Index

Abrantes, duchesse d’ 328 Aisne, department 283 absolutism 15, 45, 384 Aix-en-Provence Acre, siege (1799) 430 administrative status 97 actors and actresses 182, 473 Jacobin clubs 363 Adams, John 58–9, 63, 389, 391, 450 prison massacre 371 Adet, Pierre 389 Reaction violence 362, 369, 370 Ado, Anatolï 185, 215, 218, 224 riot sentences 39 adoption 470, 480 Alembert, Jean le Rond d’ 57, 438 advertisements 54 Algiers, Dey of 428 agriculture Alsace agrarian structure 457–8 ecclesiastical oath-taking 149 capitalist 461 French 92 farming techniques 461 peasant insurrection (1789) 215 festival 336 textile industry 31 grain supplies 298 threats to 170 graziers 37 violent resistance (1793) 249 harvest crisis and riots (1789) 39 Amar, Jean-Baptiste-André 200, 407, 408 harvest failure (1794) 457 America impact on environment 221–4 Franco-American alliance 60, 389 improvement 337 see also United States landholding 192–3, 220–1 American gold and silver 32 legislative reforms 219 American War of Independence (American prices 32, 37 Revolution) 11, 16, 58–62, 75, 422 production 31, 461–2,COPYRIGHTED 465 Amiens, TreatyMATERIAL of (1802) 348, 356, 411 Rural Code proposal 193, 219 anarchy specialization 461, 465 “anarchic Terror” 299 Agulhon, Maurice 499 anarchie royale 373 Ahmed Efendi 381 anarchists 296, 323 Aiguillon, duc d’ 83, 216 Boissy’s views 320, 321

A Companion to the French Revolution, First Edition. Edited by Peter McPhee. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2015 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

bindex.indd 503 9/11/2014 3:08:13 PM 504 index

anarchy (cont’d) armed forces Burke’s view of France 294 colonial army 411 constitutions of 1793 and 1795 320 colored soldiers 411–12 Directory political culture 330, 332, 334 conscription see conscription European view of United States 62–3 deserters 349 peasant revolution 222 elections 94, 189, 440 ancien régime French Guards 235, 236 administration 346 generals 302, 352 architecture 102 height of conscripts 459 associations 444 hospitalized soldiers 351 bourgeoisie under 3 military courts 352 capitalism 8 military reforms 101–2 “cascade of contempt” 184 military repression 352–3 Catholic Church under 124, 146–9 numbers 348, 351 collapse 4, 14, 15, 283 ranks 36 crisis at end of 24–5, 134, 234 Royal Allemand cavalry 235 crisis under 18 soldiers 188–9 end of 281, 282, 386 Swiss Guards 241 inheritance law 184 uniform 102 land clearance 223 war widows 351 landholding 192 see also National Guard laws 92, 472, 474 Armitage, David 59 life expectancy 31 Arras, court 92 “literary underground” 43 arrondissements 96, 411 livret system 457 artisans “mixed media” 52 British political clubs 384 patriarchy 205, 470, 472, 476 confraternities 444 political conflicts 135 consumer goods 53 political culture 437–8 Enlightenment ideas 10–11 politics 15 exchange of information 52 press 442 mutual aid societies 457 privilege 94, 98, 283 Paris families 479 sale of titles and offices 185–6 Reaction violence 371 slavery 66, 67–8 role in revolution 6 social mobility under 7 sans-culottes 445, 447 social structure 54, 91 taxation 185, 233 taxation 387 Third Estate 439 Andigné, Louis d’ 257 wigs 54 Andress, David 225 Artois, comte d’ 234, 237, 255, 256 Annales school 489 Artois, French 92 anticlericalism 152, 156, 183, 282, 285 assemblies of citizens 187–8, 189, 448 Anti-Royaliste 364 Assembly see Constituent Assembly; Anti-Terroriste 370 Legislative Assembly; National Antilles 30–1, 32 Assembly Antonelle, P.-A. 324 Assembly of Notables apprentices 26, 186, 456–7 convened 76, 124 Arc, Chevalier d’ 45 dissolved 77, 78, 124 archbishops 126, 128, 137 fiscal proposals 38, 48, 76 Ardèche, transfer of land 220 historians’ views of 77 Arezzo, uprising (1799) 392 reconvened 79, 81, 124–5 aristocracy 27, 50, 55, 125 reforms blocked 6, 38, 77, 87, 443 Arles, Reaction violence 362 assignats 104, 126, 190–1, 460, 477

bindex.indd 504 9/11/2014 3:08:13 PM index 505

Aston, Nigel 155 reputation 269, 270, 276 atheism 46, 99, 182–3, 302, 304, 393 slavery policy 66 Atlantic trade 33, 102, 400, 455, 465 statue 493 Atlantic world 57–8, 422–4 trial 273–4 Aubagne, violence 362, 372 triumvirate 267, 268 Aude, winegrowing 462 Baroin, Michel 494 Aulard, Alphonse 3, 5, 488–9 Barras, vicomte de 254, 306, 329, 330 Aunis, province 92 Barry, Madame du 49, 300 Austria Basle, Treaty of (1795) 409 alliance with France 162, 165, 169 Basque country “Austrian Plot” 163–4, 167, 170, 173 department names 462–3 censorship 390 family law 463 deportation of French expatriates 391 unrest (1793) 253 foreign policy 161, 169–70 Bastille French war with 84, 123, 172–3, 174, armory 235, 236 295, 301, 303–4, 348 assault on 198 peace negotiations 340 celebrations of fall 385, 424 Prussian relations 169–70, 173 commemoration of fall (14 July) 426, religious propaganda against French 393 491–2 repression of radicals 391 demolition 289 authoritarianism, liberal 344, 345 events after fall 282, 287, 294 Auvergne, taxation 35 events leading up to fall 109, 232, Auxerre, revolutionary vandalism 101 234–6, 267 Aveyron, transfer of land 220 fall 110, 215, 232, 236–7 Avignon news of fall 280 French rights 174 prisoners 236, 237 Jewish community 183 prophecy of fall 42 papal enclave 127, 136, 138, 424 siege 236, 441 violence 294, 361, 361–2, 362 theatrical shows in London 383 Batavian Republic 339, 387–8 Babeuf, Gracchus (Camille, François- Baudot, Marc-Antoine 360 Noel) 317, 324, 340, 373, 447 Bauvais, Louis-Jacques 403 Baczko, Bronislaw 313–14, 324 Bayly, Christopher A. 382, 431 Bailly, Jean-Sylvain 232 Bayonne, division of territory 97 Baker, Keith 12, 44–5, 123–4, 294 Béarn, regional tradition 97 Balzac, Honoré de 258, 498 Beaugeard, Ferréol 365 Bande d’Aubagne 372 Beaumarchais, Pierre 30, 36, 42, 43 bankers 29, 32–3, 190, 445 beggars 37, 186 Barbey d’Aurevilly, Jules 498 Belgium Barère, Bertrand 61–2, 97, 253, 331 democrats 383 Barkey, Karen 431 elections (1797) 393 Barnave, Antoine French annexation 387 background and character 266–7 peasant insurrection (1798) 393 Brissot’s letter to 268–9, 276 rebellion repressed 164, 170 on causes of Revolution 486–7 Bell, David A. 59–60, 108 defense of French colonial interests 268 Bengy de Puyvallé 165 expulsion from Jacobin Club 403 Bennet, Judith M. 205 friendships 263, 267, 268, 273–4, 276 Bentabole, Pierre-Louis 372 imprisonment 269, 486 Berlin, femme 474 Jacobin Club 263, 267 Bernier, abbé 257 relationship with Desmoulins 268, Bernis, François Joachim, abbé de 127, 271, 275 136, 138–9

bindex.indd 505 9/11/2014 3:08:14 PM 506 index

Berry, duchesse de 258 Habsburg coalition 162, 166 Berthier de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne house of 163, 164, 166 François 232 restored monarchy 224, 290, 447 Beugnot, comte de 193–4 Bourg, Reaction violence 362 Béziers, Reaction violence 362 bourgeoisie Biassou, Georges 409–10 blurred social identity 29–30 Bien, David 84 capitalism and 6 bienfaisance (welfare) 350–1 classes of 29 biens communaux 220 high 29 biens nationaux 148, 150, 151, 219–20 industrial 456 Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas 274 land purchases 220, 285 bills of exchange 32 middling 29 birth-rate 464 participation in politics 4, 6 bishoprics 92, 99, 126 petite bourgeoisie 29 bishops 128, 133, 138–9, 155 revolutionary 7–8 Blanc, Louis 5, 360, 492 rise 324 Blanchelande, Governor 403 role in origins of Revolution 44, 53 Blanning, T.C.W. 173 rural 213, 285 Bloch, Marc 491 urban 29 Bodin, Jean 135 Bourjon, François 472 Bodinier, Bernard 220 Bourmont, Louis de 257 Boisgelin, Jean de Cucé de, archbishop of Brabant, Habsburg 138 Aix 125, 127, 128, 129, 136 Braudel, Fernand 421, 422, 423–4 Boissy d’Anglas, François-Antoine de bread 320–1, 323 access to supplies 298 Bonal, François de, bishop of cost of 33, 232, 234, 283 Clermont 127, 131, 133 marches to demand 319 Bonaparte, Napoleon see Napoleon riots 231, 233, 234, 237, 238 Bonnaud, abbé Jacques-Julien 129 Bressuire, peasant uprising 249 Bonnet de Paillerets, Claude 456 Brest, “state of siege” 353 Bonneville, Nicolas de 473 Brestois 240 booksellers 43, 51, 442 Brienne, Étienne Charles de Loménie de Bordeaux convocation of Estates-General 38 administrative status 97 dismissal 38 architectural projects 104 dissolution of Notables 77 bishopric 127 financial proposals 77, 124, 465 federalists 363 oath-taking 128 Jacobin clubs 363 succeeded by Necker 79, 125 population 455 Brissot, Jacques-Pierre Quinconces 103 attacked by Desmoulins 270–3, 275, trade 32, 33, 455 276 unrest (1793) 297 background and character 266, 267–8, Bordeaux, duc de 258 269 Bosher, J.F. 294 on English liberty 166 Bouches-du-Rhône, Reaction 362, 365, 369 execution 273 Bouillé, General Fançois Claude Amour on free coloreds 401, 404 189 friendships 263, 270, 272 Boullé, Jean-Pierre 84 imprisonment 269 Bouloiseau, Marc 489 Jacobin Club 263, 266, 270 Bourbon Legislative Assembly role 270 army uniform 102 Letter to Barnave 268–9, 273, 276 emblem 93 pro-war policy 270, 386

bindex.indd 506 9/11/2014 3:08:14 PM index 507

relationship with Desmoulins 269, trade 427, 430, 455 270–3, 275 Treaty of Amiens (1802) 348, 411 on slavery 404, 405–6 Triple Alliance 163 Société des Amis des Noirs 65, 267, Volunteers 392 398, 401 war in Spain 414 on threats to France 170–1 Whig response to Revolution 383 trial 272, 276 writings on Revolution 486 Brissotins see also England; Ireland; Scotland anti-slavery policy 406, 409, 411 British Association for the Preservation of Assembly coalition 172 Liberty and Property 392 dominant position 405 Brittany overthrown by Montagnards 406, 407 “Celtic” 258 pro-war policy 172, 270, 406 chouan districts 290 Sonthonax position 407, 408 chouannerie see chouannerie support for free coloreds 404 ecclesiastical oath-taking 149 view of “natural allies” 173 estates 92 Britain landholding 193 agents in Brittany 289 nobility 247 Aliens Act 391 opposition to revolution 285 conservative propaganda 390 Parlement 67 East India Company 389 peace treaty 322 Egyptian Legation 429–30 peasant insurrection 217 elections 440, 441 Quiberon expedition (1795) 254–5, Empire 66, 68 256 evacuation of Belgium 304 riots (1789) 39 evacuation of Toulon 301 rural counter-revolutionaries 248 Franco-American policy towards 59–62 slaves 67 French colonies’ alliance with 407, taxation 248 408 textiles 32 French colonies returned by 411 Third Estate deputies 281 French surrender in Saint-Domingue “uprising of the whole population” 249 414 Brizard, abbé 60 French view of commitment to liberty Broglie, duc de 33 340 Brongniart, Alexandre-Théodore 104 French wars 62, 66, 348, 407, 409, Broutin, Pierre-Michel 406 413–14, 424, 430 Brown, Christopher 65 Guadeloupe treaty 407 Brown, Howard 152, 322, 331 habeas corpus suspended 391–2 Brulley, Jean-Augustin 407, 408 in India 385, 389, 394, 430, 431 Brumaire coup (1799) 157, 329, 330, Irish insurrection 388 345, 351, 354, 487 loyalist violence 393 Brun, Marie 150, 151 martial law 64 Brunel, Françoise 314 negotiations 338–9 Bruny de Lourmarin 460–1 Nootka Sound crisis 164–9 Brutus, Lucius Junius 265, 275 occupation of French colonies 409–10 buildings peace preliminaries 411 noble houses 93 political parties 442 republican motto removed from 497 press freedom 444 revolutionary transformation of 102–4 radicals 383–4, 392 removing royal arms from 100 repression of radicals 391 Bulletin décadaire 329, 336 Saint-Domingue treaty 407 Bulletin des Lois 443 seditious libel cases 390–1 Buonarotti, Filippo 426

bindex.indd 507 9/11/2014 3:08:14 PM 508 index

Bureau of Weights and Measures 329 land enclosure 35 bureaucracy, modern 346–7 origins of Revolution 6, 7, 44, 454 Burgundy revolutionary legislation 456 estates 92 Carleton, General 64 inheritance law 477 Carnot, Lazare 254, 278, 330, 335, 338–9 partition of common land 221 Caron, Pierre 242 peasant insurrection 216 Carpentras, violence 361 taxation 35 Carra, Jean-Louis 163–4, 166, 170, 239 Burke, Edmund 62, 294, 381, 390, 486 Carrier, Jean-Baptiste 254, 318, 324, 368 Burnard, Trevor 68 Cathelineau, Jacques 250 Burson, Jeffrey 147 Catherine the Great 136–7, 339, 388, 390 Buzot, François-Nicolas 125, 267, 268 Catholicism centralization and democracy 158 Ça Ira! 385, 426 Concordat (1801) 183 Cabanis, Pierre Jean George 330 Enlightenment and 133, 147 Cadoudal, Georges 256, 257 family law and 472–3 Cadroy, Paul 365, 368, 373, 419 influence in France 158, 464–5 cahiers des doléances Jansenist controversy see Jansenism anti-feudal demands 100, 185 king’s position 123 Church dues 214 papacy and French Church 126, communal rights 214 135–41, 157–8 drafting (1789) 213–14, 215 renewal (1794–99) 157 environmental issues 214, 224 revolution and religion 145–6 family law 472 schism 124, 128 fiscal inequality 39, 185, 214 social authority of church 464 responses to 193–4 state religion 25, 126, 137, 147 seigneurial charges 39, 185, 214 structures and cultures 146–9 slavery 65, 399–400 ultramontanist 133, 137, 141, 158 themes 214–15, 279 see also Church (Gallican) women’s role in drafting 198, 200 Cato 268 Cairo, French population 427, 431 cattle Caisse d’Escompte 33, 36 epidemic (1785) 37 Calabria 420 raising 461, 465 calendar, revolutionary 104–5, 156, 304, celebrations of Revolution 491–5 374, 475, 496 4 May 492 Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de 36, 38, 14 July 426, 491–2, 499 75–8, 92, 124, 125 Festival of the Federation 103, 424, Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis de 190, 491, 492 192, 477 Festival of the Founding of the Cambefort, Joseph-Paul-Augustin de 405 Republic 336 Camboulas, Simon 406 centralization Cambrésis, peasant insurrection 215 decentralization 94 Camp de Grenelle 373 intendants 16, 17 Campo Formio, Peace of (1797) 348 policing 152 Camus, Armand-Gaston 130, 131, 132 process of 4 Canclaux, Jean-Baptiste Camille 254 revolutionary 152 cantons 95, 98, 126, 187, 440 role of religion 146, 152, 153, 155, 158 cap (of liberty, Phrygian bonnet, red cap) Terror 302, 303, 305 189, 239, 447, 496, 497 Cereste-Brancas, duc de 400 capitalism Cerfvol, chevalier de 472 countryside 212, 461–2 Chambon, Jean-Michel 370 eighteenth-century 8, 9 Chammas, Joseph 425

bindex.indd 508 9/11/2014 3:08:14 PM index 509

Champagne nationalization of property 126, 129, extent 92 133, 147, 151–2, 219–20 partition of common land 221 oath of allegiance to state see Champion de Cicé, Jérôme, archbishop of Ecclesiastical Oath Bordeaux 127, 135–6 papal condemnation 135–40 Channel Islands 256, 288 reform proposals 126–7 Chaptal, Jean-Antoine 329 relationship with papacy 126, 135–41, Charette, François de 254–5 157–8 charity 126, 350, 457, 458 relationship with state 25, 126, 132, Charlin, Frédéric 411 141 Chartier, Roger 13, 44, 107 Revolution’s toleration 141 Chateaubriand, François-René de 498 tithe see tithe chateaux, attacks on 100, 215–18, 222, Cincinnatus 267, 268 241, 282 Cisalpine Republic 387–8, 394 Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard 198, 200 citizenship Chawich, Dom 424–5 active 322, 335 Chemin-Despontès, Jean-Baptiste 335 active and passive citizens 199, 441 Cheney, Paul 66, 465 assemblies of citizens 187–8, 189 Chénier, Marie-Joseph de 338, 372 in colonies 286, 404 children education and 350, 470 education see education English 205 of former slaves 479 free coloreds (mulattoes) 286, 403, 404, illegitimate 470, 472, 476, 477–8, 480 412 names 465, 475 ideal of 94 record of birth 473, 479 Italian position 385 Choiseul, duc de 163 Jews 403 Choiseul-Praslin, duc de 400 language and patriotism 463 chouannerie marriage and 473, 476, 479, 480 background 247–9 notion of 8, 10–11, 13 banditry 258 political culture of Directory 329, 331, counter-revolutionary movement? 289 335, 337–8, 340 earlier conflicts 150, 247 religion and 148, 156, 157 history 255–7 rights 100, 204, 471 leadership 288–9 rights and duties 91 repression 355 studies on 13 term 247 values 96 Vendée rebellion distinction 246, women 199, 200, 202, 446 257–8 Civil Code (1793) 190, 192 chouans 246, 253, 255–8, 289, 347 Civil Code (1804) Christophe, Ferdinand 340 adopted 193 Christophe, Henri 340 agriculture 185, 193 Chronique de Paris 272 conservative 192 Church, Gallican continuities with ancien régime 190 canon law 126, 129 divorce law 465 Civil Constitution of the Clergy see Civil draft proposals 193, 194 Constitution family law 480–1 consecration of bishops 128, 140 inheritance law 477 destruction and resilience 153–8 personal matters 197 ecclesiastical schism 140–1, 149–53 woodland law 222–3 General Assembly 124, 133 Civil Constitution of the Clergy independence in relation to state 132 creation of religious schism 123 liberties 132 ecclesiastical administration reforms 99

bindex.indd 509 9/11/2014 3:08:15 PM 510 index

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (cont’d) social position 25 king’s approval 138–9 state surveillance 146, 156–7 making of the 123–4, 128–35, 148–9 wealth 26–7 making of the papal condemnation Cloots, Jean-Baptiste (Anacharsis) 386, 127–8, 135–40, 141 424–5, 426 National Assembly approval 148 clothing 50, 53–4, 246, 439, 460 oath of allegiance to state 99, 149–53 Club de Massiac 69, 400–1, 402, 407 opposition to 247, 285, 288 clubs origins 145–6 American 450 regional variations in oath-taking 149–50 annexed territories 388 rural insurrections against 247 Assembly policy against 444–5 civil servants 155, 188, 346 ban on women’s 199, 200, 317 Clairfontaine (Guadeloupe British political 384 representative) 407 closing of 189, 363, 448, 449, 450 Clancy Smith, Julia 428 Constitution of 1793 320 Clavière, Étienne 398, 404 Constitution of 1795 320 CLEF (Committees for Liberty Equality development of 444 Fraternity) 495 formation of 52, 444 Clère, Jean-Jacques 216, 217 history of 437 clergy Italian radical 385 anticlericalism 134 Jacobin 7, 52, 102, 264, 279, 296, 318, cahiers from 400 363 cathedral and collegial 126 Jacobin clubs abroad 427 charity 350, 457 Jacobin clubs purged 367 constitutional (juring) 128, 140–1, 150, network of 363 154–5, 247–8, 286 new political culture 439, 442, 443, corporate political power 124 444–5 curés 81, 125, 126, 130 propaganda from 238 deaths 464 provincial 104, 242, 444 election proposals 130–2, 440 Reaction 320, 363 emigration 156, 287–8 sans-culottes 445–7 Estates-General 80, 81–2 sociétés populaires 363–4, 367 high and low 26–7, 34, 125 women’s 198, 199, 475 income 27, 99, 125, 148 women’s membership 446 Jansenism 46, 47, 130, 147 Cobb, Richard 101, 154, 299, 489 marriage of priests 154, 206, 476 Cobban, Alfred 7, 8, 29, 489 numbers 27 Coblenz, émigrés 252 oath-taking 99, 128, 130, 140–1, 146, Cobourg, prince de 170 149–53 Cocherel, marquis de 64 privileges 79, 80, 124, 125, 147, 234 Cochin, Augustin 489 property 26, 135 cockade (cocarde) 237, 286, 385, 389, recruitment 27 393, 428, 447, 496 reforms 99 Code see Civil Code; Criminal Code; Forest refractory 88, 128, 140–1, 150, 152–3, Codes; Penal Code; Rural Code 155–7, 246–9, 352, 372, 374 Coeuilhe, Jean-Baptiste 60–1 regional variations in oath-taking Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 222 149–50 Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie 182, 368 relationship with papacy 135–40 colonies, French 397–8 relationship with Third Estate 80, 125 abolition of slavery (1794) 409–10 response to dechristianization 154 Anglo–Spanish threat 169 schism 140–1 Assembly colonial committee 268, 401, social frictions 34 403, 406

bindex.indd 510 9/11/2014 3:08:15 PM index 511

citizenship 286 Committee of General Security 303, 305, colonial assemblies 402–3, 407, 414 315 colonial lobby 399–401 commoners 184–7 departmental system 96 communes 96, 98, 100 economies 398 Compagnie de Jésus 372 educated culture 14 Compagnie du Soleil 372 families 479 Comtat Venaissin 127, 136, 138 free coloreds see free people of color Concarneau 98 legislative regime 414 Concordat (1516) 126, 130 loss of 57, 414 Concordat (1801) 141, 157–8, 183, 357 Napoleon’s policies 410–14 Condé, prince de 353 number of slaves 32, 397, 407 Condorcet, marquis de “overseas departments” 415 on pacte de famille 165 plantation owners 400, 407 on public opinion 438 re-establishment of slavery 412–13, on women’s education 198 414 on women’s rights 200, 440 representation 68–9, 399, 400–1 Société des Amis des Noirs 398, responses to revolution 285–6, 385 399–400 revolts 403–4, 499 statue 493 revolutionary policy 66–7, 87, 398 confraternities 153, 444 royalists with British 407–8 conscription settlers 68 avoidance 352, 473 slave–owners 68, 69, 400 casualties 254 society 29, 30–1, 398–9 colonial (1802) 413 sugar production 32, 397 Convention decree (1793) 249, 295 trade 9, 16, 32, 53, 191, 397 dépôt for mustering conscripts 103 white supremacy 401–3 height of conscripts 459 see also Guadeloupe; Saint-Domingue; hostility to 351, 392, 393 slavery national (1798–1800) 349, 393 color prejudice 398–9, 413, 414 naval 188 Comité Colonial 400 Conseil des 500 331 Comité des Travaux Historiques et Conseil des Anciens (Council of Scientifiques (CTHS) 488 Ancients) 331, 337, 476 commemorations of Revolution 491–5 Conseil d’État 193, 194, 411 4 May 492 Conservateur 333, 338 14 July 426, 491–2 Constant, Benjamin 192, 338, 365 Committee of Division 96 Constituent Assembly, National 1789–91 Committee of Public Safety abolition of privileges 68, 84–5, 125, abolition of slavery 409 134–5, 182, 216–17 Bureau of General Police 303 abrogation of law of 15 May 403 Convention policy 315, 316 civic and voting rights 440–2 creation 252, 296 Civil Constitution of the Clergy 123, Desmoulins’ influence 274 247 influence of urban masses on 191 clergy’s position 125–6, 147, 282 Paris Commune (1871) 488 colonial committee 268, 401, 403, 406 release of colonial deputies 408 colonial deputies 69, 400 Robespierre’s position 298, 299, 303, colonial policies 401–2, 414 306, 335 Comité de Vérification 401–2 suppression of enragés 446 Committee on the Constitution 83, 86, suppression of rival parties 450 94–5, 447 Vendée rebellion 254 composition 287 view of warfare 387 critique of 88

bindex.indd 511 9/11/2014 3:08:15 PM 512 index

Constituent Assembly, National (cont’d) Constitutional Church 155–6 Declaration of Rights 85–7, 125–6, 398, Consulate 400 armed forces 349 decree of 4–11 August 1789 125, 134, celebrations policy 491 216–17, 218, 454 colonial issues 414 deputation of foreigners 424–5 democratic republicans and 351 dissolution of religious orders 126, 137, deportations 354 147, 150–1 divorce law 182 Ecclesiastical Committee 126–7, 130, elections 187 131, 133, 148 Life Consulate 344, 345, 357 ecclesiastical legislation 123, 127, 145, military courts and military 147–8 commissions 355–6 elections 439 modern executive 331 episcopal delegates 133 new security state 345 Feudal Committee 217 opposition to 351 Jacobins 226 political culture 447 king’s appearance (15 July 1789) 82, problem of émigrés 356–7 113–14 republican regime 344 letters from representatives 280 “state of siege” measure 353 marriage as civil contract 473 war policy 348, 349 membership 81–2 consumer goods 52–4 mourning for Franklin 385 Conti, prince de 287 National Guard 247 Convention (National Convention) new political system 440 abolition of feudal dues and rights 218, poor relief 457 297 noble deputies 287 attack on gilded youth 321–2 Nootka Sound crisis 164–9, 386 ban on female political associations 300, oath of allegiance to state 128, 146 317 redrawing of administrative map 94–5, charges against king 110, 112, 115 283 Civil Code proposal 192 reforms 224, 472 Committee of Eleven 320 relationship with king 109–10, 113–17, committees 346–7 115, 172 conscription (1793) 249 sale of church property 126, 129, 133, Constitutions 320–1, 406, 448–9 147, 151–2, 219–20, 285 convocation 241–2, 405 session of 4 August 1789 68, 83–7, 147, Declaration of the Rights of Man 406 182, 185, 216, 280, 282, 284, 426 Directory 321–2 sodomy decriminalized 475 divorce law 474 study on 107 education policy 350 suppression of rival parties 450 election 240, 442 trade subsidies decree 405 end of 364 transfer to Paris 281 end of revolution 314, 320–1 “triumvir” leaders 288 exclusion of women 199, 300 war with Austria 172–3, 174 execution of king 107 Constitution (1791) 87, 404, 447–8, 473 expulsion of ex–nobles and enemy Constitution (1793) 284, 298, 317, 320, foreigners 480 323, 334, 448, 487 factional disputes 250–1, 296–7 Constitution of Year III (1795) 320–1, impeachment of Marat 297 322, 323, 345, 448–9, 476 imprisonment of militants 319 Constitution of Year VIII (1799) 345, inheritance law 476 351–2, 410–11 Jacobins 284, 318 Constitution of Year X (1802) 357 Law of Suspects 299

bindex.indd 512 9/11/2014 3:08:15 PM index 513

legislation 366 trial of queen 300 marches on (Germinal and Prairial Vendée rebellion and chouannerie 246, 1795) 319–20 249–52, 253, 255–8, 322 metric system 329 writings of 333, 487, 494, 498 Montagnard 317 Coupé de l’Oise, Jacques–Michel 222 pensions project 350, 351 Courrier républicain 370 popular anger against 298–9 court Prairial Laws 305, 315, 316, 324 clothing 53 president 97 colonial lobbying 68, 400 purge of Girondins 297, 300, 445, 448 denounced 240 Reaction violence 365, 372 “devout party” 163 regional tribunals closed 304 “information society” 52 religious freedom decree 155 expenses 38, 232 representatives on mission 296, 365, flight of courtiers 237, 287 372–3 food supplies 232 revolts against 138 gender and family life 48–9 Robespierre’s position 305, 306–7, household 48 335 Jacobins 268, 273 sans-culotte distrust of 446 luxury 50, 54 self-enriching schemes 301 nobles 9, 15 slavery abolition issue 182, 406, 408–9, party 234, 235 410, 414 political pornography 43 surveillance committees 295 power and politics 15–18 Terror see Terror presence at 27 Thermidorian Reaction 315, 318, rival factions 437 366–7, 369–70; see also Reaction secret advisor 166 trial of king 289 courts Vendée rebellion 254, 295–6 allocation of 95, 98, 284 war policy 348, 351 civil 92, 286 Corday, Charlotte 198, 297, 493 courthouses 98, 100, 104 Cordeliers Club 102, 238, 239, 303 criminal 352, 360, 370 Corfu 420 departmental reorganization 95, 98, 103 Cormatin, baron de 255 family tribunals 470, 472, 477 Corps Législatif 364, 366 judges 440 Corsica 92, 420 military 331, 352–3, 354, 355–6 Corsicans 258 National High Court 238 Corvol, Andrée 222, 223 of appeal 92 Cossigny, Joseph–François Charpentier de of high justice 45 406 parlements 45, 78, 92, 437, 458 Côte-d’Or, Catholicism 145 regional tribunals 304 Cottereau, Jean (Jean Chouan) 249 Revolutionary Tribunal 274, 296, 297, Coudart, Laurence 156 300–1, 305, 360, 362 counter-revolution, term 496 rural 193 counter-revolutionaries seigneurial 216, 458, 460 choosing to become 278–9, 286–9 sentences 356 coalition 165, 169, 172, 173–4, 298 Special Tribunals 354–6 fears of 299, 301 summary 251 former nuns 156 Thermidorian 370 insurrections 393 Cowans, Jon 296 Reaction 360 Coyer, abbé 46 Revolutionary Tribunal 296 credit mechanisms 16 Robespierre’s attacks 306 Criminal Code 366

bindex.indd 513 9/11/2014 3:08:15 PM 514 index

criminal justice feudal rights 217 Consulate policies 353, 354–7 memorizing words of 475 Directory policies 351–2 origins 10, 45 military courts 355 popular sovereignty 86, 112 security magistrates 356 principles 85–7, 320–1 Cris de Paris 29 religious freedom 147, 183 crisis: representative government 440 at end of ancien régime 24–5, 39–40 Saint-Domingue attitudes 64, 69 crystallization of crises (1785–89) translated and published abroad 383 38–40 Declaration of the Rights of Man (1793) Revolution and 18–19 181–2, 183, 186, 406 under ancien régime 24–5 Declaration of the Rights of Man (1795) crowds, urban 231–8 182, 183, 184 Crozat, Antoine 36 Declaration of the Rights of Women 198, Cuoco, Vincenzo 385 201 currency see money Decrès, Denis 412 Curt, Louis de 407 Deffand, Madame du 51 Custine, Adam-Philippe, comte de 64, 165 Delessart, Claude Antoine de Valdec 172 customs Delgrès, Louis 412 abolition of internal 388, 456 democracy officials redundant 284 Atlantic world 58, 450 posts torched 236 bureaucracy and 346 re-erection of customs houses 457 Catholicism and 146, 158 cultural politics 196–7 Dalbarade, Jean 406 direct 238, 317, 439, 445 Damiens, Robert-François 47 Directorial regime 337, 351 Danton, Georges-Jacques 274, 296, 302, egalitarian 499 303, 386, 493 Enlightenment position 43 Dantonists 252 French Revolution idea 334 Darnton, Robert 11, 12, 43, 52, 86, 426 idea of 334 Darwin, John 382 memory of 323 Daunou, Pierre-Claude-François 338 notion of 13–14, 302–3, 498 Dauphiné, peasant insurrection 215 Parisian efforts to restore 317 David, Jacques-Louis 305 radical Jacobin 314, 315 Davidson, Denise 479 representative 351, 439, 444, 449 Dean, Rodney 156 Robespierre on 303, 334–5 Décade philosophique 337 sexist 200–3 decentralization 94 social 338, 350–2 dechristianization 146, 153–7, 183, 302, transition from 343, 345, 349 304, 446 Denis, Michel 258 Declaration of Human Rights, U.N. 86 Denmark 163 Declaration of Independence, dependants 186, 187 American 59, 61–2 departments (départements) Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) administration 95, 103, 440 adopted by National Assembly 66, 69, administration of church property 129 85, 187, 398 annexed 388 conception of rights 182 appointment of officials 351–2 Constitution 85, 87 bishops 99 Convention’s abolition of principles conseils généraux 193 320–1, 323 creation 95–6, 136 drafting 63, 69, 85, 125–6 division of territory 96–7, 283–4 Enlightenment values 10 ecclesiastical committee proposals 126 exclusion of women 87, 198, 201 education 350

bindex.indd 514 9/11/2014 3:08:15 PM index 515

electoral assemblies 441–2, American presidential elections 389 449 anticlericalism 156–7 electoral system 440 Brumaire coup 354 electorate 187, 440–2 children’s names 465 Jacobin club network 363 colonial policies 414, 415 judicial system 97–8 conscription 349 names 462–3 constitution 357 “overseas” 415 Convention’s provisions for 321 payments to church personnel 152 counter-coup of Prairial VII 351 policing of religion 140, 151, 156–7, creation 448–9 247 education under 340 religious administration 99 Egyptian policy 430 Special Tribunals 355 elections 321, 322, 331, 345, 351 system 96 end of 223, 323, 345, 352, 449 taxation issues 248 family law under 199 “Vendéan” 257 fiscal crisis 333 Desan, Suzanne 157 Floréal VI coup 156, 351 Desmoulins, Camille foreign policy 339–40 attack on Hébert 273 Fructidor V coup 156, 330, 332–3, background and character 266, 267, 338–9, 345, 351, 352–4, 364, 373–4, 269–70, 270–1 393 Brissot Unmasked 270–3, 276 hyper-inflation 191, 322, 460 call to arms 235 inauguration 313, 322, 323, 448 denunciations 275 Jacobinism under 156, 290 friends 266, 268, 274–5, 276 law of exclusion 366 Jacobin Club 263 law on amnesty 366 Letter to General Dillon 274 military repression 352–3 on international threats to ministerial structures 347 revolution 169 Ministry of General Police 347 wedding 269, 274 modern (commercial) republicanism Desmoulins, Lucile 275 336–7, 338, 462 despotism origins 314–15, 321 Bastille symbol 236–7 political culture 328–30, 333–4, 340, concept 50, 55 373 Declaration of Rights 86 public order under 322–3, 347, 352 enlightened 343 purges 449 issue for Parlement 78–9 radical center 330, 331, 332, 333–4, 340 military 373 Reaction 364, 373–4 ministerial 47, 124–5 regime 323 Montesquieu on 42 religious policies 146, 156–7 right to resist 47 “security state” 331 Robespierre’s position 334 suppression of rival parties 449, 450 royal 17, 124–5 Tribunal de Cassation 478 state 488 War Ministry 347 Destutt de Tracey, Antoine Louis wars 348 Claude 328 districts 95–6 Dickens, Charles 498 divorce Diderot, Denis 57 access of women to 189, 475 Dillon, Arthur 274 call for 472, 473 Dionis du Séjour, Jean 133 claim to rights 198 Directory émigré wives 204, 480 achievements 328–9 family tribunals 472 “administrative strike” 393 grounds for 465

bindex.indd 515 9/11/2014 3:08:15 PM 516 index

divorce (cont’d) Directory experiments 340 law of 1792 474 election of teachers 440 legislation 182, 200, 463, 470, 473 French language 463 Napoleonic laws 474, 481 illiteracy 3 regeneration of marriage 206, 474–5 Institution Nationale des Colonies 340 regional responses to 471 mother’s role 475 Dordogne, peasant insurrection 217 national system 304, 328 Douai, court 92 primary 350, 351 Doublet, Madame 52 private schools 350 Dougé, chevalier de 400 religious orders 126 dowry 198, 473 republican policy 350, 351, 496 Doyle, William 15, 77, 214, 286, 393 right to 448, 457 Drieu de la Rochelle, Pierre 494 secondary 350 Dubois-Crancé, Edmond-Louis-Alexis 306 women’s right to 198 Dubuc (Guadeloupe representative) 407 égalité see equality Dufay, Louis-Pierre 408 Église Nationale 183 Dumas, Alexandre, père 498 Égret, Jean 77 Dumont, Étienne 332 Egypt Dumouriez, Charles 173, 275 French failure 430–1 Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of 64 Egyptian legation 429–30 Dunn, John 334 French invasion 389, 429 Dupâquier, Jacques 31 French occupation 420 Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel 126, internal conflicts 431 133 Mamluk leaders 389, 430 Duport, Adrien 129, 267, 273, 398, 403 strategic importance 430, 431 Durand de Maillane, Pierre-Toussaint 130, elections 133, 360 American presidential 389 Dutch “Patriots” 383 annexed territories 388, 393 Dyghis, Mohamed 419–20, 425, 426 army 94, 189, 440 citizens’ assemblies 187–8 Ecclesiastical Oath (1791) 99, 128, 130, colonial assemblies 403, 405 140, 146, 149–53, 155, 156 Committee on the Constitution 82 Échelles du Levant et de Barbarie 427–9, Convention policies 300, 317, 321 431 Corps Législatif 366 economy 454–5, 465 Directory policies 321, 322, 331, 345, budget (1815) 465 351–2, 373, 449 capitalism in the countryside 461–2 ecclesiastical 126, 130, 132, 135, 138, free enterprise and free trade 456 148, 440 Revolution and social change 462–5 elective offices 94, 440 rural change and continuity 457–61 electoral census 204 urban 455–7 elimination of genuine 449, 450 see also finances Estates-General 6, 7, 80, 125, 187, 234, Edelstein, Dan 61 281, 283–4, 437, 439, 440 Eden, William, Baron Auckland 334 free 151 Eden–Rayneval Treaty (1786) 37 indirect 440 Edict of Fraternity 386 judiciary 94, 440, 443 Edict of Toleration (1787) 25 legislature (1791) 443 Edmonds, Joseph 429 local government 94, 289, 440, 443 education National Assembly 43, 439 annexed territories 388 National Convention 442, 448 Catholicism 183 National Guard 188, 189 civic 336, 337, 363, 444 revolutionary system 439–42 clubs 444, 445 teachers 440

bindex.indd 516 9/11/2014 3:08:15 PM index 517

voting procedures 441–2 degradation of communal resources 214, see also suffrage; voting 224 Electoral Club 317, 324–5 forests 223, 462 Electors of the Hôtel de Ville 234–6 impact of Revolution 213, 221–4 Élie, Jacob 236 land clearances 213, 214, 222, 462 Eltis, David 67 marsh draining 213 émigrés tree felling 213, 222, 223 amnesty for 357 wood–fueled industries 214 army officers 101 Ephraim (Prussian agent) 170 Austrian policy 173 Épinay, Madame d’ 51 “brigands” 61, 253 equality (égalité) chouannerie links 256, 257 access to public office 186 civilly dead 199 anniversary celebrations 493, 495 Coblenz 252 assemblies of citizens 187–8 conflicts over 185 before the law 85, 100, 199, 439, 459 execution of 353, 374 bourgeois views 6, 30 families of 204, 299, 354, 479–80 centralism and devolution 94 friends of 273, 274 civic 91, 104 insurgents not influenced by 250, 254 civil 439, 487 law against 204, 296, 353 colonial societies 69, 398, 401, 402 list of 353, 356, 366 cultural origins 55 National Assembly policy 88, 286 Declaration of Rights 69, 85, 186, 398 nationalization and sale of lands 7, definition 85 219–20, 458, 459 Directory culture 336, 338 planters 407 family relationships 182, 470–1, 476–8 privateering 61 family unit 204 returned 353, 356–7, 371, 372, 459 fiscal 76, 185 support for insurgencies 343 free colored people 398, 401–2, 414–15 waves of emigration 287–8, 369 French language 463 emotion 264, 302 gender and 197, 202 Encyclopedia (Encyclopédie) 11, 12, 42–3, inheritance 182, 199, 463, 476 51, 57 Italian views 385 Encyclopédie méthodique 25 Mediterranean aspirations 432 England motto of French state 75 anti-slavery movement 65–6 Napoleonic outcome of Revolution 344 émigrés in 288 Palais d’Égalité 447 social groups 438 political 194, 441 see also Britain principles of 1789 84 Enlightenment proclamation 222 anticlericalism 133 Robespierre on citizenship 335 connections with Revolution 146 slogan 75, 388, 427, 447 family law 472 social 188 influence in making of Civil status of rural people 185 Constitution 134 struggle for 58 Jansenism and 129, 146 voting rights and citizenship 441 practices 51–2 watchword 137 religion and 147 women 182, 197, 199–202, 204, 463, 481 society 37 Erckmann–Chatrian 498 Revolution and 10–13, 43–4, 146, Esparbès, Jean-Jacques d’ 405 487 Estates-General revolutionary reform 472 bourgeoisie 6 enragés 297, 317, 446 Breton Third Estate deputies 281 environment clergy 80, 147

bindex.indd 517 9/11/2014 3:08:16 PM 518 index

Estates-General (cont’d) large 190 colonial representation 68 Negro 399 composition of 25, 79–80 purchasing power 460 convocation (1789) 78–9, 80–1, 124, subsistence 212 125, 161, 233, 443 tenant 27, 184, 213, 224, 285 early days (1789) 107, 147 Farmers General 16 election 6, 7, 80, 125, 187, 234, 281, fashion 9, 53 283, 284, 439 Faucheux, Marcel 249 expectations stimulated by 233 Faure, Edgar 494 financial situation 38, 48, 78–9 Febronius (Johann Nikolaus Von letters from representatives 280 Hontheim) 137 mandate of deputies 65 federalists monarchy and 47, 48, 79, 80–1 Bordeaux 363 National Assembly 81–2, 87, 134, 147 emigration from centers of nobility 6, 53, 80 federalism 366 representation of Third Estate 7, 80–1, episode (summer 1793) 284, 288 107 Lyon 298, 299, 301, 363 role 233 Marseille 298, 363 subsistence crisis 232 Normandy 288 voting procedures 441 Paris 297 see also National Assembly returned to power 367 Expilly, Louis-Alexandre, bishop of trials for violence 371 Quimper 140 US 63, 385, 389, 391, 450 Eybel, Joseph Valentin 137 fédérés 189, 218, 239–41 Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 138 family Férino, general 353 adoption 470, 480 Fernan Nuñez, duke of 168 babies 475 Ferrand, general 352 children’s names 465, 475 Ferrières, Charles-Élie, marquis de civil ceremonies 473 advice to nobles 280, 282 divorce see divorce on Assembly voting 287 émigré families 204 on common good 84, 85, 86 end of church’s authority 473 on counter-revolution 286 equality and 182, 199, 470–1, 476–8 on émigrés 287, 288 familialism or women in the political on legal jurisdictions 284 system 203–5 sophisticated conservative 282 gender groupings 205 staying in Paris 286 illegitimate children 470, 472, 476, Festival of Agriculture 336 477–8, 480 Festival of the Federation 103, 424, 491, inheritance see inheritance 492 law 199, 471, 472, 480–1 Festival of the Foundation of the liberty and 199, 470–5, 479, 481 Republic 336 lineage models 478–9 Festival of Reason 155 marriage see marriage Festival of the Supreme Being 155, 304 paternal authority 204, 205–6, 207, festivals 470, 473, 476, 480–1 civic 103 revolutionary legislation 470–1 dates 491–3 size 464 marriage 473 unit 204 national 335–6 tribunals 470, 472 North Africa and Levant farmers celebrations 426–7 grain sales 232, 298 obligatory 374

bindex.indd 518 9/11/2014 3:08:16 PM index 519

transformation 491 production 31, 461–2, 465 US celebrations 385 scarcity 35 women’s role 200, 446 supplies 297–8 feudalism taxation 233, 237 anti-feudal grievances 184–5, 213–15 wine production 461–2, 465 abolition 6, 215–19, 225, 454, see also grain 480 foreigners abolition of feudal dues 218, 219, 297, changing attitudes to 61 458 citizenship 203 burning of title deeds 218–19 deputation (1790) 424–5 expenditure of revenue 458 expulsion of enemy foreigners 480 feudal dues 184 families 479–80 landholding 192 governments’ treatment of 391 reassessment of 8 marriage to 480 serfdom 34, 184 Forest Codes 185, 222 symbols of privilege 100 forests Feuillants 280 impact of revolution 221–4, 462 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 487 price of wood 33 finances Fornerot, Abraham 459 bankruptcy 36, 76, 78–9, 162 Forster, Robert 9, 458 budget (1788) 38 Fort Saint-Jean, prison massacre 371, 374 Calonne’s reform program 75–8 Foscolo, Ugo 385 crisis in public 36–7 Foucault, Michel 12–13 financiers 32–3 Fouché, Joseph 254, 306, 354, 357 hyper-inflation 191, 322, 460 Foulon de Doué, Joseph 232 impossible financial solution 38 Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin 368 royal 16–17, 32, 33–4 Fournier de la Charmie, Jean-François 84 royal debt 125, 128–9, 147 Fourth Estate 186 see also economy Français, definition 85–6 First Estate 46, 125 France Fitzsimmons, Michael 147, 216 administrative space 92–3, 104 flag, tricolor 496, 499 building the Revolution 102–4 Flanders development 32–3 court 92 dispensing justice 97–8 ecclesiastical oath-taking 149 foreign policy 161–3 Habsburg 138 new division of territory 94–7 province 92 population see population Flaubert, Gustave 498 religion and public space 99 Flesselles, Jacques de 237 remaking of 91 fleur-de-lys 93 revolutionary calendar 104–5, 304, 374, Fleurus, battle (1794) 348, 386, 387 475 Fleury, Cardinal 15 revolutionary vandalism and symbolic Floridablanca, conde de 166–7, 168, space 100–2 169 France, Anatole 498 Flour War (1775) 35 Franche-Comté Fonton, Antoine 427 ecclesiastical oath-taking 149 food French 92 emergency (1788–89) 232 peasant insurrection 215 famine (1795) 319, 457 franchise see elections; suffrage; voting hoarding 298 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 173, 384 hunger 234, 298, 319, 457 François I 126 prices 39, 232, 298, 318 Franklin, Benjamin 60, 61, 385

bindex.indd 519 9/11/2014 3:08:16 PM 520 index

fraternity (fraternité) Mémoire historique 360 cult 335 missions 306, 316, 365–6, 372–3 cultural origins 55 Orateur du peuple 317, 318, 324 Declaration of Rights 85 on Reaction 360 Edict of Fraternity 386 self-serving activism 323 gender and 202 friendship 265–6, 274–5 Italy 385 Frotté, Louis de 257 Oath of Fraternity 491 Fructidor coup (1797) 332–3, 338, proclamation 222 352–4, 373–4, 393 revolutionary 426, 475 Fureix, Emmanuel 496–7 slogan 75, 388, 447 Furet, François watchword 137 on discourses of 1789 12–13 Frederick William II 170, 171–2 on meeting of 4 August 1789 86–7 free people of color (free coloreds, on monarchy 109 mulattoes) on political culture and crisis 24 campaign for equal rights 66, 401–2 on politics of Revolution 15 category 30–1, 181, 398–9 on Reaction 313, 323 citizenship 286, 403, 404, 412 on Revolution and Terror 123 color prejudice 399, 414 on revolutionary break 454 decree of citizenship (28 March 1792) on two periods of Revolution 490 404, 414 Furne (publisher) 498 decree of equal rights (15 May 1791) 402–3 Gage, General 64 decree of equal rights abrogated (24 Gainot, Bernard 338, 411 September 1791) 403 Galdi, Matteo 426 delegation demanding abolition of Gallican Church see Church slavery 406 Galvez, Antonio de 168 deputation of foreigners (1790) 424 Gambetta, Léon 492 equal rights 398–9 Gance, Abel 498 exclusion from rights 181, 399, 440–1 Garat, Dominique Joseph 338 exclusion from voting in colonies 403, Gard 440–1 religious hatreds 362 in France 401, 403, 406 winegrowing 462 Guadeloupe repression 412, 413 Garde Française 39 officers and soldiers in colonial army Garrigus, John 68 411–12 Gaudin de la Bérillais, Jacques 250 Revolution of 1830 414–15 Gay, Peter 147 Saint-Domingue conflict 403–4 Gazette de France 442 Saint-Domingue revolt 412, 413 Gazette de Paris 156 status of 414 Gazette française 370 support for civil commissioners 407–8 Gazette universelle 170 French Colonial Corresponding Society 69 gender French Guards 235, 236 Civil Code 480, 481 French Indies Company 53 clothing 53 French language 463 confusion 50 French Mediterranean Fleet 298 Declaration of Rights 201 Fréron, Louis-Marie Stanislas exclusion from franchise 441 demand for press freedom 316–17 former slaves 479 democratic movement repression patriarchy and the question of 317–18 spheres 205–7 denounced by Robespierre 306 relations within households 476 friendship with Desmoulins 275 role in political culture 203 gilded youth sympathies 318 Rousseau on 446, 475

bindex.indd 520 9/11/2014 3:08:16 PM index 521

sexuality and 196–8, 207 Goulard, abbé Jean-Claude 127, 130 women in political system 203–5 Gourdon, invasion of 284 women within families 471, 475 Gournay-en-Bray, civil unrest 151 see also women Gouttes, Jean-Louis 135 General Assembly of Gallican clergy 124, Gouy d’Arsy, marquis de 64, 68–9, 400 133 grain General Farms 17 prices 32, 39, 297 Genêt, Edmond Charles 168, 389 production 461 Geneva, French annexation 387 shortage (1789) 39 George III 60, 391 stockpiling 298 Gerdil, Hyacinthe Sigismund 137 trade 35, 39, 457 Gerle, Antoine-Christophe 126, 147 Granville, Vendéan defeat 253 German responses to French Great Fear 6, 216 Revolution 383, 390 Grégoire, abbé Henri 127, 128, 130, 134, Germany, French annexation of 135, 155, 406, 407 western 387 Grenade, civil unrest 150 Germinal march on Convention 319, 320, Grenville, William 386 324, 325 Griffith, D.W. 498 gilded youth 318, 319, 321–2, 324 Grignion de Montfort, Louis-Marie 247 Gillray, James 427 Groschlag, baron de 161 Gilroy, Paul 58, 423 Gross, Jean-Pierre 299 Ginguené, Pierre-Louis 340 Grossin de Bouville, Louis-Jacques 458 Girard, Philippe 411 Grotius 60, 61, 62 Girardin, marquis de 461 Grouchy, Sophie de 337–8 Girondins growth and prosperity Brissot’s group 270 accentuated social contrasts 37–8 civil war 251, 252, 297 crisis in public finances 36–7 conflict with Montagnards 250–1, illusion of the coalescence of the elites 252–3, 255, 296–7 36 conflict with sans-culottes 251, 252 inequalities in development and social Convention purge 297, 298, 318, 445, consequences 32–3 448 inequalities and distortions in growth defection to counter-revolution 255 33–4 impeachment of Marat 297 overt social frictions 34–5 political detention 306 snapshot of growth indicators 31–2 presses closed 251 Gruder, Vivian 77 supporters in Lyon 297 Guadeloupe trial and execution 274, 300 black troops disarmed 340 Girot-Pouzel 369 British occupation 409 girouettes (turncoats) 330 British treaty 407 Gobel, Jean-Baptiste, auxiliary bishop of deputies 400 Basel 128, 140 free people of color (mulattoes) 31, Godechot, Jacques 13, 57, 382, 422, 423, 286 489 Napoleon’s intervention 411–12 gold 32, 162 regained by France (1794) 409 Goldstone, Jack 14 regained by France (1815) 414 Goncourt, Edmond and Jules 328 return to old order 412 Goodman, Dena 51–2 revolution 285–6 Goodwin, Albert 77 Saint-Domingue comparison 413 Goude, Jean-Paul 495 slave-based colony 397, 414 Gouges, Marie-Olympe de 198, 201, slavery abolished 409, 410, 411, 415 300 slavery re-established 398, 412 Goujon, Sylvain 320 Guéhenno, Jean 494

bindex.indd 521 9/11/2014 3:08:16 PM 522 index

guilds 135, 284, 456–7 Hourwitz, Zalkind 183 guillotine 101, 293, 300, 359, 361, 425 Hufton, Olwen 300 Guise, chef-lieu rivalry 283 Hugo, Victor 246, 492–3, 498 Guizot, François 488, 497 Hugues, Victor 409, 410, 412–13 Guyane/Guyana Hulin, Pierre-Augustin 236 deportation to 353, 430 Hundred Days 257 Hugues’ arrival 412–13 Hungary regained by France (1815) 414 repercussions of Revolution 383, 384 slavery 397, 414–15 repression of radicals 391 slavery abolished 409, 415 Hunt, Lynn 108, 296, 344, 447, 471 slavery re-established 398, 413 Guyomar, Pierre 200 Île de France, Flour War (1775) 35 Ille-et-Vilaine Habermas, Jürgen 51 ecclesiastical oath-taking 150 Habsburgs 123, 136–7, 138, 162, 384, rural unrest 248 390 India Hainaut, peasant insurrection 215 British assault on Mysore 389 Haiti British commerce 430 Constitution (1805) 412 British drive for empire 394 independence (1804) 394, 398, 412, British territorial control 431 414, 423 deputy 400 Revolution (1791) 382, 479 French policies 430 Halpérin, Jean-Louis 472 responses to Revolution 385 Hamel, Ernest 360 Indulgents 303 Hanson, Paul 297 industry 9, 31–2 Hardman, John 77, 110, 305 inheritance Hardy, Siméon-Prosper 234 children of former slaves 479 harvest Civil Code 480 crisis and riots (1789) 39 civil disputes 98, 472 dues 216–17 equality achieved 182, 463, 464, 470, failure (1794) 457 476 Haute-Garonne illegitimate children 476, 480 civil unrest 150 parental discretion 463 ecclesiastical oath-taking 150 partible inheritance laws 458 Hébert, Jacques-René 272–3, 300, 301, reactions to reform 463, 471, 476–7 302, 303, 317 regional differences 472, 477 Hébertists 254, 303 Institut 328, 329 Helvetic Republic 387–8 Institution Nationale des Colonies 340 Henry IV 38 intendants 16, 17, 35, 92 Hérault, transfer of land 220 international repercussions of Herman, Judith 114 Revolution 381, 394 Heuer, Jennifer 204, 480 conservative backlash 390–4 hierarchy 25–6, 187 historiography 381–2 Higonnet, Patrice 296 ideological and cultural 383–5 Hilliard d’Auberteuil, Michel René 60 impact of French Revolutionary Wars Hobbes, Thomas 331, 332, 338, 345 386–9 Hobsbawm, Eric 490 Ireland Hoche, Lazare 254–5, 256 French landing (1798) 388, 430 Hodgson, Marshall 421–2 Protestant radicals 384 Holland, peace treaty with 348 Islam 420, 421–2, 425 homosexuality 182, 475–6 Isnard, Maximin 361, 406 hostages, law of 354 Isouard (Marseille terrorist) 370

bindex.indd 522 9/11/2014 3:08:16 PM index 523

Istanbul heresy 46 imperial bureaucracy 428 ideological influence 129–30, 247 revolutionary celebrations 427 Jesuits and 147 sailors carrying news 429 magistrates 50 Italy Paris Parlement defense of 46, 132 flag 394 radical position 47, 129 French invasion 387 Jaurès, Jean 3, 5, 473, 487, 488 responses to Revolution 384–5 Javogues, Claude 368 Siena pogrom 393 Jay Treaty 339, 389 Ivernois, François d’ 333 Jean-François 409–10 Jeanneney, Jean-Noël 494–5 Jacobins Jefferson, Thomas 58, 59, 85, 450 anti-Jacobin coup 156 Jesuits 47, 136, 147 anti-Jacobin pamphlets 367 Jews arrested during Reaction 369 civic rights in eastern France 440 call for closure of Paris club 284 Échelles role 428 centralist philosophy 94 Enlightenment influence on 147 clubs 7, 52, 102, 104, 279, 284, 318, extreme right position on 363, 444 emancipation 494 clubs purged 367 marriage status 472 Commune alliance 298 rights 181, 183, 200, 403 decline 318 rights in annexed territories 388 expulsions from membership 402, 403 rights in Holy Roman Empire 136, 183 factional fighting 273 targeted by conservative backlash 392–3 foreign policy 164, 165–6, 169, 170 voting 99, 440 foundation of Jacobin Club 267 Johannot brothers 498 free colored rights issue 402, 403 Jones, Colin 54 harassment and murder of 322 Jones, Jennifer 53 ideas about friendship 265–6, 275–6 Jones, Peter 77, 79, 217 influence in Directory years 290 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 136, land policy 220, 221, 225 138, 148, 162, 169, 170, 386 leadership 263, 266, 267, 269, 270 Jourdan, Annie 382 Mediterranean clubs 427 Journal de la liberté de la presse 317 moral standards 269 Journal de Lyon 370 Paris club 267, 280, 284, 297, 444 Journal de Marseille 370 Paris club closed 318 Journal des hommes libres 370 politics 263–4 journée, revolutionary 231 poor relief 350 14 July 1789 (fall of Bastille) 239, 441, Reaction predicted 364 445 response to king’s execution 297 5–6 October 1789 (march to Robespierre’s denunciations 306 Versailles) 239, 445 slavery policies 407 20 June 1792 (invasion of Tuileries) 239 social background 267 10 August 1792 (overthrow of split in Paris club 280 monarchy) 239, 240–2, 445 Terror 100, 276, 300, 301–2 1 June 1793 (demand for purge of triumvirate 267, 268, 269 Girondins) 445 Jacquemard, Claude 130 September 1793 (armed crowd at jacqueries 185, 192, 218 Convention) 445 Jallet, Jacques 130 5 October 1795 (13 Vendémiaire) 372 Jansenism 4 September 1797 (18 Fructidor) 364 Civil Constitution debate 129–32, 148 journeymen 26, 34, 186, 445, 447, 456 controversy 10, 12, 46–7, 52, 146, 149 judicial system, reform of 97–8

bindex.indd 523 9/11/2014 3:08:16 PM 524 index

judiciary, reorganization 78 denounced by Desmoulins 275 juge de paix 98 denunciation of Jacobins 240, 284 Jullien, Marc-Antoine 475 martial law 65 Jullien, Rosalie Ducrollay 475 Société des Amis des Noirs 398 Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de 60 Laincel, Louis de 360 justices of the peace, elected 460 Lakanal law (1794) 350 Lamartine, Alphonse de 497 Kaiser, Thomas 108 Lambesc, Prince de 235 Kant, Immanuel 438, 487 Lameth, Alexandre 267, 273, 275, 398, Kaplan, Steven 495 403, 425 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton 172–3 Lameth, Charles 165, 166, 268, 275, 398, Kawa, Catherine 331 403 Kelly, George 294 Lamoignon, Chrétien-François 78, 79 Kersaint, Guy-Armand, comte de 61, 62 land Kingston, Ralph 331 access to 219–21 Kléber, Jean-Baptiste 253 burning of feudal title deeds 218–19 Kongo, Kingdom of the 67–8 clearance 214, 221–4, 462 Kościuszko, Tadeusz 388 communal 461 Kwass, Michael 54 environmental issues 221–4 inheritance 458, 464 La Croix-des-Bouquets landholding 192–3, 457–8, 459 agreement (1791) 403 leasing 192, 193 violent clashes 403, 404 nationalization and sale of church lands La Fare, Bishop 126 126, 129, 133, 147, 151–2, 219–20, La Lézardière family 248 459, 460 La Luzerne, chevalier de 59, 166, 168 nationalization and sale of émigré lands La Marck, comte de 287 219–20, 458 La Roche-Bernard, uprising (1793) 249 noble landownership 458–9 la Rochefoucauld, Dominique de, ownership 214, 459 Cardinal 128 partition of common land 220, 221, 461 La Rochejaquelein, marquise de 257 peasant landholding 184–5, 192, 193, La Rochelle 213, 454, 459, 461 economy 455 rents 32, 33 marriage celebrations 473 sale of 219–20, 459, 462 La Rouërie, marquis de 248, 249 sharecropping 193, 213, 458, 460 la Touche, Mehée de 316 tenants 27, 184, 213, 224, 285, 458, la Tour du Pin, marquise de 454 460 La Vauguyon, duc de 166 transfer to peasantry 220–1 laborers usage rights 214 agricultural 410, 464 Landes, Joan 300 day 27, 213 Languedoc employment 458 Reaction violence 365 exclusion from rights 186 size 92 interaction with government 224 social structure of opposition 284 poorer 457 taxation 33, 237 rural 460 winegrowers 462 Third Estate 439 Lanjuinais, Jean-Denis 129–30 Labrousse, Ernest 36 Laon Labuissonnière, Julien 406 ballot on Constitution 284 Lafayette, marquis de rivalry with Soissons 283, 284 arrest rejected by Assembly 240 Larévellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie 328, declaration of rights 85, 86 329–33, 335–6, 338–40

bindex.indd 524 9/11/2014 3:08:17 PM index 525

Larrière, Noël 130, 132 legal equality 459 Launay, marquis de 236–7 legal jurisdictions 284 Laurens, Henry 430 legislative constraints 191–3 Lauzières-Thémines, Alexandre, bishop of marriage 206, 472–5 Blois 135 martial 63–5, 69, 238, 319, Laveaux, Étienne 405 352–3 Lavisse, Ernest 497 metric system 329 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent de 33 of nations ( jus gentium) 59, 65 law natural see natural law abolition of feudal dues 185, 218 parlements 45 abolition of guilds 457 paternity suits 477–8 abolition of nobility and titles 282 position of women 199–200 access to 97–8 Prairial Laws 315, 316, 324 against émigrés 204, 480 publicizing decrees and laws 443 agrarian 251 Roman 92, 472, 480 canon 126, 129, 132, 138 rule of 151, 243, 314, 323, 355, 368–9, Civil Code 197, 480, 481 371, 390 Civil Constitution of the Clergy 148, Rural Code 219, 222 149, 153 rural policing 192 civil disputes 98 slavery 406, 411–12 civil practices 473 suspension 238–9 clubs 445 trial briefs 48 codes 92, 456 “tribunal of the nation” 48 colonial 67 Law, John 32, 190 common 182 lawyers 10–11 Convention 242 Le Chapelier, Isaac-Guy 129, 134–5, 281, courts see courts 444–5 criminal cases 98, 352 Le Chapelier et d’Allarde laws 186, 456, Declaration of Rights 85, 201, 406 457 decrees against feudalism 216–17, 218 Le Havre devolution of justice 98 division of territory 97 divorce 463, 474 economy 455 ecclesiastical 137–8 Reaction 364 enforcement 347, 349, 352, 356 Le Pelletier, Louis-Michel 367 equality 91, 94, 100, 182, 202, 401 Le Roy, Eugène 498 family 199, 471, 472, 480, 481 Le Tourneur, Étienne François 429 Forest Code 222 League of Armed Neutrality 348 formal 238, 242 Lebon, Joseph 324 free coloreds’ status 402–3 Leclerc, Charles 411, 412, 413 freedom of religious practice 155 Lecointre, Laurent 316, 319 inheritance 463, 476–7, 478 Lefebvre, Georges international 174 career 489 judiciary reorganized 78 critique of 15 justices of the peace 98, 286 on Estates-General 233 Lakanal law 350 on origins of Revolution 5, 6 land 220–1 on peasantry 212, 215, 457 Law of 19 Fructidor V 373–4 on Reaction 313, 324 Law of 22 Prairial 305 on revolutionary dynamics 422 law on amnesty 366, 373 on violence 243 law of exclusion 366 Lefrance de Pompignan, Jean Georges, law of hostages 354 archbishop of Vienne 127, 136 Law of Suspects 299, 315 Legé, uprising (1793) 350

bindex.indd 525 9/11/2014 3:08:17 PM 526 index

Legislative Assembly family relationships 199, 470–5, 479, 481 anticlerical agenda 288 free people of color 403 civil commissioners 404–5 French language 463 declaration of patrie en danger 242 Mediterranean aspirations 432 demonstration (1792) 239 motto of French state 75, 388 emissaries 248 Napoleonic outcome of Revolution 344 expulsion of refractory priests 153 national day (July 14) 492 family law 473, 476 papal view 139 installation 286 press freedom 316–17, 443–4 last action 448 proclamation 183, 222 Lafayette case 240 slavery 64, 68–9, 398, 399, 402, 412 leadership 270 slogan 75, 447 paralysis 447–8 symbols of 428, 429, 447 replaced 405 trees 217, 218, 367, 385, 393, 426–7, rights for free coloreds 404, 414 447, 495, 497 royal family in 241 watchword 137 Leith, James 104 winged genius of 429 Lenoir, Jean-Charles-Pierre 271 libraries 10, 11 Leo X, Pope 126 life expectancy 31, 464 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor Ligurian Republic 387 (formerly Peter Leopold, Archduke of Linars, comte Joseph de 284–5 Austria) 136, 138, 169–72 Livesey, James 33, 462 Lepoutre, Madame 282 living standards 460 Lepoutre, Pierre-François 282, 283, 286 Lofficial, Louis-Prosper 113 Lespinasse, Julie de 52 Loire region Levasseur de la Sarthe, René 408–9 protest movements 247 Lewis, Gwynne 454 Reaction violence 365 Lewis, Jan 205 uprising (1793) 249, 250, 251 liberties Loménie de Brienne see Brienne Burke’s views 390 London Corresponding Society (LCS) church’s 132 384, 391, 392 civil 314, 315, 323, 357 Longaunay, marquise de 279 Gallican 132, 136 Lons-le-Saunier, Reaction violence 362 liberty (liberté) Lorraine American position 58–9, 63, 383 French 92 anniversary celebrations 493, 495 threats to 170 apostles of 239 Louchet, Louis 289 Austrian views 393 Louis XIV bourgeois views 6 centralization policy 4, 15 Brissot’s views 267, 268, 272, 386 finances 16 cap 189, 239, 447, 496, 497 foreign policy 96 citizenship 441 image 108 civic 10 Jansenism 46 cockade 237, 286, 428, 447, 496 nobility under 6, 9 colonial societies 68–9 victories 425 commerce 10 Louis XV cultural origins 55 assassination attempt on 47 Declaration of Rights 10, 85, 398 court 437 definition 85 ineffectual rule 45, 108 des mers 60–1 mistresses 49, 50, 163, 300 Directory position 331, 337, 339–40 religious policies 46 English view 166, 340 upbringing 108

bindex.indd 526 9/11/2014 3:08:17 PM index 527

Louis XVI Tuileries storming (10 August 1792) accession 109 239, 240–1 agreement to withdraw troops 110, 237 Louisiana, sale of 414 aligned with privileged orders 109–10 Louvre, art exhibitions 10 American alliance 60 Lovejoy, Paul 67 appearance before Assembly (15 July Lucas, Colin 299 1789) 113–14, 234 Luxemburg, peasant revolt 393 army’s actions 110–11 luxury 50, 54 arraignment on treason charges 109 Luynes, duc de 33 arrest and suspension 172 Luzerne see La Luzerne attitudes towards 282 Luzzatto, Sergio 314, 324 body 107 Lyon call for his trial 110, 111 denunciation of king 239 Calonne’s reform program 75–6 federalists 298, 299, 301, 363 case against 107, 109, 110–11, 115 Jacobin clubs 363 Civil Constitution approval 138–9 military occupation 238 closure of National Assembly’s meeting prison massacre 371 hall 82, 110, 112 Reaction violence 362, 365, 370, 372 confrontation with deputies 110 riots (1789) 233 crimes cited in acte énonciatif 112 “state of siege” 353 dismissal of Calonne 77 unrest (1793) 253, 297 ecclesiastical legislation 127 Lyons, Martyn 314 Estates-General (1788) 38, 80–1 execution 289, 295, 391 Mabilais, treaty (1795) 255 Figaro story 42 Mably, Gabriel de 27, 45, 63, 334 flight to Varennes 87, 88, 111, 123, Machecoul 171, 172, 174, 238, 286 peasant insurrection 247 foreign policy 162–3, 168 uprising (1793) 250, 251 Hôtel de Ville visit (17 July 1789) Mâconnais, peasant insurrection 215 237 Madison, James 450 image of 108–9, 110, 117 Magallon, comte de 400 imprisonment (1792) 242 magistrates ineffectual rule 45 appointed 344, 346 marriage 49, 162 elected 344 monuments to victories 425 elite 6, 9, 10 National Assembly 81–2, 109–10 Jansenist 46, 47, 50 orders to army 110–11, 112 office-owning 133–4, 346 powers 447 parlements 45, 46, 133–4 praised by Parisian newspapers 111 “security” 356 praised by Washington 59 Magyar Kurir 383 reforms refused by nobility 247 Maignet, Étienne 368 reinstatement 172 Mailhe, Jean-Baptiste 59, 60 relationship with papacy 138 Maine, uprising (1793) 249 relationship with people 107–10, mainmorte, right of 184, 217 113–17, 237, 282, 286 Mainz Republic 394 return to Paris after flight 282 Maistre, Joseph de 340 sacking of patriot ministers 238 Mallet du Pan, Jacques 334 speech (23 June 1789) 82, 83, 110, Malouet, Pierre-Victor 64, 69, 86, 334 234, 250 Malta 420 speech (5 February 1790) 282 Manchester Constitutional Society 384 trial 289, 454 Mann, Anthony 498 Tuileries invasion (20 June 1792) 239 Mara, Éric de 410

bindex.indd 527 9/11/2014 3:08:17 PM 528 index

Marat, Jean-Paul 104, 251, 297, 364, 367, population 455 406, 443 Reaction violence 362, 364, 365, 368 Marbot, Antoine 337 Revolution welcomed 284 Marceau, François-Séverin 253 riots (1789) 233 Maréchal, Sylvain 198 “state of siege” 353 Margerison, Kenneth 80 unrest (1793) 297, 298 Maria Theresa, Empress-Queen 162 Marshall, John 383 Marie-Antoinette, Queen martial law 63–5, 69, 238, 319, 352–3 Barnave’s letters 273 Martin, Henri 492 call for trial of 110 Martin, Jean-Clément 58, 295, 298–9 diamond necklace affair 38, 48 Martineau, Louis-Simon 126, 130 execution 300 Martinique family connections 162, 171, 386 attempt to retake 409 marriage 162 British occupation 409, 410 as martyr 496 deputies 400 reading 43 regained by France (1815) 414 relationship with “devout party” 163 returned by Britain 411 reputation 48, 49, 162, 163–4 slavery 397, 398, 409, 410, 414–15 supporters 253 Martinovics, Ignácz 384, 391 trial 300 Marx, Karl 3, 5 Markoff, John 6, 214, 215, 216, 224, 279 Mascareignes, Îles marriage deputies 400, 408 babies 475 slavery 398 choice of partners 473 Mason, George 63 civil contract 199, 201, 473–4 Masonic Code model of 480–1 lodges 52, 391, 444, 487 divorce see divorce plot theory 487 dowry 198, 473, 477 mass levy (1793) 298 dynastic 92 Massif Central festival of 335 inheritance patterns 463 for love 472 religious wars and peasant uprisings 249, former slaves 479 253 husband’s role 475–6 Mathieu, general 429 ideal 471–2, 480–1 Mathiez, Albert 3, 136, 137, 313, 360, 489 Jewish 472 Mauges laws 199–200, 202, 206, 473–3 Catholic national guards 247 priests 154, 206, 476 rural unrest 248 Protestant 472 uprising (1793) 249, 250 rate 464, 473, 479 Maultrot, Gabriel-Nicolas 132 records 473 Maupeou, René de 47 revolutionary model of 473–4 Mauritius (Maurice, Île de France) seasonality of 464 British position 414 women’s rights within 475 deputies 406 Marseillais 240, 241 French government 389, 414 Marseillaise 218, 239, 300, 385, 492, 499 slave-based colony 397 Marseille Maury, abbé Jean-Siffien 134 administrative status 97 mayors battalion of fédérés 239 careers 285 federalists 298, 363 defense of juring clergy 248 Jacobin clubs 363 elected 96, 440 martial law 238 festival roles 103 Military Commission 362 Marseille 233, 239

bindex.indd 528 9/11/2014 3:08:17 PM index 529

murder of 258 Reaction violence 322, 324, 360, 361, Paris 232, 237 362, 372–3 village 351–2 return of exiles 353 winegrowing estimates 462 riots (1789) 234 Mazauric, Claude 490 Mignet, François-Auguste 360 McMahon, Darrin 147 mining 31, 455–6 McManners, John 146, 152, 154 Ministry of War 254 McPhee, Peter 94, 224, 305 Mirabeau, comte de Mediterranean, cloth trade 465 on abolition of nobility and titles 282 Mediterranean, revolutionary 419–21, on America 62 432 anticlericalism 134 conflict and conjuncture 429–32 denounced by Desmoulins 275 “many-headed hydra” of revolution Enlightenment writings 11 426–9 foreign policy 167 problem in eighteenth century 421–4 on nationalization of church property revolutionary universalism 424–6 129 memories and histories of Revolution on natural rights 134 496–9 on paternal authority 476 Menou, baron de 425 relationship with Desmoulins 266, 272, mentally ill detainees, rights of 183–4 274–5 Mercier, Louis-Sébastien 57, 60, 269 report on festivals 491 Mercure de France 425 resolution on king’s war powers 166 Mercure français 334 secret adviser to court 166 Mercy, Marie-Charles-Isidore de, bishop of Société des Amis des Noirs 398, 400 Luçon 133 Mission for the Bicentenary of the French Mercy-Argenteau (Argenteuil), comte de Revolution 494–5 172, 286 Mitterrand, François 494 Merlin de Douai, Philippe-Antoine 192, monarchy 217 abolition of 289, 323, 405 Merrick, Jeffrey 49 absolute 109, 133 Mesmon, marquis de 284 court 17 Messager du Soir 360, 370 desacralized 109, 111 metric system 329 finances 16–17, 32, 33–4 Meulun 98 hierarchical position 25 Meurthe, partition of land 224 household model 48 Michelet, Jules ideology of 45 on deputies’ fear 110 image of king 93 on destruction by rural poor 222 land ownership 93 on Marseillais 239 loyalty to 233 on origins of Revolution 3, 5, 30 overthrow (10 August 1792) 239 publication without illustrations 498 royal arms 100 on Robespierre’s fall 313 royal authority 17–18, 79 on Terror and Reaction 360, 374 royal debt 125, 128–9, 147 use of memoirs 497 money Midi amount in circulation 32 ecclesiastical oath-taking 149 assignats 104, 126, 190–1, 460, 477 environmental issues 214, 222 bills of exchange 32 family law 472, 476–7, 478 circulation 190–1 land system 34 currency reform 104 law 472 gold 162 military commissions 355 inflation 191, 318–19, 322, 350, 455, partition of common land 221 457, 460

bindex.indd 529 9/11/2014 3:08:18 PM 530 index

money (cont’d) port 248 paper notes 129, 191, 298, 460 referendum 283 revolutionary currency 190–1 rural unrest 248 Moniteur 129 siege (1793) 250 Monnier, Raymonde 314, 319 Terror 368 Montagnards trade 32 arrested 319, 320 violence 318 conflict with Girondins 250–1, 253, Napoleon Bonaparte 255, 296 assassination attempt on 354 consolidation of republican state 314 authoritarian regime 345–6 Convention policies 317 Brumaire coup (1799) 314, 329, 345, isolation 315 410, 487 overthrown 409 chouan negotiations 257 Parisian alliance 297 Code see Civil Code (1804) project 322 colonial reaction 410–14 regicide policy 296 defeat 414 slavery policy 406–9, 411 divorce law 474 trade policies 318 empire 96 Vendée rebellion 252 First Consul 257, 354, 449 Montaigu Fructidor coup (1797) 345 mayor 329 generalship 348 uprising (1793) 250 hostage policies 354 Montauban, violence 294 Hundred Days 414 Montbrison, Reaction violence 362 invasion of Egypt 389, 430 Montesquieu, baron de 9, 42, 44, 472 invasion of Italy 387 Montmorency, duc de 33 Life Consulate 345, 357 Montmorin, comte de 127, 135–6, 138, military commissions 355 162–70 mining concessions 455–6 Montpellier, descriptions of 438–9 on need for war 349 Morande, Charles Théveneau 271 noble titles re-established 426 Moreau de Saint Méry, Médéric 65, 69 personal dictatorship 357, 450, 488 Morelly, Étienne-Gabriel 472 religious policy 156, 183 Mornet, Daniel 11 security state 343–4, 345–6 Mothers and Daughters of Normandy 470, slavery policy 398, 411, 412, 413, 414 471 nation, the Mughal Empire 382 citizenship 463 Muir, Thomas 391 concept 50, 55, 84, 425, 428 Mulhouse, French annexation 387 constituent groups within 200 Murad Bey 429, 430 Estates-General 47 Musée de l’Histoire de France 498 foreign policy 164–6 forests 222 names glory of 496 children 465, 475 “grande” 338, 430 departments 462–3 “Great Family” 480 streets 100 landed property 125, 279 villages 100 law as will of 134 Nancy Parlement of Paris 47, 78 massacre of military mutineers 294 parlements 45 riot sentences 39 privilege and 79, 84–5 Nantes public opinion 48 administrative status 97 representatives of 109, 110, 112, 203, battle (1793) 253 249, 281–2 population 455 revolutionary slogan 447

bindex.indd 530 9/11/2014 3:08:18 PM index 531

sovereignty 86, 204, 394, 487 language of 60 tribunal of 48 liberal view 487 unity of 91 studies on 13 Vive la Nation! 385, 427 theory 61, 65, 472 women’s position 200, 202, 204 tradition 62 National Assembly, June–July 1789 Navarre 92, 97 assumption of title 81, 86, 116, Necker, Jacques 134 Assembly of Notables 79, 81, clergy’s position 81, 82, 125, 147 124–5 colonial deputies 68–9, 400 on beggars 37 Committee on the Constitution 82–3, cabal opposition to 234, 235 281 Compte rendu 77 declaration of rights proposal 85 dismissal 235 journée of 14 July 441 Estates-General 81 king’s closure of meeting hall 82, 110, grain crisis 39, 232 112 loans 16 king’s policies 109–10 philosophical circles 43 king’s repudiation of proclamation 110 reforms to guilds 456 membership 81–2, 280 tactics 125 nobility 82 Necker, Suzanne 52 patriot deputies 444 Nelson, Horatio 427 relationship with king 81–2, 109–10 Nemours, list of grievances 65 royal session (23 June 1789) 81–2, 83, Neapolitan Republic 387, 392 161, 234–5 Netherlands Third Estate 281 French relations 161 National Church Council 155–6 Triple Alliance 163 National Constituent Assembly see Newburgh conspiracy (1783) 63 Constituent Assembly newspapers 442–4 National Convention see Convention ancien régime 442 National Guard British 384, 390 arming of 235 British North America 64 Cairo 427 closed 189 called in by Convention (1795) 319 conservative backlash 390 election of officers 188, 189, 440 founding 317 formation 188, 189, 235, 280 ideology of direct democracy 238 funeral rituals 101 local provincial 54, 443 Linars career 285 on monstrous crowd 319 local law enforcement role 356 Parisian 111 March 1793 rupture 250 political 437, 443, 447 martial law 65, 319 on Reaction 360, 365, 370 Paris (after Restoration) 447 readership 444 peasant insurrection against 247 restrictions 442–3, 445 policing religion 247, 248 spread of ideas 42 right to bear arms 187, 188 see also pamphleteering; press Saint-Domingue 405 Nice, French annexation 387 storming of the Tuileries (1792) 218, Nicolas, Jean 34, 35 240–1 Nîmes uprising (1793) 250 Jacobin clubs 363 Vendée rebellion 247–8 religious unrest 148 natural law Revolutionary Tribunal 370 family legislation 473, 477 violence 294 Jacobin allegiance to 302 Noailles, comte de 169, 172 king’s violation of 115 Noailles, vicomte de 83, 216

bindex.indd 531 9/11/2014 3:08:18 PM 532 index

nobility Orange, Reaction violence 362 abolition of noble status 282, 425–6 Orateur du peuple 317, 318, 324 armorial bearings 100 orders 25–6 army ranks 36 splinter groups 26–9 attitude to king 282 Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 463 capitalism and 8, 9 origins of Revolution 3–5, 18–19 court position 15, 16, 27 Orléans, duc d’ 33, 235, 267–8, 275, 400 decline 6 Orléans, violent resistance 249 denunciations of 45 Ottoman Empire emigration 287–8; see also émigrés ambassador to France 428 Enlightenment thinking 11 documents 421 exclusion from power 15 Egyptian Mamluk regime 389 hierarchical position 25 envoys 428 high and petty 26–7 French consuls 419, 426 higher 16 reforms 431 houses 93 repercussions of Revolution 381 income 458–9, 460–1 trade 427–8 lands 458–9 transitions 382 loss of seigneurial rights 458–9 Ozouf, Mona 86–7, 304 nature of 9–10 new and old 438 pacte de famille 162, 164–5, 167–9 opposition to reform 6, 10, 247 Padua Circular 171 power 93 Page, Pierre-François 407, 408 privileges 79 Paine, Thomas 334, 384, 486 provincial 16, 27 Palais Royal 52, 235, 237 return of émigrés 353, 356–7, 371, 372, Palestine 420 458–9 Pallas, HMS 429 rights of 438 Palloy, Pierre-François 289–90 sale of titles 185 Palmer, Robert 13, 57–8, 382, 389 422–3 social relations 460–1 pamphleteering taxation 16 anti-Jacobin 367 urban position 29 Brissot Unmasked 270–3 view of chouans 258 British 384 wealth 26, 27 Calonne’s program 76–7, 78 noblesse de la robe 27, 186 counter-revolutionary 333 Nodier, Charles 360 diatribes against queen 49 Nootka Sound crisis 164–9, 386 on Directory 332, 338 Normandy on divorce 473 administration 97 Enlightenment and 44, 134 ecclesiastical oath-taking 149 on grain hoarding 234 federalists 288 illegal 10, 51, 442–3 inheritance law 463, 472, 477 legal 442–3 lineage models 478–9 Maupeou crisis 47 peasant insurrection 215 on parish priests 125 pro-Girondin forces 297 on privileges 79 textile industry 31 on Reactions 365, 366 tribunal of the nation 48 readership 444 revolutionary culture 50 Oath of Fraternity 491 on royal mistresses 49 O’Coigley, James 392 sales 12, 51 Ogé, Vincent 401, 402 Sieyès’ work 79, 80, 278 Oise, partition of common land 221 spread of ideas 42

bindex.indd 532 9/11/2014 3:08:18 PM index 533

Third Estate 7 Parlement 15, 45, 46–7, 67, 76, 78, women writers 446 124, 132, 133, 190 papacy peace conference (1801) 429 Civil Constitution terms 126–7, 133 population 37 Concordats 126, 130, 141, 157–8, 183, Revolutionary Tribunal 296, 297, 357 300–1, 305 making of the Civil Constitution riots (1789) 39, 233–4 128–35 September Massacres (1791) 242, 294, making of the papal condemnation 296, 319 135–40 slaves 67 response to Civil Constitution 123–4, social contrasts 37–8 126–8 subsistence crisis 232 Paris Temple Prison 242 architectural projects 103–4 trade communities 26 artisanal families 479 Tuileries Gardens 235 Atlantic craze 57 Tuileries invasion (20 June 1792) 239 Bastille see Bastille Tuileries storming (10 August 1792) Champ de Mars 103, 336, 426, 491 218, 239, 240–1 Champ de Mars massacre 65, 271, United Bishops 155 446 winter suffering (1795) 319 clergy 46 women 198, 236, 241, 446 Commune 298, 302, 317, 488, 492 Parisian Militia 236 crowds 445 parlements customs posts torched 236 abolition 132, 284, 458 demonstration for purge of Convention Brittany 67 (1793) 297 bureaucracy 17 ecclesiastical oath-taking 149 Calonne’s strategy 75 Faubourg Saint-Antoine 39, 238, 319, crushing 15 320 defense of privilege 78 federalists 297 estates and 16 Festival of the Federation 103, 491 king’s authority 45 free people of color 401, 406 legislations 182 garde bourgeoise 235, 236 noble magistrates 6, 9, 27 Girondins and Montagnards 253 Paris see Paris Hôtel de Ville 235–6, 237, 240, patriotic resistance 124 241 policing 35 hunger 298, 319 powers 94 “information society” 52 provincial 78, 92 Jacobin Club 284, 298, 306, 318, 364, repression 39 402, 444 suspended and recalled 78 king’s attempt to flee 87, 88, 111, 123, warfare with Crown 437, 443 171, 172, 174, 238 Paroy, marquis de 400 king’s visit (17 July 1789) 237 Pasvanoğlu, pasha of Vidin 389 leaving 286 patriarchal paradigm 203 massacre of antiroyalist protestors (July patriarchy and the question of spheres 1791) 294 205–7 National Assembly transfer to 281 Patriote français 267, 270, 401 National Guard 235, 447 patriotism newspapers 111, 442 against despotism 124–5 number of militants 445 Brissot and Desmoulins 270, 271, 274 Palais Royal 52, 235, 237 common ideology 14, 269 Panthéon 102, 492 concept 10, 11, 13, 50, 55, 463

bindex.indd 533 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM 534 index

patriotism (cont’d) Penal Code 183 marriage and 473, 476 people, blurred social identity 30 popular 382 Permanent Committee 236 towns 283–4 Perrigny, marquis de 400 Pau, Parlement of 92 Peter Leopold, Archduke of Austria see Pays de Caux, poverty 37 Leopold II pays d’élection 92 Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérome 134, 165, pays d’états 92 267, 268, 269, 275, 476 peasants Petite Église 183 abolition of feudal regime 192, 216–19, Petitfrère, Claude 285 224–5, 297, 457–8 Peyrac, comte de 400 access to land 219–21 Peysonnel, Charles 163, 170 Belgium and Luxembourg philosophes 42, 45–6, 51, 133 insurrections 393 Picardy, court 92 burning of feudal title deeds 218–19 Piedmont, French annexation 387 chouannerie 246, 247, 255–7, 258 Pillnitz Declaration 171 diet 191 Pinel, Philippe 184 Enlightenment influence 11 Pistoia, synod 136, 137, 138 grievances 83, 185, 212, 213–15 Pitt, William 166, 167, 168–9, 253 incomes 191, 214 Pius VI, Pope 124, 127, 128, 136–40 inheritance patterns 463, 464 Pius VII, Pope 157 insurrection 215–19, 224, 280, 284–5 Plongeron, Bernard 154 land clearance 221–4, 462 Poitevin, nobility 247 landholding 184–5, 192, 193, 213, 454, Poitiers 459, 461 Jacobins 280 market towns 97 law court issue 284 marriages 474 Poitou moving to city 50 clergy 147 numbers 213 delegation 287 partition of common lands 220, 221, ecclesiastical oath-taking 149 461 Poland Polish insurrection 388 insurrection (1794) 388 ranks within 213 responses to Revolution 385 research into 5 Russian occupation 164, 388, 394 revolution 6, 224–5 police richer and poorer 8 archives 52 role in revolution 212–13, 224–5, 280, Bureau of General Police 303 454 centralization 152 Sanfedist insurrection 392 gendarmes 356 sans-culottes 445 investigations 356 seigneurial rights 216–18 minister of 354, 356 serfdom 34 Ministry of General Police 347, 357 social relations with nobles 460–1 opposition to 34, 35 standard of living 460 repression 319 status in Europe 438 royal mounted 238 taxation 184–5, 214 slave hunting in Paris 67 Third Estate 27, 38 spies 271 transfer of land to 220–1 surveillance 357 Vendée rebellion 246, 247–9, 252, 258 political culture wine production 461–2 American influence 65 Pellenc, Jean-Joachim 173 court system 16–17 Pellerin, Joseph-Michel 134 crisis and 24

bindex.indd 534 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM index 535

Directory 328–40 press 53–4 elections 437, 439–42 anti-terrorist 324, 370 faction 18 conservative 370 failed constitutions and political freedom 316, 316–17, 320, 443–4 parties 447–50 revolutionary political culture 442–4, gender, sexuality and 197, 201–2, 203, 447 207 Price, Richard 63 newspapers and clubs 437, prices 442–5 bread 232 notion of 14, 15 food 39, 232 pre-revolutionary 117, 149 increases 32, 36 public opinion and popular opinion regional differences 32 438–9 Priestley, Joseph 393 revolutionary 295, 296, 381, 382, prison massacres 437–8, 447 Paris (September 1792) 242, 288 sans-culottes 445–7 Reaction (1795) 322, 362, 369, 371 Polvérel, Étienne 404–5, 407–9 prisoners Pompadour, Madame de 49, 50, Bastille liberation 236 163 émigrés 357 Poncet-Delpech, Jean-Baptiste 280 hostages 354 Pont-Charrault, conflict (1793) 251 red caps 189 Ponts et Chaussées 32 released under law on amnesty 366, poor relief 350–1, 457 367, 372 population rights of 183–4 age 31 Swiss 241 annexed territory 387–8 transported to Paris for trial 304, 305 Caribbean islands 285–6 privileges displacement 254 abolition of (4 August 1789) 68, growth 31, 32, 33, 37, 223, 464 84–5, 87, 125, 134, 147, 182, Haiti 412 216–17, 282 literacy 51 Assembly of Notables 76–8, 79 ports 455 Calonne’s attack on 75–8 rural 27, 37, 186, 213, 249 clergy 27, 80, 125, 464 urban 29 fiscal 75, 76, 77–8, 80, 125 Port-au-Prince fiscal measures to reduce 38 agreement (1791) 403 Jewish 183 violence 404 nobility 80, 93, 100 Portalis, Jean-Étienne-Marie 190 orders benefiting from 25–6 Pothier, Robert-Joseph 472 parlements defend 78 Poumarède, Jacques 463 position of Crown 79 poverty royal session 234 begging and vagrancy 37, seigneurial 35 186 Sieyès’ campaign against 45, 79 charity 350, 457, 458 white 399 clergy 27, 131 procureurs 284 dependants 186, 187 Protestants landless poor 213 Catholic relations with 147–8, 149, 247, relief measures 350–1, 457 249 urban 458 civic rights 77, 440 Prairial Laws 305, 315, 316, 324 in Ireland 384, 388 Prairial riot (May 1795) 198, 319–20, marriages 472 322, 324, 325 persecution 46, 290

bindex.indd 535 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM 536 index

Protestants (cont’d) historians’ views of 313–14 “plot” theories 487 legal action against killers 374 religious toleration 126, 136, 183 local factions 362–3 revolutionary 290 number of victims 359 voting rights 99, 440 participants in violence 371–2 Provence “royalist” 360 estates 92 second phase 318 peasant insurrection 215 suppression of rival parties 449 Reaction violence 365, 373 terms 359–60, 364–5, 366 riots (1789) 233 trials 370–1 taxation 237 urban reaction 324–5 Provincial Estates 33 vengeance 360–1, 362, 365, 366–7, Prudhomme, Louis-Marie 241 369, 371, 373 Prussia violence 361–2, 369–73 Austrian relations 169–70, 173 White Terror 322, 359, 360, 364, 374 French foreign policy 339 reactionaries 234, 315, 317–18, 321–2 French war with 295 reading rooms 10, 11 invasion of France (1792) 242 Reason, festival of 155 invasion of Netherlands 161 rebellions 34 (Tables 2.2, 2.3) peace treaty with 348 Rédacteur 335–6, 339 Triple Alliance 163 Reichenbach, Convention of 170 Prussian General Code 438 Reinhard, Marcel 382 public opinion 47–8 religion Puisaye, comte de 255, 288–9 administration 99 Puy-de-Dôme atheists 46, 99, 182, 183 right to practice religion 157 canon law 126, 129, 132, 138 sale of church property 152 civic 335 violent resistance 249 controversies 10, 12, 46–7, 132 Pyrénées-Orientales, no terrorism 361 cult of Supreme Being 155, 304 dechristianization 146, 153–7, 183, Quadruple Alliance 162–3, 164, 166 302, 304, 446 Quiberon expedition (1795) 254–5, 256 decree of religious freedom 155 Quinet, Edgar 360, 374, 497 dissolution of religious orders 126, 137, 147, 150–1 Rabaut de Saint-Etienne, Jean-Paul 147 Enlightenment and 133, 147 race issues see color prejudice; free people institution of 45–7 of color; slavery public space and 99 Radishchev, Alexander 390 resistance against “Godless” French Raffet, Auguste 498 392–3 Raimond, Julien 401, 402 revival 157 Rao, Anna Maria 426 revolution and 145–6 Rastadt, peace negotiations 340 revolutionary vandalism 100–1 Raynal, abbé 406 rituals 247, 464 Reaction (Thermidorian Reaction) state and 183 aftermath 323, 373–4 toleration 10, 125–6, 136, 137, 141, anti-terrorist 366–7 183, 472 arrests 368–9 see also Catholicism; Church; Islam; background 307, 314–15 Jansenism; Jews; Protestants concept 364–5 Remonstrances des mères et filles 470 duration 364 Rennes evaluation of 323–5 fédérés 239 first phase 315 first blood of Revolution 247 geography of 361–2 oath refusal 140

bindex.indd 536 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM index 537

partisan force 289 riots peacemaking (1794) 255 1789 39, 233–8 Renoir, Jean 498 1792 249, 391 Representatives of the Nation 112 1793 249–50, 295 repression, military 352–3 bread 231, 233, 234, 237, 238 republicanism food 215, 237, 352 American 385 Germinal 319, 320, 324, 325 anti-republicanism 353 goals 233–4 Brissot’s 271 Paris 233–4 classical 10, 12, 45 Prairial 198, 319–20, 322, 324, 325 commercial/modern 336–7, 338, 340, slogans 233 462 targets of rioters 237–8 democratic 344–5 women’s participation 446 liberal 338 Ripaud, François 389 notion of 13 Robespierre, Maximilien populist versions 334 assault on popular militants 314–15 Reubell, Jean-François 330, 338 background 267 Réunion (Île Bourbon) Brissot conflict 270, 271–2 colonial assembly 410 clergy policy 135 regained by France 414 Committee of Public Safety 298, 299 slavery 397, 414–15 Convention chair 305 Réveil du Peuple 367 defended by Desmoulins 270, 272 Réveillon riot (1789) 39, 233–4 on democracy 334–5 Reverchon, Jacques 365, 372–3 demonized 367 Revolt of the Masked 30 denunciations 306 La Révolution française 488 on equality of rights 402 revolutionaries, choosing to become fall 290, 306–7, 313, 314, 324–5, 334, 278–9, 279–86 360, 364, 368 Revolutionary Tribunal 274, 296–7, friendships 269, 274, 276 300–1, 305, 360, 362 illness 305 Reynaud de Villevert, comte de 400 Jacobin radical network 268 Rhineland nostalgia for 319 bandits 393 “On the Principles of Political French annexation 387, 394 Morality” 302–3 French and Jews targeted by criminal opposition to 316 gang 393 political stance 273, 302 return of exiles 353 on Reaction 364 Rhône Valley responsibility for Terror 305 Reaction violence 362, 365, 370, Rousseau’s influence 134 373 on slave trade 406 religious wars 249 on slavery 402 Richelieu, Cardinal 15, 98 on terror 302 Richepance, Antoine 411, 412, on virtue 302, 303, 304 413 Rochambeau, vicomte de 413–14 Richerist theology 148 Roederer, Pierre-Louis 198, 200–1, 202, Richet, Denis 123, 490 206, 272 Riedel, Andreas 384 Roland, Jean-Marie 102, 267 Rigaud, André 403, 411, 413 Roland, Mme 110, 111 rights Roland, Romain 498 communal 214 Roman Republic 387 exclusions and 181–4 Rome, France’s diplomacy with 123, 138 women’s 181, 189–90 Romme, Gilbert 189, 320

bindex.indd 537 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM 538 index

Ronceray, Benedictine abbey 458 civil war 411 Rosanvallon, Pierre 330, 333 colonial assembly 407 Rossignol, Marie-Jeanne 63 defeat of French forces 413–14 Rouen, Boulingrin 103 elections (1791) 403 Rougier de la Bergerie, Jean-Baptiste 222 free coloreds 403–5, 407, 413, 414 Roulhac, Grégoire de 86 French loss 414, 455, 465 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques fugitive slaves 67 on collective sensibility 491 gazette 60 on direct democracy 445 Guadeloupe comparison 413 Discourses 50 Haitian independence (1804) 394, 398, drama of alienation 337 412, 414, 423 Émile 137 marriage rates 479 Enlightenment 11, 43 martial law 64, 69 on gender roles 446 Napoleon’s interventions 411–12, on “general will” 45 413 influence 53, 134, 281, 471 number of slaves 412, 414 Letter to d’Alembert 49 Ogé’s insurrection and death 402 on motherhood 475 petits blancs 403–5 natural law tradition 62 plantation owners 64–5, 67–9, 268, readership 12, 43, 44 400, 407 Social Contract 47, 439 race laws 68 on social power of women 49 reform program 68 statue 493 right to representation 68–9, 400 Roussillon 92 royalist planters 407 Rovère, Joseph Stanislas 419 slave population 66, 397 Royal Navy, British 298, 389, 414 slave revolts 286, 402, 403–4, 407–8, Royer, Jean-Baptiste 155 423 Royou, abbé 443 slavery 66, 397, 398 Rudé, George 231, 238, 382, 489 slavery abolished 182, 398, 408–11 Ruffo, Cardinal Fabrizio 392 slavery reinstated 340, 398, 412, 414 Rural Code 192, 193, 219, 222 sugar production 32, 66, 397 Rush, Benjamin 63 victory of free coloreds 404–5 Russia Saint-Étienne Austrian alliance 164 industry 455 counter-revolutionary regime 173, 390 Reaction violence 362 expulsion of French citizens 391 Saint-Jacob, Pierre de 5–6, 8 French policy 168, 339 Saint-Just 274, 276, 306 League of Armed Neutrality 348 Saint-Louis, Vertus 399 occupation of Poland 388 Saint-Malo, ecclesiastical oath-taking 150 Quadruple Alliance proposal 162, 166 Saint-Marcellin, civil unrest 150, 151 Turkish conflict 161, 162 Saint Petersburg Gazette 383 rustics 184–7 Sainte-Luce, privileges 283 Sainte-Lucie Sagnac, Philippe 489 British occupation 409 Saige, Guillaume-Joseph 45 Hugues’ expedition 409 sailors 187, 188, 408, 426–9 returned by Britain 411 Saint-André, Jean Bon 406 slavery 397, 409, 411 Saint-Domingue Saintonge, province 92 African origin of slaves 67–8 saints autonomist patriots 407 days 104, 304 black troops disarmed 340 names 100 British treaty 407 statues 100–1

bindex.indd 538 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM index 539

Salmour, comte de 234 Ségur, edict of 36 salons 11, 27, 49, 51–2, 55, 328 seigneurial system Sand, George 498 abolition 6, 388, 454, 460, 463–4 Sanfedist insurrection 392 church’s position 93 sans-culottes complaints against 39, 185, 214 anti-slavery movement 406, 407, 409 decree of 4–11 August 1789 216–17, assault on 253, 254, 319, 321–2 284 cadres 445–6 dues and services 8 characteristics 445–6 extent of 34 last 447, 457 giving up rights 83 Mediterranean recruitment 429 hostility to 8, 35 National Assembly stance 251 law of 15–28 March 1790 217 Paris Commune 317 law of 25 August 1792 218 Parisian 445–6 laws of abolition 192, 215, 216–17, political marginalization 318–19, 321, 446 218, 222 popular societies 189, 320, 445 lawsuits over rights 185 presence in public life 445 loss of rights 170, 459 provincial 446 mainmorte 184 radicalism 382 peasant struggle 212, 215–19, 222 Soboul’s work 489 refusal to pay dues 191 socio-political mix 445–7 rights over ovens and mills 65, 460 spokesmen 251, 273 source of revenue 9, 26, 458 term 437 taxes 33 troops 252–3 tolls 32 women 446 Selim III, Sultan 389, 431 Sarthe, rural unrest 248 Sénac de Meilhan, Gabriel 36 Sault-Tavannes family 9 Sentinelle 370 Sauveur, Joseph 249 September Massacres (1791) 242, 294, Savoy, French annexation 387 296, 319 Say, Jean-Baptiste 328, 337 serfdom 34, 184–5 Scépeaux, Marie-Paul de 257 Serna, Pierre 323, 330 Schama, Simon 216, 222, 294, 295 servants Schinderhannes 393 in colonies 410 Scotland employment 458 repression of radicals 391 exclusion from rights 186 Societies of the Friends of the People gender issues 205, 207 384 information collection 52 Scott, Hamish 171 king’s 241 Second Estate 280, 282, 288 legal protection 199 security state rights of citizens 187, 203 choosing war 348–9 rural 213 concepts 344–6 Third Estate 28 (Table 2.1), 29, 186 emergence 343–4 Seven Years War 57, 60, 64, 66, 68 military repression 352–3 sexuality 196–8 modern bureaucracy 346–7 Shapiro, Gilbert 214 origins 152, 331 Shaw, Matthew 105 political measures 353–4 Sheffield Society for Constitutional problem of émigrés 356–7 Information 384, 391 social democracy 350–2 Shovlin, John 50 term 343 Sieyès, abbé at work 354–7 on active and passive citizens 199 Sedan, wage levels 33 campaign against privilege 45, 47

bindex.indd 539 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM 540 index

Sieyès, abbé (cont’d) Smith, Adam 337 on elected representatives 439 smuggling 188, 248 Essai sur les privilèges 79 Soboul, Albert National Assembly motion 81 on capitalism and bourgeoisie 454 on nobles 203 career 6, 489, 490 political philosophy 345 on Reaction 313, 324 Qu’est-ce que le Tiers-État? 26, 39, 80, 278 on specificity of Revolution 58 on Reaction 364 Société des Amis des Noirs 65, 267, 340, Société des Amis des Noirs 398 398, 399–402 on women 202 society Sillery, marquis de 275, 282 blurred social identities 29–31 Simon, Louis 285 colonial 29, 30–1 Simoneau, Jacques Guillaume 104 overt social frictions 34–5 (Tables 2.2, Skocpol, Theda 14, 344 2.3) slave trade rural 27–9 abolition 465 unequal and fragmented 25–31 abolitionist movement 400, 402 urban 29 English 62 Society of Jesus see Jesuits French 66, 397 Society of Revolutionary Republic payment of subsidies for 405, 407 Women 446 Robespierre on 406 Society of Thirty 80 slave-ship owners 400, 405 Society of the United Irishmen 384, 388 slavery 65–9 sodomy 182–3, 475 abolition 182, 398, 406–9, 410, 465 Soissons, rivalry with Laon 283, 284 abolitionist movement 65–6, 267, 398, soldiers 188–9 400, 402 Sonthonax, Léger Félicité 404–5, 407–9, arming of slaves 403, 404, 408, 409–10 410 Brissot on 404, 405–6 Sorkin, David 147 civil status 181 sovereignty of the people 86, 110, 112, 439 conditions for slaves 65 Spagnoli, Paul 464 Declaration of Rights 182 Spain exclusion from rights 181 expulsion of French citizens 391 freed slaves 402, 410 foreign policy 162 freedom suits 67 independence of American colonies 394 hierarchy of slaves 399 Nootka Sound crisis 164–9 importance to French economy 66, 441 peace treaty with 348, 409 institution of 399 war 414 marriage of freed slaves 479 Spirit of the Laws 11, 43 metropolis/colony distinction 66–7, Staël, Germaine de 328, 331, 338, 488 68–9 standards of living 460 Napoleon’s policies 411–14 Stanisław August Poniatowski, king of number of slaves in French Antilles 32 Poland 385 number of slaves in Saint-Domingue 66 state origins of slaves 67–8 failure 14, 18–19 Paris slave-hunting 67 power and the 15–18 re-established 398, 412–13, 414 religion and 183 revolts 405, 407–8 statues, revolutionary vandalism 100–1 rights 181 Stendhal 498 Robespierre’s position 402, 406 Stofflet, Jean-Nicolas 255, 257 slave-based colonies 397–8, 414 Stone, Bailey 79 slave fugitives 67 suffrage slave-owners 400 Constitution of 1793 448 white colonizers and black slaves 30–1 Convention limits on 321

bindex.indd 540 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM index 541

exclusion of women 190, 440, 446 strike 333 free people of color 401, 405, 440 see also tithe universal male 321, 384, 448, 457 Taylor, George 8, 13, 15, 214 sugar production 32, 66, 397 Tennis Court Oath (1789) 82, 86, 110, Supreme Being 215 cult of 155, 304 Terror, The Festival of 304–5 “anarchy” 298–9 Suratteau, Jean-René 331, 489 anti-terrorist invective 367 surveillance committees 295–6 Atlantic world 58–9, 69 Sutherland, Donald 224 attacks on political leaders 270 Sweden 163 beginning 294–5 Swiss Guards 241 centralization 302–4 Switzerland church as target 100, 141 Helvetic Republic 387 conscription 295 radicals 383 course of 293 course of Revolution 123 Tackett, Timothy 107, 128, 149, 152, death sentences 305 280 discourses leading to 13 taille 25 dismantling 314 Taine, Hippolyte 3, 5, 11, 185, 190, 360, endgames 306–7 488, 489 extraordinary measures 295–6 Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de, bishop of factions, fear, and fabrications 301–2 Autun federalism 297 consecration of bishops 128 geography of 361–2 foreign policy 339, 348 Girondins 296–7 on French language 463 hunger 298 motion on church property 125 Jacobin policies 224–5, 263, 266, 269, oath-taking 140 275 XYZ Affair 389 laws 298–9 Tallien, Jean-Lambert 306, 316, 323 purifications 302–4 Tarascon revolutionary armies 298–9 prison massacre 371 revolutionary government 299–301 Reaction violence 362 roots of 88 status 98 shining future and closing circle 304–5 Tarbes, department 97 show trials 299–301 taxation suppression of rival parties 449 Calonne’s program 75–7 template of betrayal and subversion capitation 76 296–8 collection 92 Vendée rebellion 295 direct 36, 76 victories 302–4 exemptions 248, 283 violence 294–5, 361 failure of reforms 36 war effort 299–301 on food and drink 233, 237 textile industry 31–2, 37, 455–6, 462, 465 indemnity from 25 Teyssier, Éric 220 indirect 36, 237, 457, 462 theater 10, 37 land tax 75, 76–7, 458 theophilanthropy 335 peasant grievances 214 Théremin, Charles 331, 337 riots (1789) 233, 237 Thermidorian Reaction see Reaction royal 25, 33 Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne-Josèphe royal strategies 16 184 seigneurial 6, 8, 32–5, 39, 93, 191, Thibaudeau, Antoine-Claire 361 216–19, 388, 392, 458–9, 464 Thibaudeau père 280, 281, 284 social frictions 34–5 Thiers, Adolphe 330, 426

bindex.indd 541 9/11/2014 3:08:19 PM 542 index

Third Estate trade anti-noble 281 colonial 9, 32 bourgeoisie 6 communities of “Franks” 427–8 burdens on 38 domestic 32 definition 26 foreign 32, 52–3 elected representatives 7 Mediterranean 427–8 language 279 relations with England 37 local assemblies 185 transatlantic traders 33 membership 26 Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste 130, 131 Montpellier analysis 439 trials 48 regional factions 362–3 Tribunal de Cassation 440, 478 relationship with clergy 125 tribunals relationship with king 107–8, allocation of 95 109 of the public/nation 48 representation 80 tricoteuses 198 rural 27–9 (Table 2.1) Triple Alliance 163, 168 Thomassin family 461 Tripoli, revolutionary celebrations 426 Thornton, John 67 Trouvé, Charles-Joseph 460 Thouret, Jacques-Guillaume 134 Troyes, riots (1789) 233 timber 222–3 Tuileries Tipu (Tippoo) Sultan 389, 430 disturbances (1791) 287 tithe invasion (20 June 1792) 239 abolition (Aug 1789) 125, 185, 190, storming (10 August 1792) 218, 239, 216–17, 282, 388, 461, 464 240–1 collection 34, 93, 217 Tully, Miss 426–7 expenditure of revenue 458 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques 26, 35, 43, fight over 147, 216–17 63, 134 grievances 214 Turkey 161, 164 levels 459 Turreau, Louis-Marie 254 owners 125 Tuscany refusal to pay 191 anti-French uprisings 392 subject to 184 pressure for reform 384 Tobago, slavery 397, 411 Tyrol Tocqueville, Alexis de 4, 5, 190, 313, 323, clergy movement against French 330, 498 393 Tonneins, industry 455 reports of miracles 392 Tonnesson, Kare 317, 489 Toulon United Bishops at Paris 155–6 British evacuation 301 United Englishmen 392 Jacobin clubs 363 United Irishmen 384, 388, 392 revolutionary retaking 420, United Scotsmen 392 430 United States “state of siege” 353 Alien and Sedition Acts 391 unrest (1793) 253, 298 “Cockade Proclamation” 389 Toulouse competing parties 449–50 Boulingrin 103 Congress 450 Jacobins 290 Constitution 449 rebellion (1799) 349 federalists 63, 385, 389, 391, 450 social structure of opposition 284 foreign policy 339–40 trade communities 26 neutrality 389 Toussaint-Louverture 340, 411, 412, 413, presidential elections (1796) 389 479 press coverage of French news 382

bindex.indd 542 9/11/2014 3:08:20 PM index 543

responses to Revolution 385 Le Vieux Cordelier 272, 275 voting qualifications 441 Vilate, Joachim 272 unrest, civil village names 100 Napoleon’s policies 157 violence peasant insurrection 213, 215–19 both sides in Revolution 294 related to oath-taking 148, 150–1 costs of 322–3 see also violence Great Fear 216 utopianism 231, 242, 481 Marseille 242 Paris crowd after fall of Bastille 237 vagrancy 37, 39, 186 Paris crowd on 10 August 1792 Vallès, Jules 498 240–1 Valmy, battle (1792) 334 Paris September Massacres (1792) 242, Van Kley, Dale 46, 147 294, 296, 319 vandalism, revolutionary 100–1 Reaction 361–2, 369–73 Vannes, peasant insurrection 247 Reims (1792) 242 Varennes, flight to 87, 88, 111, rural protests 295 123, 171, 172, 174, 238, 286 Terror 294–5, 361 Vattel, Emmerich de 62 Versailles (1792) 242 Vaucluse, violence 361 see also unrest, civil Velleron, violence 361 virtue Vendéans 246, 252–3 family education 335 Vendée rebellion festivals 50, 103 aftermath 257–8, 290, 296, 304 friendship and 264–6 against Convention 138 ideology of political 263, 264–74, 276, background 247–9 442 chouannerie distinction 246 notion of 10, 12, 13 cultural origins 295 pleasure and 338 executions 296 revolutionary calls for 50 military repression 352 Robespierre on 302, 303, 304, outbreak 251 306, 335 peace treaty 322 Roman masculine ethos 50 Pont-Charrault battle (1793) 251 Visme, Jacques-François de 113 term 247 Vivarais, revolt (1783) 30 troops 253, 255, 285, 288 Vive 89 495 victory against rebels 301, 304 Voltaire 42, 44, 46, 47 “war in the Vendée” 251–5, 257–8, voting 297, 497 assemblies of citizens 187–8, 441 Venetian ambassador 78–80 civic function 440 Venturi, Franco 489 Civil Constitution 131 Verjus, Anne 479 Convention 321 Verlinden, Charles 422 Directory 321, 322, 331, 351 Versailles election of bishops 99 arrival of deputies 107, 280, electoral census 204 281 Estates-General 80, 125 courtiers’ flight from 237 exclusion from 440–1 Crown land 93 exercising the vote 94 march on 64, 69, 445 family unit 204, 471 massacres (9 September) 242 free men of color 440–1 protestors 235 heads of families 204, 205–6 Vervins, chef-lieu rivalry 283 income restrictions 351 Vickery, Amanda 205, 206 indirect 440 Vienne, bishopric 127 procedures 441–2

bindex.indd 543 9/11/2014 3:08:20 PM 544 index

voting (cont’d) women qualifications 440, 441 ban on women’s clubs 199, 200, rights 440–1 317 secret balloting 442 citizeness title 198, 200–1 turnout 448 clothing 53 women 182, 189–90, 220, 284, 448 clubs 198, 199, 475 Vovelle, Michel 58, 69, 146, 154, 490 daughters’ rights 463 deaths while fighting 241 wage-earners 27, 33, 186, 193, 460 Declaration of Rights 87, 198, 201 wages divorce law 463, 474 levels 33 domestic role 197, 471, 481 purchasing power 460 exclusion from rights 181, 182, Wahnich, Sophie 61, 296, 324 189–90 Wajda, Andrzej 498 exclusion from voting 200, 440 Walton, Charles 302 familialism or women in the political war system 203–5 American War of Independence 11, 16, female political associations banned 300, 58–62, 65, 75, 422 446 Anglo-French 57, 62, 66, 348, 407, former nuns 156 409, 413–14, 424, 430 freed slaves 479 choosing war 346, 348–9 gender, sexuality, and political culture civil see chouannerie; Vendée 196–8 cost of American War 16, 36, 63 guillotined 300 demands of waging war 344 inheritance rights 463, 477 eighteenth-century wars 68 legal status 463 Franco-American alliance 60 life expectancy 31, 464 Franco-Austrian war 84–5, 123, 172–3, marriage and divorce 182, 198, 174, 295, 301, 303–4, 348 199–200, 463, 474–5, 480–1 Franco-Prussian 295, 348 militant 200 Franco-Spanish war 348, 409, 414 motherhood 446, 475 impact of French revolutionary Paris activism 446 wars 386–9 patriarchy and the question of spheres Nootka Sound crisis 164–9, 386 205–7 road to war (1790–92) 171–3 political activities 198, 200, 446 Seven Years War 57, 60, 64, 66, 68 political exclusion 199–200 slavery and 67–9, 405–9 political rights 189 war effort 198, 299–301, 386, 446 right to bear arms 189, 198 War Ministry 347 right to vote 189–90 Washington, George 59–60, 62–3, 389, rights 181 450 role in drafting cahiers des doléances 198, weaponry, sharing of 188–9 200 weights and measures 329, 456 role in public life 49–51 Weiss, Peter 184 sexist democracy 200–3 West Indies, martial law 64 sexualist paradigm 198 White Terror see Reaction support for refractory clergy 150, 156 wigs 54–5 tricoteuses 198 Willot, General Amédée 352, 366, 373 voting 182, 189–90, 220, 284, Wilson, James 206 448 Windler, Christian 428 wood 222–3 wine production 461–2, 465 workers’ associations 135 Wolfe Tone, Theobald 384 Woloch, Isser 103, 152, 330 Young, Arthur 38, 279, 459

bindex.indd 544 9/11/2014 3:08:20 PM