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Why do Revolutions Fail?: A Network Approach to Analyzing Counter-Revolutionary Movements in Western France, 1791-1799 Amanda Krueger | Dr. Patricia Turner | History Research Question: Counter-revolutionary movements in western France threatened Republican COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY NETWORKS: forces throughout the French Revolution (1791-1799) despite the fact that they were decentralized, 1791-1793 poorly supplied, and repeatedly defeated on the battlefield. What enabled these movements to Maurice Vincent Toussaint Georges remain a persistent threat to the French Revolutionaries? Louis de de Thérèse de Jacques Schaffner d’Eblée Tinténiac Pontbriand Moëlien Cathelineau METHODOLOGY (d. June (d. June 1793) 1793) INTRODUCTION • Conducted archival research in eight European archives in London, Paris, Charles Brittany, and the Island of Jersey. François Bonchamps Amateur Counter-revolutionary movements in Western France are typically Charette (d. (d. 1793) de • Used archival material and social network analysis to reconstruct May 1796) Boishardy Charles characterized as a series of disparate, ultimately ineffective efforts relations among the three counter-revolutionary movements in western Armand Tuffin, Tuffin de la Marquis de la Rouërie against the French Revolution (1789-1799). Historians typically treat France and their connections to French emigrants (émigrés), the French Rouërie (d. 1796) the three groups -- the Association Bretonne, the Chouannerie, and the princes in exile, and the British government. Network ties – in the form (d. January Vendée -- as distinct movements due to their different chronologies and of communications, collective action and/or exchange of resources -- Louis de 1793) class origins. The Association Bretonne, led primarily by Brittany’s elite, are represented in the charts by lines drawn among the various actors. Lescure (d. Aimé 1793) René-Jean functioned as a top-down secret society that officially disbanded after • Analyzed how these networks mobilized insurgents, attracted new Jean-Nicolas Picquet Stofflet (d. Henri de La du de the death of its leader in 1793. The Chouannerie, in contrast, functioned recruits, promoted anti-revolutionary sentiment, and shared resources 1796) Rochejaquelein Boisguy Botherel mainly as a bottom-up insurgency that mobilized the Breton peasantry (d. 1794) and intelligence. Colin de la Loiasel beginning in spring 1793 and continued until Napoleon’s coup in Contrie 1799. Finally, the Vendée was primarily a rural movement south of the Loire River that combatted revolutionary forces in several major battles CONCLUSIONS Marie Pierre Paul de Calonne Comte in 1793. Standard interpretations, however, fail to account for the fact Mathurin Scépeaux • Standard interpretations of counter-revolutionary movements in Artois that these counter-revolutionary insurgencies were collectively Mercier Louis de remarkably persistent, continuing to undermine Republican support western France (see Chart 1) characterize the three movements as French Frotté hierarchical, geographically and chronologically distinct, disconnected Philippe Fall Émigrés- throughout the first Republic. This project utilizes social network (Lieutenant Clergy William Pitt analysis and archival research in eight European archives to analyze from each other, and operating in relative independence from foreign Governor of involvement. (Prime Jersey) relations among all three movements as well as their connections to Minister) Harcourt French emigrants (Émigrés), the French Princes in exile, and the British • The first network model (Chart 2) represents networks within and among the movements and foreign agents from 1791-1793. In these Jean Government. It focuses on the connections of one British officer, Cottereau Louis early years, the movements were relatively distinct (the Chouannerie Alexander Philippe D’Auvergne, appointed naval admiral for the Island of Jersey in (Jean XVIII movement had barely begun). A rapidly growing émigré population on Chouan) William Lindsey 1794. His extensive networks reveal multiple intersections among the (Governor the Island of Jersey (a British territory) had become a refuge and Windham movements. Their shared strategies, personnel and resources – (MP) of Jersey, support system for the insurgencies. Connections between the British 1793-1794) combined with ongoing British involvement – explains the longevity of Government counter-revolutionary movements in Western France and why they movements and foreign actors (French princes and British government) remained a persistent threat which contributed to the failure of the were increasing, but there was no direct communication between the French Revolution. movements and British officials on Jersey. • The second network model (Chart 3), representing networks within and COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY NETWORKS: among the movements and foreign agents from 1794-1799, reveals a dramatic shift both in terms of network ties among the movements and 1794-1799 the importance of the Island of Jersey and its naval admiral Philippe D JERSEY ‘Auvergne. Many counter-revolutionary insurgents (chefs) who had been initially involved in the Association Bretonne or the Vendée movements maintained connections with each other, the British Toussaint Jean government, and/or were involved in the ongoing Chouannerie. Cottereau de (Jean D’Auvergne was given oversight in 1794 over the more than 4,000 Maurice Pontbriand Chouan) (d. Louis René-Jean Marie French émigrés living on the Island and created an émigré spy network 1794) d'Eblée (d. Vincent de de Paul de known as La Correspondance. His communications with current and 1794) Tinténiac (d. Botherel Scépeaux Jean-Nicolas 1795) former leaders of all three movements enabled him to serve as a critical Stofflet (d. gatekeeper for recruiting émigrés and for the delivery of arms and 1796) Charles Tuffin de la munitions from Britain to insurgents in France. D ‘Auvergne thus served Rouërie (d. Louis de as a central “node” which sustained a collective counter-revolutionary 1796) Frotté network through the 1790s and into the early years of Napoleon’s François Charette (d. Joseph de reign. This network -- and with it the counter-revolutionary insurgency Colin de la Henri de La May 1796) Puisaye – would dissipate after 1802 when the Peace of Amiens established a Contrie Pierre Rochejaquelein Mathurin truce between Britain and France, enabling Napoleon to declare an (d. 1794) Mercier amnesty that persuaded most of the émigrés in Jersey to return to Aimé Picquet France. du Boisguy Georges Philippe d’Auvergne Cadoudal William Pitt STANDARD MODEL OF COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS IN WESTERN Prince of Bouillon (Prime Amateur Minister) de FRANCE, 1791-99 Naval Commander in Boishardy Jersey (1794) William La Vendée Loiasel French Princes Harcourt British La Chouannerie Windham in Exile Government Bretonne Association (Vendée Region) (MP) (Brittany 1794-1800) Calonne Brittany, France (1793: May-December) British Comte William Pitt William Windham Louis Comte (1791-January 1793) (1795 & 1796) Government Artois XVIII Artois (Prime Minister) (Secretary of War) Joseph de Puisaye La Correspondance French Emigré Armand Tuffin, Marquis de la Army Rouërie Aides-de- Chefs François Charette Philippe d’Auvergne: (d. January 1793) Camp (d. May 1796) Philippe Fall French Louis Leadership on Island of Jean Chouan (Jean Émigrés and XVIII Prince of Bouillon Harcourt Louis de Jersey Prigent Cottereau) French (Naval Admiral of Georges Frotté Émigré Jersey 1794-1802) Laurent Georges Cadoudal Schaffner Alexander Lindsey Aides-de-Camp Aimé Picquet du Army (Governor of Jersey- Loisal Boisguy Armée Royale et Noël 1793-1794) Aimé Picquet du Boisguy Vincent de Tinténiac Catholique Gabriel Prigent French Émigrés Philip Fall (Lieutenant Thérèse de Moëlien (d. June René-Jean de Jean-Nicolas Stofflet Macé 1793) Botherel Governor of Jersey Charles Bonchamps Colin de la Contrie Colin de la Contrie 1781-1797) Henri de La René-Jean de Botherel Marie Paul de Rochejaquelein Andrew Gordon La Scépeaux Correspondance Georges Schaffner Louis de Lescure (Lieutenant Governor of Louis de Frotté Jersey 1797-1806) Vincent de Tinténiac Jacques Cathelineau Pierre Mathurin Amateur de Boishardy Maurice Louis d’Eblée Mercier Without the support of the International Fellows Program, this project would not have been possible. The research presented within this poster is one facet of a broader project funded by the International Fellows Toussaint de Pontbriand Program. We traveled to England, France, and the island of Jersey to gather primary sources related to counterrevolution in 18th century France. This trip was fundamental to my understanding of history and the importance of global learning. We would like to than the archivists for their guidance. I am indebted to the generosity of the International Fellows Program as well as Dr. Turner for her guidance and company both abroad and here in the United States. Ashelford, Jane. In the English Service: The Life of Philippe D’Auvergne. Jersey Hertiage Trust, 2008. Archival Material from: Dupuy, Roger. Les Chouans. Hachette Littératures, 1997. The National Archives of the UK Archives départementales de la Mayenne Hutt, Maurice. Chouannerie and Counter-Revolution: Puisaye, the Princes and the British Government in the 1790s. Cambridge University Press, 1983. The British Library Archives de Rennes We thank the Office of Research and Sponsored Programs for supporting this research, and Learning & Technology Services for printing this poster. King, A. “The Relation of the British Government with the Émigrés and Royalists of Western France, 1793-5.” diss., University of London, London, England, 1931. The Jersey Heritage Center Musée de Laval (Archives) Menes, Jean Claude. “La coalition du marquis de La Rouërie (1791-1792), PhD diss., University of Rennes 2, 2000. Les Archives Diplomatiques Sutherland, Donald. The Chouans: The Social Origins of Popular Counter-revolution in Upper Brittany, 1770-1796. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, 1982. Archives Nationales (France).
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  • Localizing the Liberty Tree: Republican Ritual in the Wake of Civil War, 1794-1800

    Localizing the Liberty Tree: Republican Ritual in the Wake of Civil War, 1794-1800

    Localizing the Liberty Tree: Republican Ritual in the Wake of Civil War, 1794-1800 Edward J. Woell, Western Illinois University On 9 February 1798 a spectacle interrupted the tedium of Chemiré-sur- Sarthe and Daumeray, two villages in the department of the Maine-et-Loire. In the afternoon local officials met at the two sites to see a small army detachment replant liberty trees. Aside from noting that they were provided by a benefactor from Angers and taken from a nearby national forest, a written report about the rituals offered no description of the trees themselves. Nor was there any indication of how many of the locals looked on. The rites were only said to have taken place “amid universal acclamations,” that “citizens at this ceremony let testimonials of their civic allegiance burst forth, and that this feast occurred in the most orderly manner.”1 About seven months later, on 8 September, a village in the department of the Rhône about five hundred kilometers away from Chemiré and Daumeray enacted the exact same rite. While local officials in Rochetaillée-sur-Saône likewise provided an account of what happened, theirs was much more ornate. It began with leaders proceeding to the site while “accompanied by a crowd of farmers and a group of musicians.” Officials then recounted that “we found a liberty tree, a young oak with long roots and green and vigorous branches, which in several centuries will be the symbol of the republic’s duration.” They also noted that “the farmers fought over the honor of carefully placing the roots of the