WILEY- BLACKwELL COMPANIONS WILEY-BLACKwELL COMPANIONS TO EUROPEAN HISTORY TO EUROPEAN HISTORY EDIT Peter McPhee Wiley-blackwell companions to history McPhee A Companion to the French Revolution Peter McPhee Also available: e Peter McPhee is Professorial Fellow at the D BY University of Melbourne. His publications include The French Revolution is one of the great turning- Living the French Revolution 1789–1799 (2006) and points in modern history. Never before had the Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life (2012). A Fellow people of a large and populous country sought to of both the Australian Academy of the Humanities remake their society on the basis of the principles and the Academy of Social Sciences, he was made of popular sovereignty and civic equality. The a Member of the Order of Australia in 2012 for drama, success, and tragedy of their endeavor, and service to education and the discipline of history. of the attempts to arrest or reverse it, have attracted scholarly debate for more than two centuries. the french revolution Contributors to this volume Why did the Revolution erupt in 1789? Why did Serge Aberdam, David Andress, Howard G. Brown, it prove so difficult to stabilize the new regime? Peter Campbell, Stephen Clay, Ian Coller, What factors caused the Revolution to take Suzanne Desan, Pascal Dupuy, its particular course? And what were the Michael P. Fitzsimmons, Alan Forrest, to A Companion consequences, domestic and international, of Jean-Pierre Jessenne, Peter M. Jones, a decade of revolutionary change? Featuring Thomas E. Kaiser, Marisa Linton, James Livesey, contributions from an international cast of Peter McPhee, Jean-Clément Martin, Laura Mason, acclaimed historians, A Companion to the French Sarah Maza, Noelle Plack, Mike Rapport, Revolution addresses these and other critical Frédéric Régent, Barry M. Shapiro, Miranda Spieler, questions as it points the way to future scholarship. Donald Sutherland, Dale Van Kley, Anne Verjus, Edward J. Woell, Isser Woloch A Companion to The french revolution EDITeD BY ISBN 978-1-4443-3564-4 Peter McPhee A Companion to the French Revolution WILEY-BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current under- standing of the past. Defined by theme, period, and/or region, each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. 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Ford For further information on these and other titles in the series please visit our website at www.wiley.com A Companion TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Edited by Peter McPhee A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2013 © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Peter McPhee to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the French Revolution / edited by Peter McPhee. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4443-3564-4 (cloth) 1. France–History–Revolution, 1789–1799–Historiography. 2. France–History–Revolution, 1789–1799. I. McPhee, Peter, 1948– DC147.8.C75 2013 944.04–dc23 2012022352 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Paul Delaroche, The Conquerors of the Bastille before the Hotel de Ville in 1789, 1839 (oil on canvas). Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée du Petit-Palais, France/ The Bridgeman Art Library Cover design by Richard Boxall Design Associates Set in 10/12pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2013 For Lynn Hunt whose innovative research and generous scholarship pervade this collection Contents Notes on Contributors x Abbreviations xiv Introduction xv Peter McPhee PART I THE ORIGINS AND NATURE OF THE CRISIS OF 1789 1 1 Rethinking the Origins of the French Revolution 3 Peter Campbell 2 The Social and Economic Crisis in France at the End of the Ancien Régime 24 Jean-Pierre Jessenne 3 The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution 42 Sarah Maza 4 France and the Atlantic World 57 Miranda Spieler PART II RESHAPING FRANCE, 1789–91 73 5 The Principles of 1789 75 Michael P. Fitzsimmons 6 Reimagining Space and Power 91 Alan Forrest 7 “The Case against the King,” 1789–93 107 Barry M. Shapiro viii CONTENTS PART III CHURCH, STATE, AND WAR 121 8 The Ancien Régime, Catholic Europe, and the Revolution’s