Beleidstelselanalise Van Militêre Opleiding in Die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag

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Beleidstelselanalise Van Militêre Opleiding in Die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag BELEIDSTELSELANALISE VAN MILITÊRE OPLEIDING IN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE NASIONALE WEERMAG deur ABRAHAM J.A. COETZEE Proefskrif ingelewer ter voldoening aan die vereistes vir die graad PhD in Openbare en Ontwikkelingsbestuur in die Fakulteit Ekonomiese en Bestuurswetenskappe aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Promotor: Prof. G.S. Cloete Medepromotor: Prof. E.S.G. Greyling Maart 2003 i VERKLARING Ek, die ondergetekende, verklaar hiermee dat die werk in hierdie proefskrif vervat, my eie oorspronklike werk is en dat ek dit nie vantevore in die geheel of gedeeltelik by enige universiteit ter verkryging van ’n graad voorgelê het nie. HANDTEKENING DATUM ii OPSOMMING BELEIDSTELSELANALISE VAN MILITÊRE OPLEIDING IN DIE SUID- AFRIKAANSE NASIONALE WEERMAG Grense bestaan in ’n globale ekonomiese omgewing slegs ten einde die soewereiniteit van volke te bevestig. Moderne militêre intervensies hierteenoor is gewikkel in ’n stryd om internasionale brandpunte te stabiliseer. Te midde van hierdie stryd is die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag in ’n toetstand van verandering, onderweg na ’n ondersteuningsrol tot die Afrika-Renaissance en opheffingsopdrag van die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering veg teen armoede, ongeletterdheid en werkloosheid wat ’n oorvloed algemene werkers bied, teenoor ’n skaarsste aan spesialisvaardighede, gemeet teen die Nasionale Kwalifikasieraamwerk. Die Nasionale Weermag hierteenoor, poog om vir die ruggraat van die Nasionale Weermag, die Onderoffisier, ’n betekenisvolle militêre ontwikkelingsopleidingbeleid daar te stel. Hierdie ontwikkelingsopleidings- beleid moet nie slegs aan die ekonomiese beperkings van die Verdedigings- begroting voldoen nie, maar moet ook aan die ontwikkelingspotensiaal en vaardighede van hierdie groep erkenning verleen. ’n Literatuuroorsig sowel as ’n empiriese ondersoek na die militêre ontwikkelings- opleidingsbeleid van onderoffisiere ten opsigte van die verskillende weermagsdele in die Nasionale Weermag toon dat die Weermag tot 18,2% van die personeelbegroting aan opleiding spandeer. Te midde van hierdie tendens hou militêre ontwikkelingsopleiding nie tred met die veranderende opleidingsbeleid- stelsels in Suid-Afrika nie en kan die effektiwiteit daarvan in ’n geïntegreerde militêre ontwikkelingsopleidingstelsel verbeter word. Die ondersoek het bepaal dat daar veral leemtes bestaan in die militêre ontwikkelingsopleidingsbeleid, aangesien leerders in die Suid-Afrikaanse Leër aan veel meer kursusvereistes moet voldoen as hulle gelykes in die ander weermagsdele. Verder is die standaard van die kurrikulums van die verskillende opleidingskursusse ook nie dieselfde nie. Beide hierdie probleme sou opgelos kon word deur middel van een verantwoordelike, gesamentlike opleidingsdepartement in die Nasionale Weermag. iii In ’n emosionele beskerming van ’n weermagsdeelkultuur, skep die Nasionale Weermag ’n opleidingsbegrotingsmonster, waar sewe verskillende opleidings- eenhede dieselfde opleiding verskaf. Die verskillende ontwikkelingsopleidings- kurrikulums, met die uitsondering van ’n beperkte aantal weermagsdele wat unieke opleiding verskaf, kan gemaklik onder die vaandel van een of twee Nasionale Weermagsdeeleenhede aangebied word. Hierdie gedagte sal steuning verleen aan die Een Mag en Gesamentlike Operasionele gedagte van die Nasionale Weermag. Verder sal hierdie visie verseker dat die Nasionale Weermag eerstens bestaan binne ’n Nasionale Weermag kultuur, gevolg deur ’n Weermagsdeelkultuur wat gerugsteun word deur ’n funksionele kultuur. iv SUMMARY POLICY SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF MILITARY TRAINING IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE Borders in a global economy market exist only to determine the sovereignty of nations. Modern military interventions on the other hand are caught up in a struggle to stabilise international focal points. In the midst of this struggle, is the South Africa National Defence Force, in a process of change on the way to a supportive role to the African Renaissance and an upliftment mandate of the South African society. The South African government is caught in a battle against poverty, illiteracy and unemployment of an abundance of general workers, opposing a shortage of speciality skills measured against the National Qualifications Framework. The National Defence Force in contrast, attempts to create a meaningful military development training policy for the backbone of the National Defence Force, the non-commissioned officer. This military development training policy should not only adhere to economic restrictions of the Defence Budget, but should also acknowledge the potential and skills of this specific group. A literature survey as well as an empirical study of the non-commissioned officer's military development training policy in respect of the different arms of service in the National Defence Force shows that up to 18% of the personnel budget is spent on training. In the midst of this tendency, military development training does not keep up with changing training policy systems in South Africa, and that its effectiveness should therefore be improved in an integrated military developmental training system. The study has found that there are gaps in the military developmental training policy where learners in the South African Army have to meet far more course requirements than their peers in other Arms of the Service. Furthermore, the standard of curricula of the different training courses is not the same. Both these problems could be solved by way of one responsible, joint training department in the National Defence Force. v In an emotional protection of a defence force culture, the National Defence Force creates a training budget monster, where seven different training units' supply the same training. According to the different developmental training curriculums, with small exceptions of arms of service specific training, developmental training could easily be presented in one or two separate National Defence Force Units. This idea will support the concept of one force and joint operations. In addition this idea will ensure that the National Defence Force exists within a National Defence Force culture followed by an arm of service culture that is supported by a functional culture. vi The first time I heard the term “Information Age” I was tantalized. I knew about the Iron Age and Bronze Age, periods of history named for the new materials men used to make their tools and weapons. These were specific eras. Then I read about academics predicting that countries will be fighting over the control of information, not natural resources . It sounds nonsensical because information isn’t as tangible and measurable as the materials that defined previous ages, but information has become increasingly important to us. The information revolution is just beginning. Bill Gates, The Road Ahead (in Davies et al., 1998:137) vii ERKENNING Hiermee wil ek graag erkenning gee aan die Suid- Afrikaanse Vloot op wie se koste ek my navorsing kon voltooi. Ek bedank ook my ouers vir addisionele ondersteuning. Ek is opreg dankbaar vir die belegging wat hulle in my gemaak het. Sonder hulle hulp sou ek beslis nie my navorsing kon voltooi het nie. viii DANKBETUIGING Ek betuig hiermee my innige dank aan elkeen van die volgende persone wat bygedra het tot die voltooiing van hierdie navorsing: • My promotor, prof. G.S. Cloete (Universiteit van Stellenbosch) en medepromotor prof. E.S.G. Greyling (Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit) vir hul voortdurende onderskraging, aanmoediging en akademiese ondersteuning. • Dr. I.H. Meyer vir sy insig met die ontwikkeling van hierdie navorsing. • Prof. E. Schwella en dr. I.H. Meyer vir hul bereidwilligheid om as eksterne eksaminatore op te tree. • Die bevelvoerders van SAS SALDANHA, kaptein (SA Vloot) R.L.N. Erleigh en E.H. Lochner vir hulle volgehoue hulp en insig tydens spesifieke werksomstandighede. • Aan elk van die individue wat ’n bydrae gelewer het, vir hul lojaliteit, vriendelikheid en hulp, sonder wie se bydraes hierdie navorsing nooit moontlik sou gewees het nie. • My familie, wie se deurlopende belangstelling en aanmoediging ’n bron van inspirasie was. • My skoonouers en skoonfamilie wat nooit opgehou het om my aan te moedig en te ondersteun nie. • Vir al die tyd, afwesigheid en matelose geduld, aan my twee dierbare kinders, Letitia en Abri - baie dankie. • My vrou, Thea, wat my gehelp het om my ambisie te vervul, my hoop te laat realiseer en my droom te laat waar word. • Aan my Hemelse Vader vir die voortdurende seën en ongelooflike onderskraging deur my lewe en veral deur die tyd van my navorsing. ix INHOUDSOPGAWE Bladsy Verklaring i Opsomming ii Summary iv Erkenning vii Dankbetuiging viii HOOFSTUK 1: ALGEMENE INLEIDING EN ORIËNTERING 1 1.1 ALGEMENE OORSIG 1 1.2 PROMBLEEMSTELLING 3 1.3 NAVORSINGSDOELSTELLING 4 1.4 NAVORSINGSHIPOTESE 4 1.5 NAVORSINGSTRUKTUUR 6 1.6 AARD VAN NAVORSING 8 1.7 NAVORSINGSMETODOLOGIE EN WERKSWYSE 9 1.7.1 Literatuuroorsig 9 1.7.2 Empiriese ondersoeke 9 1.8 AFBAKENING VAN DIE NAVORSINGSGEBIED 10 HOOFSTUK 2: BELEIDSTELSELANALISE-BENADERING 11 2.1 INLEIDING 11 2.2 KONTEKS VAN DIE ONTWIKKELING VAN BELEIDSANALISE 11 2.3 BEGRIPSOMSKRYWING 15 2.3.1 Beleid 15 2.3.2 Openbare beleid 16 2.3.3 Openbare beleidstipes 17 2.3.4 Openbare beleidsanalise 18 x 2.4 METODOLOGIESE BENADERINGS TOT OPENBARE BELEIDSANALISE 20 2.4.1 Beleidstelselanalise 22 2.4.2 Elemente van beleidstelselanalise 24 2.4.3 Vergelykende beleidsanalise 31 2.4.3.1 Metodes van vergelykende analise 32 2.5 SINTESE 33 HOOFSTUK 3: TEORETIESE PERSPEKTIEWE VAN
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