharged. Fully conscious towards environmental responsibility towards the Stone beneficiation process, the plan focuses, apart from other relevant concerns, on the following important aspects,
Dust suppression measures by water sprinkling and
Proper maintenance of vehicles and equipment. The different environmental components that are identified in the assessment chapter are dealt hereunder with necessary environmental management plan. Air quality management Mining and related activities with transportation, grinding and other generates dust which causes pollution. The dust and its particulate matter cause allergies to the people who are working on the mines and machines including transportation vehicles. Measures like sprinkling of water on regular intervals based on the temperature and wind condition will be applied for reducing dust particles in the wind. Further vehicles and other equipment will be keep in proper shape for reducing pollution due to smoke and dust particles. Dust emissions and particulate emissions will be controlled by water spraying through sprinklers at all the sources of dust formation and corresponding Mitigative measures are elaborated as follows: Proper blasting pattern will be followed for effective rock fragmentation and generation of minimal fine dust to open atmosphere.
Regular water sprinkling at dust emanating sources viz., drilling, blasting and transportation through haulage roads, etc will be carried out.
Periodic maintenance of transport vehicles and equipment should be carried out to check emission levels. Noise pollution control The ambient noise level monitoring carried out in and around the proposed mine shows that the ambient noise levels are well within the stipulated limits of CPCB. Within an operational mine, major noise sources are blasting, operation of mine machineries and equipment, crushing units and belt conveyor. Noise generation may be for an instant, intermittent or continuous period, with low to high decibels. To keep noise generation in control, latest sophisticated technology and equipment have been considered. Drills, loaders, dumpers etc with larger capacities possibly will be acquired to reduce the number of operational units at a time, thereby reducing the noise generating sources. The equipment systems will include cabins to ensure that the operators and other work persons, in and around the operating equipment, have comfortable workstations. To keep the ambient noise levels within the permissible limits of 85 dB (A), the following measures should be adopted Personal who are exposed to critical locations in the quarry will be provided with PPEs Innovative approaches of using improvised plant and machinery designs, with in-built mechanism to reduce sound emissions like improved silencers, mufflers and closed
37 | P a g e noise generating parts. Effective blast design so that there will be minimal noise and ground vibrations during blasting, Procurement of drill, loaders and dumpers and other equipment with noise proof system in operator’s cabin. Confining the equipment with heavy noise emissions in soundproof cabins, so that noise is not transmitted to other areas. Regular and proper maintenance of noise generating machinery including the transport vehicles and belt conveyors, to maintain the noise levels. Provision would be made for noise absorbing pads at foundations of vibrating equipment to reduce noise emissions. Provision of protective devices like earmuffs/ear plugs to workers who cannot be isolated from the source of high intensity noise, e.g. blasting Waste disposal management Since the proposed project is mining of rock, there will not be much of waste generated due to mining. After the quarrying activities are over, these sites will be splattered with the leftovers of rocks and boulders. The boulders of moderate size will be used to line the boundary of a path. The disintegrated rock will be used as sand material for road making.
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7. Noise Pollution Management Plan
Any unwanted sound that causes annoyance, irritation and pain to the human ear is termed noise. It is measured in A-weighted decibels (dB (A)) that indicate the loudness of the sound. Noise level refers to the decibel levels of noise produced by any appliance or machine. In general, the human ear can tolerate noise levels up to 85 dB. Anything beyond that can affect their productivity and quality of life. The decibel levels of common sounds above 80 dB are considered ‘loud’, while the decibel levels of common sounds between 100-125 dB are termed ‘uncomfortable’. All machines operating in an area should produce noise within the acceptable level to maintain the well-being of people around. Regular exposure to noise can come out in the form of people being irritable, nervous and facing difficulty in taking decisions. It has shown to hinder the normal development of speech and hearing in children, resulting in delayed developmental milestones affecting their overall growth. The problem is significant in India’s urban areas and it, thus, becomes important for authorities to make more efforts to control and regulate noise pollution to protect millions of people. The CPCB has laid down the permissible noise levels in India for different areas. Noise pollution rules have defined the acceptable level of noise in different zones for both daytime and nighttime. In industrial areas, the permissible limit is 75 dB for daytime and 70 dB at night. In commercial areas, it is 65 dB and 55 dB, while in residential areas it is 55 dB and 45 dB during daytime and night respectively.
Current Scenario Currently there is no noise measuring device available with the district. As per the data received, Dhanbad has not received any complaints in regard to noise pollution in last one year. Implementation of ambient noise standards in residential and silent zones has not been done. Currently, no noise monitoring study is done in the district. Whereas 2 noise measuring devices are available with SPCBs noise level monitoring can be conducted by them. Table: Inventory of Noise Pollution of Dhanbad
Availability No. of Noise Measuring devices Monitoring equipment with district administration N/A No. of Noise Measuring devices with SPCBs 3 Capability to conduct Noise level monitoring by Stste agency/ District authorities N/A
Management of Noise related complaints No of complaints received on noise pollution in last 1 year 3
No of complaints redressed 2 Compliance to ambient As per Noise Regulation Rule, noise standards Implementation of Ambient noise 2000 District Administration is standards in residential and silent the authority for compliance of zones ambient noise standard.
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As per Noise Regulation Rule, 2000 District Administration is the authority for compliance of Noise monitoring study in district ambient noise standard.
As per Noise Regulation Rule, 2000 District Administration is Sign board in towns and cities in the authority for compliance of silent zones ambient noise standard.
Action Plan The noise waste is created by vehicles, industries, mines and social events organised in the district. Steps that can be taken up in mitigating the noise waste are as follows:
Areas with maximum movement of light and heavy motor vehicles like cars, trucks and 2 wheelers will lead to increase in noise levels. In order to minimize the noise levels by providing plantation as a buffer on the sides of roads. Informatory signboards will be placed at different locations to encourage vehicle owners to blow horn less and follow the emission standards fixed by Government authorities.
To prevent any occupational hazard, ear muff / ear plug shall be given to the workers working around or operating plant and machinery emitting high noise levels. Use of such plant or machinery shall not be allowed during night hour (10:00 pm and 6:00 am). Careful planning of machinery operation and scheduling of operations shall be done to minimize such impact. Construction shall clearly specify the use of equipment emitting noise of not greater than 90 dB for eight-hour operation shift.
Isolation of noise generation sources and temporal differentiation of noise generating activities.
DG sets will be kept in the acoustic chamber and ambient noise will be within the CPCB standard limits.
Proper traffic management and promoting ways to reduce honking. Informatory signboards shall be placed at various locations to motivate people to honk, only when required.
All the vehicles should carry PUC certificate and must undergo PUC test as mandated by Central Motor Vehicle Rule, 1989.
Replacement of vehicles which has been purchased and used for more than 20 years. Since after 20 years these vehicles emit huge amount of pollution, thus, harms the environment in multiple ways.
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Green audit: Green audit is a way to show businesses what type of carbon footprint they are leaving on the planet, while also giving them ways to reduce it. Green audit involves the inspection of a company to assess the total environmental impact of its activities, or of a particular product or a process.
For example, a green audit of a manufactured product looks at the impact of production, including energy use, and the extraction of raw materials used in manufacture, use of the raw material which may cause pollution and other hazards, and waste disposal, potential of recycling.
The green audits are tools that organizations use to identify their environmental impacts and assess their compliance with applicable laws and regulations, as well as with the expectations of their various stakeholders. It also serves as a means to identify opportunities to save money, enhance work quality, improves employee health, safety and morale, reduce liabilities and achieve other form of business values.
Objectives of the Green Audit:
To ensure development along with safeguarding the environment.
To reduce energy consumption to foster environment.
To ensure compliance with present legislations of the State and other legal requirements.
To physically ensure installation of devices that reduces pollution and authentication of such devices by competent authority.
To ensure optimum utilization of resources.
To see whether provisions are made for liabilities arising out of unintentional pollution related damages and their compliance in cases so arose.
To ensure that sufficient precaution has been taken by the industry to protect the employees of the industries from pollution resulting from it.
To suggest improvement in the system to promote safe and clean environment.
The audit process will differ from industry to industry, as different industries give different outputs and are having different operation processes.
So there will be broadly understand plans to carry out the Green Audit:
To understand the industry and its specific effect to environment.
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To compare the statements of the industry with standard performance indicators obtained.
To find whether relevant clearances from different departments/ministries have been obtained or not. Eg. Environment Clearance from Pollution Control Boards, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Water drawls permission etc.
To find consumption per unit of produce to see whether loss of energy caused.
To assess inefficiency, bottlenecks which are energy consuming.
To see all Compliance of Environmental Laws has been made.
To inquire regarding the pollution effect with the Civil Society of nearby region.
To find whether the industry has complied with all commitments and assurances given in MoU regarding environment.
To suggest measures to improve energy efficiency and anti-pollution measures.
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8. Circular Economy
The concept of circular economy is very important for a country like India. One needs to move from use and throw model to use and reuse model, thus, focusing upon optimum utilisation of resources. In order to understand the difference between linear economy and circular economy, check the flowcharts below:
Figure: Process involved in a linear economy model
Figure: Process involved in circular economy
8.1 Municipal waste and circular economy
Developing nations, including India, face a number of daunting challenges in the twenty-first century, including population growth, political strife, rapid urbanization, food and water scarcity, environmental pollution, infectious diseases, and climate change. In this turbulent era, there is a need for resilience at every level—from the village family to the corporate boardroom to the halls of government. We argue that achieving resilience will require both enlightened government policies and successful initiatives by social and environmental innovators that demonstrate the capacity for adapting to these challenges. Such practical first steps can serve as models for creating a more resilient and sustainable economy in India. One way to stimulate rapid progress is development of circular economy solutions that create innovative pathways for utilization of discarded materials, thus seeking to eliminate waste.
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Figure: Generation and disposition of wastes through business value chain on the triple value framework, which explicitly maps the interdependencies among three types of dynamic systems— industries, communities, and the environment (Fiksel et al. 2014). Resources are extracted from the environment, move through production processes to create value for markets, and then the wastes are disposed or recycled. The lifecycle stages shown in Fig. 1 include extraction of raw materials from terrestrial sources, transport, processing, manufacturing and packaging into finished products, distribution and product support through various market channels, consumer use of products, and final disposal or recycling of the residual wastes. These wastes are generated in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms, and may include hazardous pollutants and greenhouse gases. In this type of holistic analysis, it is important to account for direct consequences, such as financial benefits, as well as indirect or unintended consequences, including environmental and social impacts. The circular economy strategy envisions that industrial and consumer wastes can replace virgin materials—so that inefficient and harmful waste disposal is essentially eliminated. Many existing waste streams are underutilized; for example, municipal solid waste contains about 85% of biomass and other combustible materials, comprising a mixture of energy-rich fuels. Likewise, coal combustion residues from power plants, such as fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and fuel gas desulfurization residues, can be beneficially used in concrete and cement production, structural falls, building products, gypsum wallboard, and surface stabilization. The World Economic Forum estimates that based on current technologies, the circular economy approach could save more than $1 trillion/yr globally due to lower costs, lower carbon emissions, and supply chain risk reduction (WEF 2013). Circular economy practices include reverse logistics (eg., refurbishment of containers, pallets, used or defective products), beneficial reuse of wasted materials or energy (e.g., composting, used oil recovery, bio digestion of organics, combined heat and power), and business model innovation (eg., dematerialization, resource pooling, product-as-a-service).
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Municipal Waste Management in the Circular Economy: Municipal waste management is a part of the transition to the CE model. The objective is to elimination of municipal waste landfilling. Moreover, it was shown that positive changes in municipal waste management can boost the economic, environmental, and social benefits in Jharkhand. The key waste streams are municipal waste and packaging waste.
Table: Characteristics of the indicator related to municipal waste management
Indicator Definition Production and consumption Municipal waste production per capita Indicates the amount of the waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities and disposed of through the waste management system. Food waste production Indicates the amount of the waste generated in the production, distribution and consumption of food. Waste Management Overall municipal waste recycling Includes the share of recycled municipal waste in the total amount of municipal waste generated. The recycling is related to material recycling, composting, and anaerobic digestion Overall packaging waste recycling rate Includes the share of recycled packaging waste in all packaging waste generated, i.e., wasted material that was usedfortheprotection,containment,delivering,handling, and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user (consumer), excluding production residues Bio-waste recycling It presents the ratio of composted/methanized municipal waste over the total population
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In order to manage the municipal waste in Jharkhand and in the district, a tabular representation of actions proposed are shared below: Table: Proposed actions of municipal waste
Sl Proposition of Actions Relevance No. Municipal waste management 01 Analysis of the effectiveness of Analysis of the effectiveness of the current system will be current regulations regarding made through the prism of those raw materials derived municipal waste from municipal waste, which are important raw materials for industry in the District 02 Identifying barriers at the local Analysis will be made at the local level regarding those government level in increasing the elements that constitute barriers to increasing levels of efficiencyofmunicipalwastecollection municipal waste collection and recycling. Such an andmanagement assessment should cover both consumers and entrepreneurs, as well as waste management bodies from the local level. 03 Analysis of the introduction of Analysis of the possibilities of creating additional or alternative—to existing—methods complementary existing municipal waste collection of municipal wastecollection systems will be carried out, which—due to specific conditions—could increase the amount of good quality recyclable materials Preventing Food Waste 01 Dissemination of knowledge among Systematic educational campaigns aimed at raising consumers on the prevention of food awareness among consumers and representatives of the waste food industry about food waste, among others, are desirable. By disseminating the 4P principle, i.e., planning ahead shopping, processing food to extend its shelf life, storing products in appropriate conditions, and sharing unnecessary food with those in need 02 Implementation of distribution Many collected products (e.g., by charities) cannot be mechanisms and appropriate handling transferred to those in need due to restrictive regulations of products with an end-of-life date regarding the expiry dates of products—this leads to certain conditions of wasting nutritious food that could be used and handed over to the needy. 03 Implementation of incentives for Considering the economic, environmental, and social entrepreneurs engaged in dimensions of actions to reduce food losses, it is desirable counteracting food waste to introduce mechanisms through which enterprises will be more actively involved in cooperation with charitable organizations dealing with providing food for the needy. 04 Conducting periodic statistical Despite the estimates made by various organizations (both surveys regarding the scale, structure public and private), there is still no full knowledge about and directions of processes related to the causes and scale of food waste in Poland. Therefore, it food waste is postulated to introduce periodical surveys based on a uniform methodology into official statistics, thanks to which it will be possible to monitor this phenomenon in the district. Education 01 Creation of an internet platform The platform will allow the exchange of information between government administration, business, and local government. The platform should contain user guides in the context of circular economy, information on incentives for entrepreneurs, current support programs, and
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educationalbrochures. 02 Promotion of sustainable Educational activities will be carried out to make informed consumption consumer decisions. These are about: The ability to read patterns in the education of children and recognize labels and markings on products, the ability and to critically analyse advertising messages, the ability to adolescents search for information on the impact of consumption on the environment, and the knowledge of the rights and obligations of consumers. Appropriate selection of educational programs will translate into an increase in the ecological awareness of children and adolescents, which will allow them to develop appropriate habits and behaviours in adult life. 03 Promoting knowledge about the Introduction about the product life cycle and obtaining raw circular materials from available new sources, i.e., renewable economy and the principles of resources and waste, eco-design principles, etc. dealing with resources within higher education 04 Social campaign on sustainable The purpose of the campaign is to disseminate sustainable consumption patterns consumption patterns among all social groups 05 Dissemination of knowledge about Implementation of a pilot program addressed to the circular economy in municipalities, which aims to develop good practices in the municipalities field of circular economy
Recommended CE Actions in Municipal Waste Management The presented CE model solutions have been grouped into the six groups (Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize, and Exchange) indicated in the ReSOLVE framework and they present the possible ways of the CE’s implementation in municipal waste management. Perspective of Possible Application of Proposed Actions to the Polish Conditions The presented solutions for municipal waste management are complementary to the actions proposed. They are grouped in the following six actions, that can be taken by residents and governments in order to speed up the process towards CE implementation: Regenerate Regenerate is the first action in the proposed CE model framework. It includes actions aimed at transition to renewable materials and energy sources. The municipal waste can be treated as a source of energy, heat, or process steam recovery when it is directed to the installations for the thermal transformation of waste. Waste incineration must take place with all precautionary measures taken to prevent the generation of harmful emissions and the risk to health and life. It should be underlined that, according to the European hierarchy, waste incineration with energy recovery is the latest option, just before the safe disposal. There are several waste-to-energy plants for municipal waste, including 1618 plants worldwide. These plants (can be recommended in the areas of urban agglomeration where there is no place for installations for biological treatment of municipal waste. However, only mixed waste should be sent to combustion processes, because according to the concept of the CE, reuse should be the first option, then remanufacturing, and then recovery of raw materials from waste. The municipal waste stream should be sent to incineration after analyzing and separating its fractions for recycling, striving to use the energy potential of the fraction resulting from the operation of the installation for the mechanical–biological reactor (MBR) in installations with appropriate permits, to the extent that there is no threat to the established levels of preparation for reuse and recycling. Table: Recommended Circular Economy actions in municipal waste management based on the
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ReSOLVE (Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize and Exchange) framework
No. CE Area Description Examples 1 Regenerate Energy, heat or process steam Installation for the thermal recovery transformation of municipal waste with energy recovery Reclaiming, retaining and Landfill remediation restoration of health of ecosystems Returning recovered biological Use of selected municipal waste resources to the biosphere fractions for fertilizing purposes 2 Share Reuse of products by keeping the Sale/resale of products /services product loop speed low and maximization of the utilization of products 3 Optimize Increasing product/technology Implementation of the most optimal performance and efficiency solutions possible in the waste recovery and disposal processes Removal of waste from Comprehensive management of all production processes waste streams 4 Loop Keeping the components and Creation of reuse points, repair materials closed points Recycling and recovery of raw Increasing the efficiency of materials from waste streams selective collection at source, including municipal biodegradable waste, in order for easy application of recycling/recovery technologies 5 Virtualize Buying and using the utility Introducing virtual solutions in virtually everyday life to reduce the amount of generated waste 6 Exchange Replacing old materials with new Replacement of household advanced materials appliances and items by items with a higher energy class
The indicated solution can be also adopted in other municipal waste management systems as the recommended direction in the process of the transformation towards CE inIndia.
8.1.1 Plastic Waste: The production of plastics increased by more than twenty-fold between 1964 and 2015, with an annual output of 322 million metric tonnes (Mt), and is expected to double by 2035, and almost quadruple by 2050. Plastics contribute to economic growth, but their current production and use pattern, on a linear
48 | P a g e model of ‘take, make, use, and dispose’ is a primary driver of natural resource depletion, waste, environmental degradation, climate change, and has adverse human health effects. Conventional plastic production is highly dependent on virgin fossil feedstocks (mainly natural gas and oil) as well as other resources, including water - it takes about 185 litres of water to make a kilogram of plastic. Plastic production uses up to 6% of global oil production, and this is expected to increase to 20% by 2050, when plastic-related greenhouse gas emissions may represent 15% of the global annual carbon budget. Some plastics contain toxic chemical additives, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been linked to health issues such as cancer, mental, reproductive, and developmental diseases. It is difficult to recycle some plastics without perpetuating these chemicals. About 4900 Mt of the estimated 6300 Mt total of plastics ever produced have been discarded either in landfills or elsewhere in the environment. This is expected to increase to 12,000 Mt by 2050 unless action is taken. The ocean is estimated to already contain over 150 Mt of plastics; or more than 5 trillion micro (less than 5mm) and macroplastic particles. The amount of oceans plastic could triple by 2025 without further intervention. By 2050, there will be more plastics, by weight, in the oceans than fish, if the current ‘take, make, use, and dispose’ model continues. Plastics stay in the environment for a long time; some take up to 500 years to break down; this causes damage, harms biodiversity, and depletes the ecosystem services needed to support life. In the marine environment, plastics are broken down into tiny pieces (microplastics) which threaten marine biodiversity. Furthermore, microplastics can end up in the food chain, with potentially damaging effects, because they may accumulate high concentrations of POPs and other toxic chemicals. Microplastics are an emerging source of soil and freshwater pollution. The contamination of tap and bottled water by microplastics is already widespread, and the World Health Organization is assessing the possible effects on human health. The continued rapid growth in the production and use of plastics will have a severe and deleterious effect on the GEF’s ability to deliver its objectives in the following areas: (i) Chemicals and waste: some POPs are used as chemical additives in some plasticsand dioxins and furans are byproducts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacture. (ii) Climate change mitigation: producing plastics using fossil fuels is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, as is the open burning and incineration of plastic wastes. Greenhouse gas emissions from plastics were estimated to be 390 million tonnes of CO2 in 2012. (iii) International waters: plastics pollution is prevalent in all oceans globally. (iv) Biodiversity: plastics pollution is the second most significant threat to the future of coral reefs, after climate change. The impact of plastic on marine species, including entanglement and ingestion by turtles, birds, fish and mammals, is well documented. Many of the chemical’s additives used in plastics have proven adverse effects on fisheries and their habitats. (v) Land degradation and food systems: the emerging threat from microplastics to terrestrial ecosystems, especially agricultural soils could lead to further land degradation affecting food production, including through microplastics contamination of food products.
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8.1.2 Construction & Demolition Waste Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste refers to any waste comprising building materials, debris, and rubble resulting from construction, repair, re-modeling, and demolition of civil structures such as houses, bridges, roads, dams, large building structures, and other infrastructure (MoEFCC, 2016). C&D waste usually comprises inert and non-biodegradable material such as concrete, brick aggregates, tiles, plastic, wood, glass, metals, excavated soil and rock particles, etc. (CPCB et al., 2017). The quantities and composition of C&D waste may vary according to the type of structure and the scale of construction, demolition, or renovation activities. Global C&D waste generation reached 3.0 billion tonnes annually in 2012 and this trend is increasing continually. India is estimated to generate C&D waste 10–12 million tonnes annually, which on per capita basis is around 8.29 to 9.95 kg capita-year. Research report states that India generated about 0.53 billion tonnes of C&D waste in 2013, thus making it the second largest generator of C&D waste in the world. C&D waste contributes about 30–50% of the total solid waste generated worldwide. The provision of housing and associated infrastructure plays an important role in countries undergoing rapid development and urbanization. The Indian construction sector has grown at an average annual growth rate of 10% over the last decade, with its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) increasing from USD 23 billion in 2001–02 to USD 62 billion in 2011–2012, equivalent to 8% of India’s GDP. In terms of employment, the construction sector forms the second largest segment in India’s economy after agriculture, providing employment to about 35 million people (TERI et al., 2016)
Figure: Schematic diagram of construction and demolition materials from beginning to end-use/disposal An effective framework in the CE requires three strategies:
Narrowing resource loops—use of less material input for production in order to have less waste output at the end of life. Slowing loops—this means the lengthening of the use phase of materials. Closing resource loops—this can also be equal to the process of recycling of materials.
In material recovery and production, specifically in the reuse and recycling of materials, closing resource loops is the main strategy employed for an effective framework in the reuse and recycling of CDW. The recirculation of recovered resources in the life cycle allows the use in new construction applications,
50 | P a g e avoiding the use of virgin raw materials. Material reuse is the practice of using applicable building materials again while recycling requires the breaking down of used items to make new materials and objects. Depending on the material quality standards, recycling can either be closed, semi-closed, or open-looped recycling. CDW material recovery and production in the CE should be an integral part of the economy; reuse and recycling CDW could save landfill, save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and achieve environmental sustainability. Following the framework effectively would lead to extending of product/material value, provide long life to the material, and extend the resource value of CDW.
8.1.3 Biomedical Waste
In the past, doctors routinely sterilized and reused medical tools like bandages and syringes. However, with the invention of polymers and other advanced biomedical materials, disposable medical products were designed to minimize infection.
We have to focus on building a circular economy for biomedical materials. Industrial ecologists define the circular economy as a framework where raw and used material or products are looped within a system — like nature’s carbon and water cycles. The circular economy aims to eliminate waste by lengthening a product’s life or reusing waste. Conversely, the linear economy follows the take, make, use and dispose approach.
The mechanisms by which products become waste can be interpreted as a loss of perceived value. This loss is caused by several factors:
1. Physical obsolescence: the product breaks down beyond economic repair 2. Functional obsolescence: the product is no longer needed 3. Technical obsolescence: the product is outperformed by newer technology 4. Economic obsolescence: the product it is no longer profitable 5. Legal obsolescence: the product is made illegal due to regulation changes 6. Desirability obsolescence: the product is no longer aesthetically appealing
To maintain circular economies, obsolete products must be recovered and restored to economic value by addressing all the factors that make it undesirable.
The increasing quantities of hazardous and infectious healthcare waste generated from improved patient care has posed a serious challenge to the entire world. The prevailing challenge of disposing the healthcare waste in an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable manner has now become even more complicated with highly infectious waste coming from Covid-19 patients and healthcare workers. The Covid-19 pandemic has put up an extremely high pressure on movements of surgical equipments due to supply chain disruptions and backward movement of disposal and recycling activities to manage the infectious medical wastes. Hence, for such circumstances, the Circular Economy (CE) model has emerged as an alternative to the previously existing decades old model of “take, make and dispose” To accommodate the challenge of greener economy implementation and environmentally effective usage of resources, “Cleaner Production technologies” has been observed as an important aspect of CE models for ecological sustenance.
The literary evidence of 3 R’s principles of waste management i.e. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle have been considered as the guiding source of circular economy models in various studies carried out across the world. In Reduction principle, the minimization of inputs radicalised through improvement of eco- efficiency and consumption patterns results in the usage of less raw material, primary energy and waste generation. Reuse principle is lucrative to producers, consumers and environmentalists as it requires very
51 | P a g e limited resources such as labour and energy. The principle of Recycling gives an opportunity to extract the reusable material from generated waste in the end of a product’s lifecycle diminishing its environmental impact. The principle of Recycling is often considered parallel to the circular economy model as it has potential to bring waste to zero level; however, it discourages the principle of reduction and reuse especially in terms of resource efficiency and environmental sustainability.
CPCB guidelines on biomedical waste of COVID-19 patients CPCB has issued new guidelines, first in March 2020, subsequently revised and updated twice in April 2020 and on 10 June 2020, on COVID-19. For COVID-19 isolation wards: To store COVID-19 biomedical waste separately and clearly label it. It should be lifted directly from the ward into the CBWTF collection van. This kind of waste falls into two categories—yellow and red. Masks, headcaps and covers, shoe covers, disposable linen gowns, etc. have been categorized as ‘yellow’ and marked for incineration. For sample collection centres and laboratories for COVID-19 patients: Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 to be followed strictly. For quarantine camps and homes, and home-care facilities: Segregation is a must: 1. General solid waste should be collected by municipal authorities. 2. Waste contaminated with blood or body fluids of COVID-19 patients to be collected in yellow bags, placed separately and collected for biomedical waste collection by local bodies and sent to CBWTFs for incineration. The problem is the increased quantity of biomedical waste produced has increased dramatically due to COVID-19. State CBWTF facilities are working at capacity to incinerate this waste. Hospitals and healthcare facilities are formal medical institutions where segregation is better understood and practiced. These institutions also have agreements with biomedical waste collectors. But informal quarantine centres may not necessarily have the staff and the wherewithal to deal with biomedical waste properly. This is even more true in case of home quarantine. It can lead to yellow waste being mixed with general municipal solid waste, putting municipal workers in danger and increasing the risk of spread of infection. On the other hand, municipal solid waste might be wrongly labelled yellow, increasing the burden on already strained incinerators. The use of plastics and disposable masks has also increased manifold, putting an additional burden on the collection and processing systems.
8.1.4 E-waste Growth in the IT and communication sectors has enhanced the usage of the electronic equipment exponentially. Faster upgradation of electronic product is forcing consumers to discard old electronic products very quickly, which, in turn, adds to e-waste to the solid waste stream. The growing problem of e-waste calls for greater emphasis on recycling e-waste and better e-waste management. Electronic waste or e-waste is generated when electronic and electrical equipment become unfit for their originally intended use or have crossed the expiry date. Computers, servers, mainframes, monitors, compact discs (CDs), printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers, TVs, iPods, medical apparatus, washing machines, refrigerators, and air conditioners are examples of e-waste (when unfit for use). This electronic equipment get fast replaced with newer models due to the rapid technology advancements and production of newer electronic equipment. This has led to an exponential increase in e-waste generation. People tend to switch over to the newer models and the life of products has also decreased.
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E-waste typically consists of metals, plastics, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), printed circuit boards, cables, and so on. Valuable metals such as copper, silver, gold, and platinum could be recovered from e-wastes, if they are scientifically processed. The presence of toxic substances such as liquid crystal, lithium, mercury, nickel, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selenium, arsenic, barium, brominated flame retardants, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, copper, and lead, makes it very hazardous, if e-waste is dismantled and processed in a crude manner with rudimentary techniques. E-waste poses a huge risk to humans, animals, and the environment. The presence of heavy metals and highly toxic substances such as mercury, lead, beryllium, and cadmium pose a significant threat to the environment even in minute quantities. Consumers are the key to better management of e-waste. Initiatives such as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR); Design for Environment (DfE); Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3Rs), technology platform for linking the market facilitating a circular economy aim to encourage consumers to correctly dispose their e-waste, with increased reuse and recycling rates, and adopt sustainable consumer habits. In developed countries, e-waste management is given high priority, while in developing countries it is exacerbated by completely adopting or replicating the e-waste management of developed countries and several related problems including, lack of investment and technically skilled human resources. In addition, there is lack of infrastructure and absence of appropriate legislations specifically dealing with e- waste. Also, there is inadequate description of the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and institutions involved in e-waste management, etc. In 2016, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) released the updated E-waste (Management) Rules, which came in supersession of the E-waste in India (GOI, 2016).
8.1.5 Domestic & Industrial Waste- water Domestic wastewater, stormwater and urban runoff: Domestic wastewater consists of blackwater (excreta, urine and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing wastewater). The mix and composition will depend on the water supply and sanitation facilities available, water use practices and social norms. Currently, there has no means of disposing of sanitary wastewater from toilets, and an even greater number lack adequate means of disposing of wastewater from kitchens and baths in Dhanbad. The sanitation ladder used for MDG monitoring illustrates the range of sanitation types, ranging from no sanitation facilities at all (where people practice open defecation) to facilities that have been defined as improved sanitation. Sewerage systems Broadly speaking there are two types of ‘conventional’ sewerage networks that have been developed and introduced over time; the ‘combined’ system and the ‘separate’ system. In the combined system both surface run-off and foul sewage are conveyed in the same pipe, while in the separate system different pipes are used to transport the sewage and the surface run-off. When properly installed, operated and controlled the separate system is most effective, as it reduces the amount of sewage to be treated, avoids the problems of discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and deals more effectively with periodic and potentially large volumes of urban runoff which occur under storm conditions. Based on the experiences of industrialized countries, the sewerage systems of a number of developing world cities were designed and built on the separate principle. However, in many cases the separate systems have not been well operated and the control of connections is virtually non-existent, or the system may have been overwhelmed by population growth and the expansion of impermeable surfaces associated with urbanization. So-called separate systems may have many illegal connections of foul sewage made to the surface water system (a situation that also occurs in industrialized countries) and not to the foul or sanitary sewers as intended. Frequently there are also cross-connections and thus, in many cases, separate systems are effectively operating as expensive combined systems. This has implications when collecting (intercepting) and transporting sewage for treatment as, if only discharges from recognized foul sewers are collected, much of the sewage will continue to be discharged (untreated)
53 | P a g e through the surface water system diminishing the benefit of collection. In China, Li et al. (2014) investigated the performance of separate and combined sewer systems in Shanghai and Hefei. They found that serious illicit connections exist in most of the separate sewer systems investigated and showed that, in terms of pollution control, there was no advantage to having a separate system over a combined sewer system. Effective collection systems are a key for good waste- water management where off-site centralised treatment is chosen; they are also the most expensive element of total capital cost of good operational management. However, throughout the world most places have either no collection systems or systems that are dysfunctional. There are a number of reasons for this which can be briefly summarized as:
the failure to plan and install collection networks (sewerage); old or decaying networks; installation of inappropriate systems; inappropriate sizing of systems (in relation to the waste- water flows or concentrations); inadequate resilience to storm events; ineffective operation and inadequate maintenance; and Ineffective regulation and control of connections. Ineffective sewerage systems severely limit the ability to quantify the true level of wastewater discharged to the environment. Decaying infrastructure also adds to the problem since broken pipes allow infiltration of water into the sewer network and/or exfiltration of wastewater into the groundwater when the water table is low, causing groundwater pollution and potential cross-contamination of drinking-water supplies. In addition to ‘conventional sewerage’, there are two other major types of wastewater sewerage systems, namely simplified or shallow sewerage (also known as condominium) and settled sewerage. Simplified sewerage is characterized by smaller diameter pipes which are buried at a shallower depth than those used in convention- al sewerage. Settled sewerage is designed for conveying the effluent component of wastewater after the solids have been settled in, for example, a septic tank. The presence of a sewerage system, even an effective one, does not guarantee pollution-free disposal of domestic wastewater as, in many cases, the sewage may not be treated prior to disposal. Baum et al. (2013) compared the percentage of people with a sewerage connection to the percentage of people with access to both a sewerage connection and wastewater treatment. even in high income countries, the presence of sewerage connections does not ensure that all domestic wastewater is treated. The estimates presented above are still likely to be an overestimate as there may be issues relating to infra-structure falling into disrepair, causing problems such as inoperative pumping stations, leaking pipes and non-functional wastewater treatment works. In India, for example, nearly 40% of sewage treatment plants and pumping stations did not conform to operation and maintenance standards in 2012 (Hawkins et al., 2013). Many treatment plants have also been abandoned (or are not operational) because of lack of funds for operation and maintenance or lack of technical capacity to perform these tasks, especially at the local level and when operated by small water utilities. On-site systems Worldwide, a large number of people rely on onsite systems for their sanitation with, for example, an estimated 2.5 billion people use unimproved facilities as the primary means of sanitation (JMP, 2014). In rural areas, on-site systems (such as pit latrines) may effectively operate without the need for formal removal/emptying and transport as the effluent from unlined pits will slowly percolate through soil (although this may contribute to pollution of ground water) and full latrines can be covered and safely abandoned, with a new pit being constructed elsewhere. This, however, is not possible in urban areas, especially those with high population density. On-site systems may be badly designed, with little or no thought as to how they can be emptied and, as a result, systems are often inaccessible. Where on-site systems are badly managed, faecal sludge can accumulate in poorly designed pits or can overflow and be
54 | P a g e discharged into storm drains and open water. Where pit emptying services exist they are often un- regulated, hence on-site systems may be emptied with the contents often being dumped illegally. Currently, in many developing countries only a small percentage of faecal sludge is managed and treated to an appropriate level (Peal et al., in press a). In their study of on-site systems and faecal sludge management, Peal et al. (in press b) noted a number of key findings, including:
The quality of household containment is generally poor and adversely affects owners’ ability to empty their pits. Such poor-quality pits are often unsafely abandoned.
Illegal dumping by private manual and mechanical pit emptier into watercourses, waste ground and landfill sites was common in most cities.
Municipalities and utilities rarely provide pit emptying and transport services; these are usually provided informally by the private sector.
There is a general lack of sludge treatment facilities; where treatment facilities do exist they are generally combined with sewage treatment. Often sludge is simply dumped into an existing wastewater treatment plant, which may negatively impact on the treatment of the waterborne sewage. Part of the reason for the poor performance of on- site systems, which can work well and are often the most appropriate choice of wastewater management system, is the notion in many places that on-site systems are a temporary or stopgap solution (before the provision of sewerage) and mainly for illegal or informal settlements (Peal et al., in press b). A lack of supporting capacity for operation and maintenance may aggravate this situation. In terms of on-site systems “the safe collection and treatment of faecal sludge … is arguably the weakest link in the sanitation chain” and it has been estimated that 2.4 billion users of on-site sanitation systems generate faecal sludge that goes untreated (Muspattet al., in press). Mixed provision: Many towns and cities, especially in developing countries, have a mixture of on- and off-site sanitation facilities and ser- vices. These may be provided by householders, by developers or by the municipality or utility. The poor sanitary conditions experienced in many towns and cities around the world and the problems relating to badly managed and inadequate on-site and off-site sanitation systems. Urban drainage and stormwater flow: It is not only systems for the collection of domestic, commercial and industrial wastewaters that are of concern. Surface water run-off and stormwater drainage from paved areas in towns and cities is a major problem for a number of reasons. In addition to the potential hazards from flooding resulting from insufficient coverage and capacity of stormwater drainage, serious health problems often arise with open channel surface water drains in developing world towns and cities where there is an absence of ‘foul’ or ‘sanitary’ sewers. Unfortunately, these open channels also collect wastewater and garbage which become a health hazard through direct contact. However, there is another major problem as these open channels are frequently used by slum dwellers to run pipelines from illegal water distribution connections to local households; in places where there is inadequate power supply and frequent outages, distribution pressure can fall and wastewater can be ‘back-siphoned’ into the distribution system through the illegal pipelines which are frequently full of holes. This can lead to serious and widespread health problems. Another problem that affects both the developing and developed world is the pollution load from urban surface waters. This can be considerable, especially during the “first flush” following a dry period when spillages and drips of fuel and oil and also dust and other pollutants accumulate on road surfaces along with general rubbish. Not only does this impose high organic loads that deoxygenate watercourses, but also much of the polluting load is toxic. This situation is likely to be further exacerbated by the impacts of increasingly frequent extreme weather conditions linked to the process of climate change. Over the years, techniques under the general heading of
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Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) have been developed to mitigate the effects of storm flows. These systems introduce decentralized storage facilities such as lagoons, wetlands, storage tanks and the use of permeable paving materials to hold back surface water flows, thus relieving the initial high flow problems which often results in flooding. Suitably designed SUDS systems can also minimise pollution and can even be designed to introduce attractive water features and civic amenities, some of which become fishing lakes and bird sanctuaries. Industrial wastewater Among the possible classifications of industrial waste- waters, one distinguishes between diffuse industrial pollutants, such as those from mining and agro-industrial, and end-of-pipe point discharges and mostly illegal discharges from tankers. The former are frequently highly polluting and difficult to contain and treat, while the latter can be contained, controlled and treated in circumstances where there is sufficient political will, regulatory power and resources (economic and human capacity) to ensure compliance. Large end-of-pipe discharges are generally easy to identify and can be regulated, controlled and treated. However, some wastewaters arise from concentrations of small enterprises that discharge wastewaters wherever they can and not necessarily to any identifiable sewer. Many are highly polluting containing acids and toxic metals from, for example, small metal finishing (plating) enterprises which have developed in specific localities. Not only do such discharges inflict considerable environmental damage especially to sensitive ecosystems but they also often come into direct (as well as indirect) contact with humans and animals with consequent damage to health. The discharge/disposal of industrial wastewaters can be classified as follows: • Uncontrolled discharges to the environment. • Controlled (licensed) discharges to the environment (water courses) possibly after pre- treatment. • Illegal, mostly clandestine, discharges to sewerage systems. • Controlled discharges to sewerage systems under agreement or licence, possibly with pre- treatment. • Wastewaters collected by tanker for treatment/disposal elsewhere. Agricultural wastewater Agriculture has long been recognized as an important source of non-point or diffuse water pollution. Key problems include: • Sediment runoff – this can cause siltation problems and increase flood risk; • Nutrient runoff – nitrogen and phosphorus are key pollutants found in agricultural runoff, they are applied to farmland in several ways, including as fertilizer, animal manure and municipal wastewater, and can result in eutrophication in receiving waters; • Microbial runoff – from livestock or use of excreta as fertilizer (domestic animals, such as poultry, cattle, sheep and pigs, generate 85% of the world’s animal faecal waste – Dufour et al., 2012); Chemical runoff from pesticides, herbicides and other agrichemicals can result in contamination of surface and groundwater; in addition, residues of veterinary drugs may also cause water pollution. Wastewater can act as a: • drought-resistant source of water (especially for agriculture or industry); • source of nutrients for agriculture; • soil conditioner; and • source of energy/heat.
However, in order to gain public acceptance and maximize benefits of reuse while minimizing negative impacts, health risks of reuse need to be assessed, manged and monitored on a regular basis. The scale of
56 | P a g e reuse can range from individual households practicing ecological sanitation (where urine is separated from faecal matter at source and then diluted and applied directly to plants, while the faecal matter is stored [composted] until it is safe for land application) to major urban irrigation systems or biogas production.Wastewater (in the sense of the effluent) is composed of 99% water and 1% suspended, colloidal and dis- solved solids. Municipal wastewater contains organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus), inorganic matter and dissolved minerals, toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms.
Drought resistant source of water: The use of reclaimed wastewater in agriculture can provide a reliable source of irrigation water for farmers. Cities have been described as ‘sponges’ soaking up water from other areas (Amerasinghe et al., 2013) and, as noted in FAO (2010), at times of scarcity, authorities often divert water from farmers to cities as water used for urban and industrial purposes tend to have a higher economic value than that used for most agricultural purposes and, obviously, supplies for human consumption take priority over other uses. In developed countries, wastewater is often used to irrigate non-agricultural land, such as parks, golf courses and highway verges or to replace drinking water used for toilet flushing. Source of nutrients Wastewater is nutrient-rich and can reduce the need for the application of chemical fertilizers. Phosphorus, for ex-ample, is essential to all life and is a key component of fertilizers. The main source of phosphorus (phosphate rock) is non-renewable and is becoming increasingly expensive. Human faeces, however, contains about 0.5% phosphorus by weight and recovery/reuse could improve phosphorus security and reduce pollution (Cordell et al., 2011). Source of energy/heat Anaerobic digestion is a bacterial decomposition process that stabilises organic wastes and produces a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide (known as biogas), which is a valuable energy source. Anaerobic digestion is usual-ly carried out in a specially built digester and is common at some wastewater treatment works. The use of faecal sludge as a fuel has also been investigated in developing countries. Musprattet al. (in press), for example, collected sludge samples from pit latrines, septic tanks, drying beds and stabilization ponds from Ghana, Uganda and Senegal for the determination of calorific value. The average calo-rific value of the sludge was 17.3 MJ/kg total solids which compares well with other biomass fuels, although partial drying of the sludge was required. Soil conditioner When faecal solids are properly treated and of good quality they can be used on agricultural land or gardens as a soil conditioner/fertilizer and are often termed ‘biosolids’. Soil conditioner may be produced on a variety of scales from municipal wastewater treatments plants down to individual households practicing ecological sanitation.
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References:
Agarwal, D., Kapoor, R., Malik, T., &Raghuwanshi, V. (2014). Recycling of plastic bottles into yarn and fabric.Retrieved from https://textilevaluechain.in/2014/06/06/recycling-of-plastic-bottles-into-yarn- fabric/ (Accessed on 30th October 2020). Hoornweg, D., &Bhada, T.P. (2012). What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388 (Accessed on 30 October 2020). Jamshedpur’s Plastic Roads Initiative Is A Lesson For All Indian Cities!(2017). India Times. Retrieved from https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/every-indian-city-needs-to-learn- from-juscos-plastic-roads-in-jamshedpur-232246.html(Accessed on 30th October 2020). Lahiry, S. (2019). India’s challenges in waste management, DownToEarth. Retrieved fromhttps://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/waste/india-s-challenges-in-waste-management- 56753(Accessed on 30th October 2020). Lee, K. (2018). What Are the Effects of Non-Biodegradable Waste?Sciencing. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/effects-nonbiodegradable-waste-8452084.html(Accessed on 30th October 2020). National Research Council (US) Committee on Health Effects of Waste Incineration. Waste Incineration & Public Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); (2000). Retrieved fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233633/(Accessed on 31st October 2020) Outdoor decks made with recycled plastic bags? That’s right! Retrieved from https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/04/24/1486748/0/en/Outdoor-Decks-Made-with- Recycled-Plastic-Bags-That-s-Right.html(Accessed on 30th October 2020). Plastic Road. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_road#:~:text=Jamshedpur%3A%20Jamshedpur%20Utility%20and %20Services,roads%20in%20Chas%20and%20Dhanbad (Accessed on 30th October 2020) Patterson, J.W. (1985). Industrial wastewater treatment technology, Second edition. Retrieved from https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7253209-industrial-wastewater-treatment-technology-second- edition(Accessed on 31st October 2020) Verma, S. (2020). Noise pollution violations: New fine proposed by CPCB step in right direction. Retrieved fromhttps://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/pollution/noise-pollution-violations-new-fines- proposed-by-cpcb-step-in-right-direction-72415(Accessed on 22nd July 2020)
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Annexure I: List of machines
Name of Price link machine Bio Price – https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/bio-remediation-plant-4404961730.html Remediation Rs 3.5 Plant lakh/unit
PET bottle Price – https://pdf.indiamart.com/impdf/10726126097/SELLER-3819778/pet-bottle- label Rs 2.2 label-remover-machine.pdf removal lakh/unit machine
PET bottle Price – Link-https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/bottle-washing-machine- washing Rs 2 4353204888.html machine lakh/unit
PET bottle Price – Link- https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/pet-bottle-crusher-machine- crusher Rs 2.25 4040157030.html?pos=2&kwd=pet+bottle+crusher+machine machine lakh/unit
Electrostatic Price – Link-https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrostatic-separation- separator Rs 2.1 14603434788.html?pos=7&kwd=electrostatic+separators+for+plastic lakh/unit
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